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THE 10 GREAT FAMOUS TREES IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT FAMOUS TREES IN THE WORLD

Tree is a woody plant that regularly renews its growth. Most plants classified as trees have a single self-supporting trunk containing woody tissues, and in most species the trunk produces secondary limbs, called branches. A tree is any plant with the general form of an elongated stem, or trunk, leaves or branches at some distance above the ground. Trees usually reproduce using seeds. Trees are best known for providing us with oxygen, but they’re also beautiful living organisms that can live for thousands of years. Trees play a significant role in reducing erosion and moderating the climate. They remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store large quantities of carbon in their tissues. Trees and forests provide a habitat for many species of animals and plants. They provide an inner peace.. ‘Ancient and Famous Trees’ refers to trees that are on the List of Ancient and Famous Trees under Protection for being over a hundred years old, for belonging to precious species, being distinctive, for having a rare shape or due to their special historical or cultural significance. Here are the 10 Famous Trees in the world.

1.Cedars of God

Cedars of God is the most famous cedar patch and one of the last vestiges of old-growth small forests. It is of about 400 Lebanon Cedar trees in the mountains of northern Lebanon. It is also one of the rarest sites where the Cedrus libani still grows. The forest is rigorously protected. The “Committee of the Friends of the Cedar Forest” initiated a reforestation program in 1985. It is the symbol of the country, its pride, and features prominently on the Lebanese flag. Their bark is dark gray but the wood is beautiful light tone, hard and astonishingly decay resistant. These are tall trees with large trunks and massive, irregular heads of spreading branches.

These trees remain ever green, never shed their leaves, and are always fragrant. It is said that god himself planted these cedars. Cedar trees survive five millenniums. Phoenicians used cedar wood to build their ships. The ancient Egyptians used its resin in mummification and King Solomon used the famous trees in the construction of the First Temple in Jerusalem.In the Ottoman Empire Cedar tree timber was used to construct railways. Cedar trees symbolize resilience, immortality, strength, and elevation. The mountains of Lebanon were once covered with Cedar trees.

2.Tree of Life

The Tree of Life in Bahrain is a mesquite tree which grows in the middle of Arabian desert. The meaning of the Tree of Life is “A Connection to Everything” represents you are never alone you should be connected to the world. Tree of Life explains how family grows and expands throughout many generations. Tree of Life symbolizes individuality, strong throughout their life time for unique experiences. It is also a symbol for peacefulness and relaxation. The tree is said to be 400 to 500 years old. A soil and dendrochronology analysis conducted in the 1990s concluded that the tree was an Acacia planted in 1582. Both its age and its location definitely make this tree a survivor, which is considered to be a remarkable natural wonder of the world witnessed by most who visit Bahrain.

Its long roots probably have found some underground water source, but it is still a miracle as it is the only green living organism live a vast and barren desert. Bahrain has little to no rain throughout the year. The local inhabitants believe that this was the actual location of the Garden of Eden. The tree is a local tourist attraction and is visited by approximately 65,000 people every year. The yellow resin is used to make candles, aromatics and gum; the beans are processed into jam, meal and wine.

3.General Sherman

General Sherman, named to honor United States Union Army General Williom T. Sherman, is the largest of three trillion trees on Earth. General Sherman is a Giant Sequoia located in the Giant Forest of Sequoia National Park in California since 1931. Potwisha Indians led cattleman Hale Dixon Tharp to Giant Forest in September 1858. Naturalist John Muir, who visited Tharp later, explored and named Giant Forest in 1875. Although both men neither claimed or received credit for its discovery. The famous trees of the Giant Forest are among the largest trees in the world, if measured by volume.

At 11.1 meter (36.5 ft) along the base he General Sherman tree is the largest of them all. While it is the largest tree known, the General Sherman Tree is neither the tallest known living tree on Earth , nor is it the widest, nor is it the oldest known living tree on Earth. With a height of 83.8 metres (275 ft), a diameter of 7.7 m (25 ft), an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m3 (52,513 cu ft), and an estimated age of 2,300–2,700 years, it is nevertheless among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on the planet. It is the world’s largest tree. It is old, but not that old. The General Sherman was named after the American Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman.

4.Avenue of the Baobabs

The baobab trees can live up to be 800 years old. It originally stood in a dense tropical forest in the area. The baobab trees, known locally as renala (Malagasy for “mother of the forest”), are up to 2,800 years old. The Avenue of the Baobabs itself is only around 260m(850 ft) long with no more than 25 trees standing about 30 tall. The Avenue of the Baobabs is a group of famous trees lining the dirt road between Morondava and Belon’i Tsiribihina in western Madagascar. Along a 260 m (850 ft) stretch of the road is a grove of 20–25 Adansonia grandidieri baobabs. An additional 25 or so trees of this species are found growing over nearby rice paddies and meadows within 9.9 acres (4 ha) of land. The trees, which are endemic to Madagascar, are about 30 m (98 ft) in height. Some 7 km (4.3 mi) to the northwest are the Baobab Amoureux, which are two notable Adansonia za trees that have become twisted to each other as they grew.

Despite its popularity as a tourist destination, the area has no visitor center or gate fees, and local residents receive little income from tourism. Fanamby, a Malagasy non-governmental organization, has launched an ecotourism project aimed at conservation of the area and economic improvement for the local community since 2014 and has inaugurated infrastructures to help them promote the area in 2018. More and more of the forest around Morondova has been cleared for agriculture to help the growing population in the area. One of the main reason that the once dense Baobab forest is gone is that the roots of the tree can handle the constantly waterlogged soil well as compared to few other trees in the area that soak up the rainwater. Another reason is that every year some of the Baobabs are hit by lightning and also from the cyclones that hit’s the west coast of Madagascar every year.

5.Socotra Dragon Tree

The Dragon blood tree is arguably the most famous and distinctive plant of the island of Socotra. It has a unique and strange appearance, having the shape of an upside-down umbrella. This evergreen species is named after its dark red resin, that is known as “dragon’s blood”. The huge packed crown provides sufficient shade in order to reduce evaporation. It has many branches; it grows by dichotomy, which means that each branch is divided into two until the leaves finally grow on the branches’ ends. It produces a lot of green leaves that are renewed every three or four years; they fall and other leaves grow in their place. The island of Socotra’s 34-million-year separation from mainland Arabia has given rise to a unique flora – 37% of its plant species are found nowhere else.

It grows in rocky grounds and on high locations, where it preserves water for many years; it is drought-tolerant and can adapt to arid conditions in which there is less water and soil. This resin is of great importance, as it contains an effective substance known as draco, which has multiple medical uses such as treating wounds, infections and burns; to stop blood clot ; treating stomach ulcerations etc. Wood of dragon blood tree is used for the manufacture of beehives, while leaves are used for the manufacture of ropes. Local people value it as food for livestock: feeding very small quantities of berries to cows and goats improves their health, though they cause sickness in excess.

  1. Lone Cypress

Lone Cypress has been called one of the most photographed trees in North America. The Lone Cypress Tree near Monterey is probably the most famous point along the 17-Mile Drive, a scenic road through Pacific Grove and Pebble Beach. The Monterey Cypress is a species of cypress that is endemic to the Central Coast of California. In the wild, these species are confined to two small populations, near Monterey and Carmel. Land, tree and ocean were the basis of this development, and therefore The Lone Cypress became the perfect symbol.

The tree is believed to be about 250 years old, and is its registered trademark since 1919. The Lone Cypress stands atop a granite outcropping above the ever-churning Pacific Ocean. Macrocarpa is a medium-sized evergreen tree, which often becomes irregular and flat-topped as a result of the strong winds that are typical of its native area. It grows to heights of up to 40m in perfect growing conditions, and its trunk diameter can reach 2.5m. The seed cones are globose to oblong, 20–40 mm long. It is also found in western Oregon, and New Zealand as an ornamental tree.

7.BOab Prison Tree

The Boab Prison Tree is a large hollow tree just south of Derby in Western Australia. The Boab Prison Tree, Derby is a 1,500-year-old, large hollow Adansonia gregorii tree 6 kilometres south of Derby. The tree is now a tourist attraction. It is protected under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972. This remarkable tree has a circumference of over 14 metres and has an oblong slit in the bark, through which the hollow centre is visible – this is common among older boab trees when the soft spongy trunk tissue dies off, causing the trunk to become hollow.

Evidence indicates that police on patrol from Wyndham in the 1890s noticed that holes in the upper branches indicated that the tree was hollow and so cut an opening into the tree to use it as a lockup for Aboriginal prisoners on their way to Wyndham for sentencing. It also states that it “has accommodated 30 prisoners at one time”. Anthropologist Herbert Basedow was one of the first Europeans to document the Derby Boab Tree. It is reputed to have been used in the 1890s as a lockup for Indigenous Australian prisoners on their way to Derby for sentencing. In recent years a fence was erected around the tree to protect it from vandalism.

8.Cotton Tree

The tree is widely planted in southeastern Asian countries and regions like such as in Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, southern China and Taiwan, etc. The tree grows to 240 ft (73 m) as confirmed by climbing and tape drop with reports of Kapoks up to 77 meters (252 feet). The trees produce several hundred 15 cm (6 in) pods containing seeds surrounded by a fluffy, yellowish fibre that is a mix of lignin and cellulose. According to legend, the Cotton Tree became an important symbol in 1792 when a group of former African American slaves, who had gained their freedom by fighting for the British during the American War of Independence, settled the site of modern Freetown. They landed on the shoreline and walked up to a giant tree just above the bay and held a thanksgiving service there to thank God for their deliverance to a free land.

Ceiba pentandra is a tropical tree of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae, native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, northern South America, and to West Africa. It is also known as the Java cotton, Java kapok, silk-cotton or samauma. It is widely planted in parks and on roadsides there because of its beautiful red flowers which bloom in March/April. The flowers are very attractive to local wildlife, with many birds like the Japanese white-eye, a type of fruit eating bird, which often draws a hole in an unopened Bombax ceiba flower bud. The flower-bud is eaten as a vegetable in India. At the peak of its flowering season, elderly people may often be seen gathering the fallen flowers from the ground to dry, which they later use to prepare tea or soup.

9.Arbol del Tule

Arbol del Tule, a Montezuma Cypress, is located in the town center of Santa Maria del Tule in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. It is the widest tree in the world. It is so large that it was originally thought to be multiple trees, but DNA tests have proven that it is only one tree. It has the stoutest trunk of any tree in the world although the trunk is heavily buttressed, giving a higher diameter. It is short of about only 35.4 meters in height, stout about 11.62 meters in diameter, and old about 1,500 years.

Its gnarled bark that truly inspires the imagination. In its knots and crooks, visitors have found likenesses of human faces, lions, jaguars, elephants, and a veritable bestiary of other creatures. Residents celebrate the famous Tule Tree the second Monday of October. A belief of the Ayuuk (Mixe) is that the tree is the walking stick of one of their gods that took root and grew into the famous tree. The tree is on a well. In the past this well was partially diverted, which made the existence of the tree threatened because of a shortage of water. Later on, measures were taken to assure sufficient supply of water.

  1. Major Oak

The Major Oak is a huge oak tree in the heart of Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire, England. According to local folklore, it was Robin Hood’s shelter where he and his band of outlaws slept. The famous tree is about 800 to a 1000 years old. It weighs an estimated 23 tons, has a girth of 33 feet (10 metres), a canopy of 92 feet (28 metres). It was voted “Britain’s favourite tree”. The Major Oak may be several trees that fused together as saplings, or the tree could have been pollarded.

In 1790, Major Hayman Rooke, a noted antiquarian, included the tree in his popular book about the ancient oaks of Sherwood. Nowadays, the Major Oak provides a home and shelter to hundreds of living things; beetles, bats, fungi, squirrels and spiders amongst much more. It’s been fenced off since the 1970’s, allowing our visitors to appreciate its magnificence whilst also giving it a little room to breathe and stay healthy.

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THE 10 GREAT STRONGEST METALS IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT STRONGEST METALS IN THE WORLD

A Metal is any of a class of substances characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as by malleability, ductility, and high reflectivity of light. Approximately three-quarters of all known chemical elements are metals. The vast majority of metals are found in ores. Metals are usually crystalline solids. Metals have a relatively simple crystal structure distinguished by a close packing of atoms and a high degree of symmetry. From multi-level parking garages to skyscrapers amidst a bustling city, modern industrial processes need materials that are capable of withstanding a lot. On the hunt for strong materials, engineers turn to metals because of their strength, availability, and versatility. Strength of a metal depends on four properties like tensile strength, compressive strength, yield strength, and impact strength. In terms of tensile strength, tungsten is the strongest out of any natural metal (142,000 psi). Here are the 10 strongest metals in the world.

1.Tungsten

Tungsten W is found naturally on Earth almost exclusively as compounds with other elements. In terms of tensile strength, tungsten is the strongest out of any natural metal (142,000 psi).It has the highest melting point of all the elements discovered, melting at 3,422 °C (6,192 °F; 3,695 K). It also has the highest boiling point, at 5,555 °C (10,031 °F; 5,828 K). Tungsten is one of the toughest metals. But in terms of impact strength tungsten is weak. Its density is 19.25 grams per cubic centimeter. Pure single-crystalline tungsten is more ductile. Naturally occurring tungsten consists of four stable isotopes (182W, 183W, 184W, and 186W) and one very long-lived radioisotope, Tungsten also has 11 meta states.

Tungsten is a mostly non-reactive element with water and it is immune to attack by most acids and bases. It does not react with oxygen does not react to air at room temperature. The world’s reserves of tungsten are 3,200,000 tonnes; they are mostly located in China (1,800,000 t), Canada (290,000 t), Russia (160,000 t), Vietnam (95,000 t) and Bolivia. Tungsten is extracted from its ores in several stages. Tungsten is used in making Bullets and missiles. Tungsten is often used in electrical and military applications. Tungsten used in incandescent light bulb filaments, X-ray tubes, electrodes in gas tungsten arc welding, superalloys, and radiation shielding. Tungsten compounds are often used as industrial catalysts.

2.Steel

Iron is extracted from iron ore by removing the oxygen. While steel is technically an alloy rather than a metal, it is the strongest alloy currently available. Today, steel is one of the most common manmade materials in the world. The most important properties of steel are great formability and durability, good tensile and yield strength and good thermal conductivity. Very important stainless steel property is its resistance to corrosion. The Steel industry is often considered an indicator of economic progress. Steel is made from iron and carbon and is a highly versatile alloy. In its pure form, iron is soft and generally not useful as an engineering material. To strengthen it, converting it into steel by adding small amounts of carbon. Steel is possibly the most important engineering and construction material in the world. There are many measurement systems used to define the properties of a given steel. For example, Yield strength, ductility and stiffness are determined using tensile testing. Toughness is measured by impact testing; and hardness is determined by measuring resistance to the penetration of the surface by a hard object.

The relationship between stress and strain is a measure of the elasticity of the material, and this ratio is referred to as Young’s modulus. A high value of Young’s modulus is one of the steel’s most differentiating properties; it is in the range 190-210 GPa. The physical properties of steel are related to the physics of the material, such as density, thermal conductivity, elastic modulus, Poison’s ratio etc. It is used to fabricate everything from sewing needles to oil tankers. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances, and weapons. On average, 50 percent of a car is made of steel. Steel is used in the production of farm vehicles and machines. Most of the appliances in modern homes, such as refrigerators, televisions, sinks, ovens and so on are made of “plain” steel.

  1. Chromium

Chromium Cr is the hardest metal. Chromium is a steely-gray lustrous, brittle, hard metal. It is known to have high corrosion resistance. When polished, it gains a very shiny surface, which is used to plate other metals. Chromium is also highly valued as a metal that is able to be highly polished while resisting tarnishing. It is poisonous in excess. Chromium is mined as chromite ore. Globally this ore is available in India, South Africa, Finland, Zimbabwe, Kazakihstan and the Philippines. The name of the element Chromium is derived from the Greek word chroma, meaning color. Chromium(VI) is a strong oxidising agent in contrast to the molybdenum(VI) and tungsten(VI) oxides. Chromium is extremely the third hardest element behind carbon (diamond) and boron. Chromium has a melting point of 1907 °C (3465 °F), which is relatively low compared to the majority of transition metals.

4.Titanium

Titanium Ti is one of the strongest metals out there, with an ultimate strength of more than 430 Megapascals. It is one of the least dense metals, making it an ideal option for industrial uses that require a strong metal with a high melting point. Titanium has excellent resistance to corrosion in seawater. Titanium is stronger than steel, lighter in weight. Titanium is widely distributed and constitutes 0.44 percent of Earth’s crust. The metal is found combined in practically all rocks, sand, clay, and other soils. Titanium is not attacked by mineral acids at room temperature or by hot aqueous alkali. Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) in air, and at 610 °C (1,130 °F) in pure oxygen, forming titanium dioxide. Pure titanium is ductile, about half as dense as iron and less than twice as dense as aluminum; it can be polished to a high lustre.

A compound of titanium and oxygen was discovered (1791) by the English chemist and mineralogist William Gregor and independently rediscovered (1795) and named by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. These alloys are mainly used in aircraft, spacecraft and missiles because of their low density and ability to withstand extremes of temperature. They are also used in golf clubs, laptops, bicycles and crutches. Power plant condensers use titanium pipes because of their resistance to corrosion. Titanium metal connects well with bone, so it has found surgical applications such as in joint replacements and tooth implants. It is extensively used as a pigment in house paint, artists’ paint, plastics, enamels and paper. It is also a good reflector of infrared radiation.

5.Iron

Iron Fe is also a brittle and hard substance. Iron dissolves in dilute acids. It rusts easily. It is the most important of all metals. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Iron is rare in the Earth’s crust, limited mainly to deposition by meteorites. 90% of all metal that is refined today is iron. Iron can form magnets or be attracted to magnets. Pure iron is quite reactive. Iron reacts readily with oxygen and water to give brown to black hydrated iron oxides, commonly known as rust. The body of an adult human contains about 4 grams of iron, mostly in hemoglobin and myoglobin. Both the Earth’s inner and outer core, that account for 35% of the mass of the whole Earth, are believed to consist largely of an iron alloy, possibly with nickel.

Iron is also found combined with other elements in hundreds of minerals; of greatest importance as iron ore are hematite, magnetite, limonite , pyrite, goethite and siderite . The metal is extracted by smelting with carbon and limestone. People have been using iron for more than 5,000 years. In a very finely divided state metallic iron is pyrophoric. It is used in architecture, bearings, cutlery, surgical instruments and jewellery. Iron is Used to make bridges, electricity, pylons, bicycle chains, cutting tools and rifle barrels. Cast iron is used for pipes, valves and pumps. Iron is used in numerous sectors such as electronics, manufacturing, automotive, and construction and building.

6.Vanadium

In 1801, vanadium was discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio. It has good corrosion resistance, high strength at high temperature, and low density. Vanadium V has high resistance to alkalis, hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. It is found in different kinds of mill forms. It has high hardness when compared to most of the steels and metals. At a temperature of about 660°C, vanadium can be easily oxidized in air. It should be prevented from being exposed outside because it can react with oxygen and nitrogen gases. It is produced in China and Russia from steel smelter slag. Vanadium can be welded using TIG welding method if argon or helium is covered at front and back of a work piece.

About 80% of the vanadium produced is used as a steel additive. Vanadium-steel alloys are used for piston rods, armour plate, tools, crankshafts, axles. The vanadium redox battery for energy storage may be an important application in the future. Vanadium(V) oxide is used as a pigment for ceramics and glass, as a catalyst and in producing superconducting magnets. It is usually found in carbon containing deposits that include coal, tar sands, oil shale and crude oil. Vanadium is mainly applied in parts having low density, good low temperature ductility, high strength at high temperatures, and good corrosion resistance in bad environments. It is used in jet engines, air frames, nuclear reactors and gears etc.

7.Lutetium

Lutetium Lu is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry air, but not in moist air. The lutetium atom is the smallest among the lanthanide atoms, due to the lanthanide contraction. Lutetium has the highest density, highest melting point, and hardness of the lanthanides. It is found with almost all other rare-earth metals. Lutetium is very difficult to separate from other elements. It reacts slowly with water, but dissolves rapidly in acids. Lutetium was independently discovered in 1907 by French scientist Georges Urbain, Austrian mineralogist Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, and American chemist Charles James. Lutetium usually occurs in association with the element yttrium. It burns readily at 150 °C to form lutetium oxide. Lutetium dissolves readily in weak acids. Lutetium, derived from the Latin Lutetia. It is sometimes used in metal alloys. Lutetium has the highest Brinell hardness of any lanthanide. Lutetium has a concentration of around 0.8 to 1.7 ppm in the Earth’s crust.

It is estimated that nearly 0.03% of lutetium is present in monazite ores. It is used as catalysts in petroleum production and used in polymerization and alkylation. It is used for cracking hydrocarbons. It is used in detectors of positron emission topography that detects cellular activity of the body. It is used in cancer treatment. Lutetium aluminium garnet has been proposed for use as a lens material in high refractive index immersion lithography. It is also used in magnetic bubble memory devices and light-emitting diode light bulbs. Lutetium-177 used as a radionuclide in neuroendrocine tumor therapy and bone pain palliation. Lutetium is considered to be one of the toxic metals. Hence inhalation of this compound is very dangerous as it might lead to fatal conditions. Some skin disorders can occur if we contact with Lutetium.

  1. Zirconium

Zirconium chemical element Zr is extremely resistant to heat and corrosion. Gems that contain zirconium were known in ancient times as zircon. Zircon is a natural semi-precious gemstone found in a variety of colors. Zirconium is lighter than steel and its hardness is similar to copper. Zirconium does not dissolve in acids and alkalis.
Zirconium is a very strong, malleable, ductile, lustrous silver-gray metal. It is solid at room temperature. In powder form, zirconium is highly flammable, but the solid form is much less prone to ignition. The melting point of zirconium is 1855 °C (3371 °F), and the boiling point is 4371 °C (7900 °F).
Zirconium occurs in about 30 mineral species. More than 1.5 million tonnes of zircon are mined each year, mainly in Australia, South Africa and Sri Lanka . Most baddeleyite is mined in Brazil. In 1789, the German chemist, Martin Klaproth analysed a zircon and separated zirconium in the form of its ‘earth’ zirconia, which is the oxide ZrO2.

For the Ancient Egyptians the scarab beetle was a symbol of regeneration and creation, conveying ideas of transformation, renewal and resurrection. The Ancient Egyptians used zircon gemstones in jewellery. Zirconium does not absorb neutrons, making it an ideal material for use in nuclear power stations. Space and aeronautic industries use Zirconium to manufacture high-temperature parts like blades, combustors, and vanes in jet engines. In photographic flashbulbs and surgical instruments, to make the glass for television, in the removal of residual gases from electronic vacuum tubes, and as a hardening agent in alloys, especially steel.
It is extensively used by the chemical industry. Zirconium(IV) oxide is used in ultra-strong ceramics. Scissors and knives can be made from it. It is also used in antiperspirants, cosmetics, food packaging and to make microwave filters. With niobium, zirconium is superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconducting magnets. Baddeleyite and impure zirconium (zirconia) are used in lab crucibles.

  1. Osmium

Osmium chemical element Os is a shiny, silver metal that resists corrosion. It is the densest of all the elements and is twice as dense as lead. Of the platinum metals it has the highest melting point, so fusing and casting are difficult. Osmium is un effected by water and acids, but dissolves with molten alkalis.
Most osmium is obtained commercially from the wastes of nickel refining. Osmium is a rare element and found in the Earth’s crust. It is difficult to fabricate. In 1803AD, Osmium was discovered by Smithson Tennant when dissolving an impure sample of platinum in aqua regia, a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids.

It is also a member of the platinum group metals or PGMs (along with Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Iridium and Platinum) as well as being a transition metal. The name Osmium is derived from the Greek word Osme, which means odor. The largest known primary reserves of osmium include South Africa and Canada. It is added to platinum or indium to make them harder. It is used to produce very hard alloys for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, needles and electrical contacts. It is also used in the chemical industry as a catalyst. It is used in making high-quality pen nibs, compass needles, long-life gramophone needles and clock bearings. Osmium tetroxide, OsO4, is highly toxic. Concentrations in air as low as 10-7 g m-3 can cause lung congestion, skin damage, and severe eye damage.

10.Tantalum

Tantalum Ta appears as a shiny and silvery metal in its soft and pure form but Tantalum is in the form of hard, rare, blue-grey, lustrous metal. It is highly conductive of heat and electricity. It shows excellent resistance to all acids in normal temperature. This metal is corrosion resistant and is bound to chemical attack below 150 C. It has a high melting point of about 3017 °C and a boiling point of about 5458 °C. The chemical inertness of tantalum makes it a valuable substance for laboratory equipment, and as a substitute for platinum. Tantalum was discovered in Sweden in 1802 by Anders Ekeberg, in two mineral samples one from Sweden and the other from Finland. The name tantalum was derived from the name of the mythological Tantalus, the father of Niobe in Greek mythology. Tantalum carbide, TaC, like the more commonly used tungsten carbide, is a hard ceramic that is used in cutting tools.

Tantalum causes no immune response in mammals, so has found wide use in the making of surgical implants. It can replace bone, for example in skull plates; as foil or wire it connects torn nerves; and as woven gauze it binds abdominal muscle. Tantalum alloys can be used for turbine blades, rocket nozzles and nose caps for supersonic aircraft. It is employed in the manufacture of capacitors. Used as an alloy due to its high melting point and anti-corrosion. It is used mainly as an alloying medium as it is helpful for hardening metals. It is utilized in the chemical industries. It has a high number of medical as well as dental applications. Tantalum causes many health-related problems such as irritation of the skin and eye when inhaled, ingested or when it gets absorbed into the skin.

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THE 10 GREAT MOST PRECIOUS METALS IN THE WORLD

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A Metal is any of a class of substances characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as by malleability, ductility, and high reflectivity of light. Approximately three-quarters of all known chemical elements are metals. The vast majority of metals are found in ores. Metals are usually crystalline solids. Metals have a relatively simple crystal structure distinguished by a close packing of atoms and a high degree of symmetry. Precious metals are metals that are rare and have a high economic value, due to various factors, including their scarcity, use in industrial processes, and role throughout history as a store of value. The single most popular precious metal for investment purposes is gold, followed by silver. Investors purchase precious metals mainly as a financial asset. The most popular precious metals with investors are gold, platinum, and silver. Here are the 10 most precious metals in the world.

  1. Rhodium

Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant chemical element . Rhodium is a member of the platinum group. Rhodium is one of the of the six platinum group metals: platinum, palladium, rhodium, osmium, iridium and ruthenium. It is chemically inert transition metal. It is one of the most valuable precious metals. It was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. Rhodium has both a higher melting point and lower density than platinum. Rhodium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth’s crust. It is mostly mined from Russia, South Africa and Canada. Rhodium it is unaffected by air and water up to 1,112 degrees Fahrenheit (600 degrees Celsius), according to Lenntech. It does not react to oxygen easily. It occurs up to one part per 200 million in the Earth’s crust, according to Chemistry Libretexts.

The primary use of this element is in automobiles as a catalytic converter, changing harmful unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxide exhaust emissions into less noxious gases. Pure rhodium is inert and harmless in elemental form. Rhodium detectors are used in nuclear reactors to measure the neutron flux level and used to form drug precursors and the processes for the production of acetic acid. It is used as an alloying agent for hardening and improving the corrosion resistance of platinum and palladium. It is used for its reflective surfaces in search lights, mirrors and jewellery finish, giving everything it touches a lovely shine. It is also used in electric connections and is alloyed with platinum for aircraft turbine engines.

  1. Platinum

Platinum is one of the rare elements in Earth’s crust. Platinum is a dense, malleable, ductile, element. This is highly unreactive, silverish-white transition metal. It is highly precious metal commodity and it is one of the least reactive metals. It occurs mostly in South Africa, which accounts for 80% of the world production. It occurs naturally in the alluvial sands of various rivers, it was first used by pre-Columbian South American natives to produce artifacts. Mostly used for a lot of weapons, aeronautics and dentist equipment due to its high level of resistance.

Platinum is used in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewelry. Compounds containing platinum, such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin, are applied in chemotherapy against certain types of cancer. Platinum is often found chemically uncombined as native platinum and as alloy with the other platinum-group metals and iron mostly. It has various applications in photography, zinc etchings, indelible ink, plating, mirrors, porcelain coloring. This highly malleable metal is incredibly resistant to corrosion and sought after for its metallic shine and lustrous look.

  1. Gold

Gold is one of the least reactive chemical elements and it occurs naturally. Gold is available in free elemental form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins, and in alluvial deposits. Gold is a chemical element with dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity. It was one of the first metals to attract human attention. Because of its unique qualities, gold has been the one material that is universally accepted in exchange for goods and services. Most mined gold is stored as bullion. The term ‘carat’ indicates the amount of gold present in an alloy. 24-carat is pure gold, but it is very soft. 18- and 9-carat gold alloys are commonly used because they are more durable. It is a bright, slightly reddish yellow in color. This color is determined by the frequency of plasma oscillations among the metal’s valence electrons. The world consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry. It has emotional, cultural and financial value and different people across the globe buy gold for different reasons.

Gold is a precious metal that has been used for coinage, jewelry, and other arts. Gold’s resistance to corrosion and also used in infrared shielding, colored-glass production, gold leafing, and tooth restoration. Certain gold salts are still used as anti-inflammatories in medicine. It is usually found in nature in a comparatively pure form. Gold is used in art, for decoration and as architectural ornament. This is used in gears for watches, artificial limb joints. It is ideal for protecting electrical copper components because it conducts electricity well. A gold compound is used to treat some cases of arthritis. The metal remains a highly regarded reserve asset, and approximately 45 percent of all the world’s gold is held by governments and central banks for this purpose. About 1500 tonnes of gold are mined each year. About two-thirds of this comes from South Africa and most of the rest from Russia. A total of 197,576 tonnes of gold exists above ground, as of 2019.

  1. Ruthenium

Natural ruthenium consists of a mixture of seven stable isotopes. It is a hard, white transition metal. Russian-born scientist of Baltic-German ancestry Karl Ernst Claus discovered this element in 1844 at Kazan State University. Ruthenium is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Silver-grey ruthenium metal looks like platinum but is rarer, harder, and more brittle. Ruthenium is a chemical element and is inert to most other chemicals. The composition of the mined platinum group metal (PGM) mixtures varies widely, depending on the geochemical formation. For example, the PGMs mined in South Africa contain on average 11% ruthenium while the PGMs mined in the former USSR contain only 2%. Ruthenium, like the other platinum group metals, is obtained commercially as a by-product from nickel, and copper, and platinum metals ore processing. Because of its high melting point, ruthenium is not easily cast; its brittleness, even at white heat, makes it very difficult to roll or draw into wires.

It is used in some jewellery as an alloy with platinum. Most ruthenium produced is used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors. During electro refining of copper and nickel, noble metals such as silver, gold, and the platinum group metals precipitate as anode mud, the feedstock for the extraction. Most is used in the electronics industry for chip resistors and electrical contacts. Ruthenium oxide is used in the chemical industry to coat the anodes of electrochemical cells for chlorine production. Ruthenium is also used in catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid production. Ruthenium compounds can be used in solar cells, which turn light energy into electrical energy. The industrial application of metallic ruthenium is restricted to use as an alloy for platinum and other metals of the platinum group. Roughly 30 tonnes of ruthenium are mined each year.

  1. Iridium

Iridium also has the highest density of all the elements. Iridium is not affected by acids, bases, or most other strong chemicals. Iridium is the most corrosion-resistant element even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C (on the Periodic Table of Elements). It is very rare and is used in platinum alloys. A precious, silver-white metal, iridium is hard and brittle, but it becomes ductile and can be worked at a white heat, from 1,200°. Iridium is found in meteorites in much higher abundance than in the Earth’s crust. It is one of the densest terrestrial substances. Iridium is considered to be the second-densest metal. Iridium’s modulus of elasticity is the second-highest among the metals. Iridium was discovered in 1803 among insoluble impurities in natural platinum. Smithson Tennant, the primary discoverer, named iridium.

Iridium is one of the rarest elements in Earth’s crust, with annual production and consumption of only three metric tons. The most important iridium compounds in use are the salts and acids it forms with chlorine, though iridium also forms a number of organo metallic compounds used in industrial catalysis, and in research. A member of the platinum group metals, iridium is white, resembling platinum, but with a slight yellowish cast. Because of its hardness, brittleness, and very high melting point, solid iridium is difficult to machine, form, or work. It is the only metal to maintain good mechanical properties in air at temperatures above 1,600 °C (2,910 °F). It used for pen tips and compass bearings. It was used in making the standard metre bar, which is an alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium. It is also used for the contacts in spark plugs because of its high melting point and low reactivity.

  1. Osmium

A gray-white metal, osmium is very hard, brittle, and difficult to work, even at high temperatures. It is the densest naturally occurring element. Pure osmium metal does not occur in nature. British chemist Smithson Tennant discovered osmium in 1803 in the residue left when crude platinum was dissolved by aqua regia. It is a bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. The element’s abundance in the Earth’s crust is among the rarest, with an abundance of only 50 ppt in the earth’s crust. It is approximately twice as dense as lead and slightly denser than iridium. It has a very low compressibility. Of the platinum metals it has the highest melting point, so fusing and casting are difficult. Osmium has seven naturally occurring isotopes, six of which are stable.

Osmium powder reacts slowly with the oxygen of the air and gives off detacteble amounts of osmium tetroxide vapour. Osmium is mainly found alloyed with other platinum metals, from which it is recovered commercially. The most important ores are either iridosmine and osmiridium. Iridosmine is a rare mineral found in Russia and in North and South America. It is used to produce very hard alloys for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, needles and electrical contacts. It is also used in the chemical industry as a catalyst. Osmium wires were used for filaments of early incandescent lamps before the introduction of tungsten. Osmium tetroxide, OsO4, is highly toxic concentrations in air as low as 10-7 g m-3 can cause lung congestion, skin damage, and severe eye damage.

  1. Palladium

Palladium is unique in its ability to absorb hydrogen and very malleable element. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGMs). They have similar chemical properties. Palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them. Palladium is a key component of fuel cells, which react hydrogen with oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water. Russia was the top producer with 82,000 kilograms, followed by South Africa, Canada and the U.S. Russia’s company Norilsk Nickel ranks first among the largest palladium producers globally, accounting for 39% of the world’s production. More than half the supply of palladium and its congener platinum is used in catalytic converters, which convert as much as 90% of the harmful gases in automobile exhaust into less noxious substances.

Palladium is also used in electronics, dentistry, medicine, hydrogen purification, chemical applications, groundwater treatment, and jewelry. Palladium is used in small amounts (about 0.5%) in some alloys of dental amalgam to decrease corrosion and increase the metallic lustre of the final restoration. Palladium heated to 800 °C will produce a layer of palladium(II) oxide (PdO). Palladium is also used watch making, blood sugar test strips, aircraft spark plugs, surgical instruments, and electrical contacts. Palladium is also used to make professional transverse flutes. Palladium can be used for component and connector plating in consumer electronics and in soldering materials. Unlike platinum, palladium may discolor at temperatures above 400 °C (752 °F) due to oxidation, making it more brittle and thus less suitable for use in jewelry.

  1. Rhenium

Rhenium is a silvery-white metal with one of the highest melting points of all elements, exceeded by only tungsten and carbon. It also has one of the highest boiling points of all elements, and the highest among stable elements. Rhenium is extremely hard and a heavy metal. Rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth’s crust. Rhenium has the third-highest melting point and second-highest boiling point of any stable element at 5903 K. Rhenium is expensive, with price reaching an all-time high. Rhenium has a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure. Rhenium does not occur free in nature or as a compound in any distinct mineral; instead it is widely distributed in small amounts in other minerals, usually in concentrations averaging about 0.001 parts per million. It resists wear and corrosion very well. Rhenium was discovered in 1908 and it is the second-last stable element to be discovered. The isolation of rhenium was finally achieved in May 1925 by Walter Noddack and Ida Tacke working in Berlin.

Rhenium was the second last-discovered of the elements that have a stable isotope. It is used in the combustion chambers, turbine blades, and exhaust nozzles of jet engines. These alloys contain up to 6% rhenium, making jet engine construction the largest single use for the element. The second-most important use is as a catalyst: rhenium is an excellent catalyst for hydrogenation and isomerization, and is used for example in catalytic reforming of naphtha for use in gasoline. These alloys are used for oven filaments and x-ray machines. It is also used as an electrical contact material as it resists wear and withstands arc corrosion. Rhenium catalysts are used for the hydrogenation of fine chemicals. Some rhenium is used in nickel alloys to make single-crystal turbine blades. It is used on filaments, electronic casings and often comes as by-product of copper mining.

  1. Silver

Silver is a relatively soft, shiny metal. It tarnishes slowly in air as sulfur compounds react with the surface forming black silver sulfide. Silver is a white, lustrous transition metal. It exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. Silver has long been valued as a precious metal. The metal is found in the Earth’s crust in the pure, free elemental form, as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining. It is probable that both gold and silver were used as money by 800 BCE in all countries between the Indus and the Nile. This metal constitutes 0.05 part per million of Earth’s crust. Silver is found generally in lead ores, copper ores, and cobalt arsenide ores and is also frequently associated with gold in nature. Silver also contain the important metals lead, copper, or zinc or a combination of the three. Alloys of silver with copper are harder, tougher, and more fusible than pure silver and are used for jewelry and coinage.

Silver has antibacterial properties and silver nanoparticles are used in clothing to prevent bacteria from digesting sweat and forming unpleasant odours. Silver is used in solar panels, water filtration, jewellery, ornaments, high-value tableware and utensils, in electrical contacts and conductors, in specialized mirrors, window coatings, in catalysis of chemical reactions, as a colorant in stained glass and in specialised confectionery. Its compounds are used in photographic and X-ray film. Silver also finds use as a catalyst for its unique ability to convert ethylene to ethylene oxide, which is a precursor of many organic compounds. Silver is used to make mirrors, as it is the best reflector of visible light known. It is also used in dental alloys, solder and brazing alloys, and batteries. Silver paints are used for making printed circuits. Silver threads are woven into the fingertips of gloves so that they can be used with touch screen phones.

  1. Indium

Indium is a soft, ductile, malleable, lustrous metallic metal with silvery white color which is used in the semiconductor industry, in low-melting- point metal alloys such as Lead-free solders. It is stable in air and water. Indium is named after the bright indigo line in its spectrum. Our Indium products include indium ingot, indium granules, indium foil, indium wire, indium coin, Indium Ribbon, indium oxide etc. It is not an alkali metal. It is a post-transition metal that makes up 0.21 parts per million of the Earth’s crust. Indium was discovered in 1863 by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter by spectroscopic methods. Indium is a minor component in zinc sulfide ores and is produced as a byproduct of zinc refinement. Indium is considered a technology-critical element. The density of indium, 7.31 g/cm3, is also greater than gallium, but lower than thallium. Indium Foil is made by pure Indium Ingot which is very soft and shapable metal. Indium foil has great thermal conductivity.

Indium is produced exclusively as a by-product during the processing of the ores of other metals. Its main source material are sulfidic zinc ores. Minor amounts are probably also extracted from sulfidic copper ores. The primary consumption of indium worldwide is LCD production. Popularity of LCD computer monitors and television sets, which now account for 50% of indium consumption. The first large-scale application for indium was coating bearings in high-performance aircraft engines to protect against damage and corrosion. Now it can be found in fusible alloys, solders, and electronics. Indium(III) oxide and indium tin oxide (ITO) are used as a transparent conductive coating on glass substrates in electroluminescent panels. Indium nitride, phosphide and antimonide are semiconductors used in transistors and microchips. An indium alloy has been used for fire-sprinkler systems in shops and warehouses because of its low melting point. People can be exposed to indium in the workplace by inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, and eye contact leads to lung disease.

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THE 10 GREAT BOOKS TO READ IN THE WORLD FOR CAREER SUCCESS

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT BOOKS TO READ IN THE WORLD FOR CAREER SUCCESS

A book is a written or printed work consisting of pages glued or sewn together along one side and bound in covers. A book is a number of pieces of paper, usually with words on them, which are fastened together and fixed inside a cover of stronger paper or cardboard. Books contain information, stories, or poetry etc. of the world’s most successful entrepreneurs and leaders are avid readers. Even fictional novels are praised for their excellence by successful businessman like Bill Gates and Elon Musk. A great book influences your life. It influences your thought process. Any book that teaches you to be fair to the world is a great book. Reader has a lot of benefits like increase your vocabulary, improve focus and concentration, reduce stress and improve your memory. If you’re struggling to find a career, Advice from an expert, however, might be just the thing is to pick up one of these published career advice books. The Best 10 books and its summary are as follows.

  1. “The Compound Effect” by Darren Hardy

“The Compound Effect” offers readers the real deal when it comes to becoming a success. Darren Hardy pulls insight from his 20-year journey as a curator of the industry and reveals his six principles of success.
“It reveals the truth about prolonging small changes in our life that compound to negative results. This is book summary of The Compound Effect by Darren Hardy. This summary also includes key lessons and important passages from the book. Always take 100 percent responsibility for everything that happens to you. The compound effect is the operating system that has been running your life whether you know it or not. You cannot improve something until you measure it. Success is doing a half dozen things really well, repeated five thousand times. You don’t need more knowledge. You need a new plan of action. Consistency is the ultimate key to success. If you aren’t better, work harder. The compound effect is the strategy of reaping huge rewards from small, seemingly insignificant actions. Choice is at the center of all success and failure. It is what we choose that makes the biggest difference. Too often we sleepwalk through our choices. We default to choices that our society and culture tells us we should do. Keep a daily gratitude journal about your spouse.

Write down one thing you are thankful for each day about your spouse then give them the book as a gift one year later. You have to be willing to give 100 percent in your relationships. You alone are responsible for your situation. Everyone has the opportunity to be lucky. Track your behavior for at least one week. Tracking will revolutionize your life. The author started by tracking every financial decision in a notebook. Merely becoming conscious of your actions begins to change them. Start by saving 1 percent of your money each month. Then save 2 percent the next month. Continue until you are saving 10 percent of what you earn. The earlier you start making changes the more the compound effect works in your favor. The older your habits are and the deeper their roots, the harder they are to change. Design the life you want first and the business you want second. Write down your most important goals. The hardest part of momentum is the beginning. But Once you get moving you can keep going very easily. There is a difference between learning and studying. Learning leads to knowledge. Studying a topic means you are invested in it and try it out. What you need is to study, to practice, and to take action on the knowledge you have.
Small choices + consistency + time = significant results.

  1. “What Color is Your Parachute?” by Richard Bolles

“What Color is Your Parachute” is the world’s popular job-search and self-help book with its long-trusted guidance for job-hunters and career-changers. “It is a very practical book with many exercises and activities given by Richard Nelson Bolles for you. Great trips and exercises forcing you to think, reflect, take action and get to know the best job search practices from defining your dream job to resumes to interviewing to networking.” This book has been in print since 1970 and has been revised annually since 1975. It is available in 22 languages and used in 26 countries around the world. It is one of the most highly regarded career advice books in print. Richard Nelson Bolles wrote numerous spinoffs of What Color Is Your Parachute? targeted at specific audiences and career issues.

More than ten million copies sold over fifty years, the world’s most popular and best-selling career guide is fully revised and expanded for 2021. At its core is Richard N. Bolles’s famed Flower Exercise, a unique self-inventory that helps you design your career and your life around your key passions, transferable skills, traits, and more. The flower exercise involves looking at yourself from seven different angles: compatibility with people, workplace conditions, skills, purpose, knowledge, money, and location. In the exercise, each angle will be visually represented by a flower petal. When you’ve finished the exercise, you’ll end up with a one-page diagram of your flower that contains a visual summary of your personality as it relates to your career. This book is twelve times more effective than sending out traditional resumes.

  1. “The Leader Who Had No Title” by Robin Sharma

In “The Leader Who Had No Title,” author and leadership speaker Robin Sharma offers great things. In this book, readers will learn how to work with and influence people like a superstar, regardless of your position; how to recognize and then seize opportunities in times of deep change; the real secrets of intense innovation and so much more. Great careers and great businesses are built by evolution. Initiative and hard work is the warm-up act for a headliner called success. Small daily improvements, over time, lead to stunning results. “Each of us is born into genius”. We are responsible for our actions and their consequences. Inspire, influence and elevate each person. Treat everyone with respect, kindness and appreciation. If we change day by day small actions, those will become a habit. In the same time small changes every day will add up to a massive new improvement in the long run. You should be inspiring, engaging and elevating. It’s all on you. You are going to choose your most empowered response. When you do that, your life changes within minutes. “It teaches people that they all are leaders whatever their position. It helps people look at the concept of leadership from a different angle. It starts with yourself. Wherever people are in their career, they should do everything to stretch their leadership, it is all about self-empowerment. There is a great example about a housekeeper in the book that shows powerful leadership.” “It’s also a great inspiration for learning how to seize opportunities and remove fear blocks related to change.”

You need no title to be a leader: Success is something that’s consciously created. ‘Simply remember that no matter what your position within the organisation and no matter how old you are or where you live .To lead without a title “you will have to be unrealistically persistent and wildly courageous.” The deeper your relationships, the stronger your leadership. ‘Leadership is about having unshakeable faith in your vision and unrelenting confidence in your power to make the positive change happen. You have the power to show leadership and no one and nothing can ever deny you that.’ To be a great leader, first become a great person. Training and strengthening your inner leader will help you perform at extraordinary levels. Success is created through conscious choice. You need to have passion to do any job. It is not the title that gives you respect but the amount of contribution you make to your work. The way you start your day determines how well you will live your day. Happy people really do make happy leaders. Leadership is about correcting and criticizing others when they are doing things wrong. The secret to moving through hard times is to just keep moving forward. You will learn hard-hitting tactics to become mentally strong and physically tough enough to lead your field. This book explains real-world ways to defeat stress, build an unbeatable mind-set, unleash energy, and balance your personal life regardless of what you do within your organization and the current circumstances of your life, the single most important fact is that you have the power to show leadership.

  1. “Good to Great” by Jim Collins

Jim Collins is the author of “Good to Great.” Jim Collins evaluates the factors that allow a small fraction of companies to make the transition from merely good to truly great. Research has shown that leader who have brought the ‘Good to Great’ transformation are not the one, who is charismatic or big personality but is rather quiet, shy, deliberate. They are the one’s who have the combination of humility and professional will. It is a known fact that the right team is needed to achieve the success but what is even more important is to build the right team even before you know what and which path to take towards greatness and hence it is ‘first who then what’. After sifting through mountains of data and thousands of pages of interviews, Collins and his crew discovered the key determinants of greatness – why some companies make the leap and others don’t. Over five years, the team analyzed the histories of 28 companies from good companies to great companies.

  1. “The Success Principles” by Jack Canfield

“The Success Principles” teaches readers how to increase their confidence, tackle daily challenges, realize their ambitions and live their life with passion and purpose. In both work and life there are timeless principles. When you apply these you lead to success. This book talks about those in very practical ways and helps the reader learn what can move them forward.

The Book in Three Sentences
1.“If you want to be successful, you have to take 100% responsibility for everything that you experience in your life.”
2.“Everything you think, say, and do needs to become intentional and aligned with your highest purpose, your values, and your goals.”
3.“To achieve desired outcomes, one must replace complaining with making requests and taking action.”
The Five Big Ideas
1.“You have control over only three things in your life—the thoughts you think, the images you visualize, and the actions you take .”
2.“Stated in its most basic form, the Law of Attraction says, what you think about, talk about, believe strongly about, and feel intensely about, you will bring about.”
3.“You can lose the material things, but you can never lose your mastery—what you learn and who you become in the process of achieving your goals.”
4.“One of the great strategies for success is to act as if you already are where you want to be.”
5.“The world doesn’t pay you for what you know; it pays you for what you do.”
Summary of Success principles are
Take 100% Responsibility of Your Life. Be Clear Why You’re Here. Decide What You Want. Believe It’s Possible. Believe in Yourself. Use The Law of Attraction. Commit to Constant and Never-Ending Improvement. Keep Score for Success. Learn More to Earn More. Stay Motivated with The Masters. Mastermind Your Way to Success. Develop a Positive Money Consciousness. Connect with People Who Can Expand Your Vision. “Everything you think, say, and do needs to become intentional and aligned with your purpose, your values, and your goals.” “Everything you experience today is the result of choices you have made in the past.” “The day you change your responses is the day your life will begin to get better”. “The only thing that will change your results is to change your behavior.”
“To create a balanced and successful life, your vision needs to include the following seven areas: work and career, finances, recreation and free time, health and fitness, relationships, personal goals, and contribution to the larger community.” “Stated in its most basic form, the Law of Attraction says, what you think about, talk about, believe strongly about, and feel intensely about, you will bring about.” “Many people fail to take action because they’re afraid to fail. Successful people, on the other hand, realize that failure is an important part of the learning process.” “An important part of any focusing regimen is to set aside time at the end of the day—just before going to sleep—to acknowledge your successes, review your goals, focus on your successful future, and make specific plans for what you want to accomplish the next day.” “To learn and grow in life, you need to be teachable, too.” “To become wealthy, you’ll need to surface, identify, root out, and replace any negative or limiting beliefs you may have about money.”

6.“Emotional Intelligence 2.0″ by Travis Bradberry and Jean Graves

“Emotional Intelligence 2.0” offers a step-by-step program to increase emotional intelligence (EQ) to exceed your goals and achieve your potential. Emotional intelligence (EQ) needs little introduction, EQ is critical to your success. This book delivers via four core EQ skills that enable you to achieve your potential: 1) Self-Awareness 2) Self-Management 3) Social Awareness 4) Relationship Management. Emotional Intelligence 2.0 is a book with a single purpose increasing your EQ. It explains how to deal with emotions creatively and employ our intelligence in a beneficial way. Research shows convincingly that EQ is more important than IQ.” “We need to not only know what being emotionally intelligent means but we need to recognize how and when to apply it to our lives.

  1. “The Goal” by Eliyahu M Goldratt

This thrilling novel-style book follows the story of a plant manager whose factory is quickly heading for disaster and will face closure in 90 days unless character Alex Rogo can turn things around. Summary, own thoughts and key lessons of Eliyahu M Goldratt is as follows. Doing work and making money are not the same thing. Simplify your problem to the point where you understand the true goal of your organization. With your goal in mind, identify the constraints within your system and focus on improving the output of that constraint without worrying about the productivity of all related processes. The Theory of Constraints: Step one: identify the systems constraints. Step two: decide how to exploit the constraints. Step three: subordinate all other processes to the decisions. Step four: elevate and improve the systems constraints. Step five: if in a previous step a constraint has broken, return to step one.

The goal is not to reduce cost, but to increase throughput. A system with local maximums is not an efficient system. You should not try to maximize the productivity of every moment because it’s not an optimally designed system. Most people are so focused on technical details that they can’t see the bigger picture. Don’t bother “checking the numbers” instead “check your assumptions. Make sure the bottleneck only works on good parts by performing quality control before parts go into the bottleneck. You can’t afford to waste time within the bottleneck. The area with the biggest amount of inventory is usually a sign of a bottleneck. There is always a bottleneck in every process. You have to manage the process based on the bottleneck. Most processes are a series of dependent events. In any series of dependent events most people can only go as fast as the people in front of them. Because of this, your throughput is only the output of the final person. To learn, we should not just give people results to memorize, but stories and plots that allow us to deduce the answers.

  1. “Grit” by Angela Duckworth

Angela Duckworth has also found scientific evidence to prove that grit can grow. “Beyond talent, beyond creativity, beyond training, beyond being in the right place at the right time; success and achievement require grit.” The secret to outstanding achievement is not talent but a focused persistence called grit. Grit isn’t luck. Grit isn’t how intensely, for the moment, you want something. “A Grit is an ultimate concern.” a goal you care about so much that it organizes and gives meaning to almost everything you do. Grit is holding steadfast to that goal even when you fall down, even when you screw up, even when progress toward that goal is halting or slow. It combines resilience, ambition, and self-control in the pursuit of goals that take months, years, or even decades. Grit is great. It’s a lucid, informative, and entertaining review of the research Angela has assiduously conducted over the past decade. The book also includes suggestions on how to develop grit, and how we can help support grit in others. Angela Duckworth is a tremendous scientist. In her book “Grit,” author and psychologist Angela Duckworth explains that the secret to outstanding achievement is not talent, but a passionate persistence. Angela has found through her research that grit, which is a combination of passion and perseverance for a singularly important goal, is the hallmark of high achievers in every domain.

  1. “The Slight Edge” by Jeff Olson

In this book, author Jeff Olson teaches readers why some people make dream after dream come true, while others just continue dreaming and spend their lives building dreams for someone else. “The pain of discipline is far less than the pain of regret.” “Jeff Olson demonstrates that it is the discipline of doing the little, daily, persistent things that end up making massive differences to success at all levels – work, health, wealth.” The Slight Edge is a way of thinking, a way of processing information that enables you to make the daily choices that will lead you to the success and happiness you desire. The Slight Edge simply shows you how to create powerful results from the simple daily activities of your life, by using tools that are already within you. Discover that “one” thing that will help you achieve that goal, realize a life-long dream or propel you up the ladder to success. Once you got it, then you will discover how your philosophy… creates your attitude… creates your actions… creates your results… creates YOUR LIFE.
Consistently repeated daily actions + time = unconquerable results
1.1% improvement each day = 365% in 1 year
2.Philosophy: Plant, Cultivate, Harvest
3.95% of the people live a mediocre life; be part of the 5%
4.“Your philosophy creates your attitudes, which create your actions, which create your results, which create your life.”
5.Little daily actions are easy to do, but also easy not to do
6.Results are invisible in the beginning
7.Little actions seem insignificant, but they add up
8.Show up, show consistently, commit for the long haul, practice integrity
9.The effect of time compounding is huge
“The journey starts with a single step — not with thinking about taking a step.”
“The right choices you make today, compounded over time, will take you higher and higher up the success curve of this real-time movie called “your life” ”
“Any time you see what looks like a breakthrough, it is always the end result of a long series of little things, done consistently over time.”

10.“The Power of Full Engagement” by Jim Loehr and Tony Schwartz

In this highly scientific, practical book, authors Jim Loehr and Tony Schwartz demonstrate how managing energy, not time, is the key to enduring high performance as well as to health, happiness, and life balance. Managing Energy, Not Time, is the key to high performance and personal renewal tells you how to use your energy positively. The number of hours in a day are fixed and so time is not unlimited or flexible but the quality and quantity of energy in ourselves is not limited or inflexible. From the research done with these athletes, it was discovered how the focus on their energy training gave them their superlative performances. The training program has four steps, such as to mobilize 4 main energy sources, equate energy spent with regular energy refreshment, increase capacity in the similar way that some of the best athletes do and form specific and positive energy management systems. The book reveals how, by the power of full engagement, one can get into a positive routine to manage one’s energy, with a practical and scientific approach.

Summary of The Power Of Full Engagement
o 1.In order to increase performance, we need to focus on managing our energy rather than our time.
o 2.We can reach full engagement by maximizing all four of our energy levels.
o 3.In order to maintain energy levels we need to train our energetic muscles and give them time to recover.
o 4.To reach your full potential, you must develop and maintain good physical energy.
o 5.In order to maintain positive emotional energy levels, never neglect what you enjoy or your physical health.
o 6.Training your mental energy helps you stay focused and creative at the same time.
o 7.Spiritual energy is the source for motivation, derived from committing to others as well as ourselves.
o 8.To live at full engagement, you must find a positive and intrinsically motivating purpose.
o 9.We have to connect to our deepest values to fuel the energy which gives our lives purpose.
o 10.Facing the truth and accepting our limitations increases positive energy.
o 11.Rituals are powerful tools to effectively manage energy capacity.

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THE 10 GREAT MOST IMPORTANT CROPS IN THE WORLD

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A crop is cultivated plant that is grown on a large scale commercially, especially a cereal, fruit, or vegetable. A lot of something produced during a particular cycle. Most crops are harvested as food for humans or fodder for livestock. Some crops are gathered from the wild. 10 most important crops in the world are as follows.

1.Corn

yellow corn
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Corn is the most produced grain in the world. It’s the seed of a plant in the grass family, native to Central America but grown in countless varieties worldwide. It’s a staple food for the majority of sub-Saharan Africa, and is a great source of carbohydrates, protein, iron, vitamin B, and minerals. It’s rich in antioxidants. Corn is a starchy vegetable and cereal grain that has been eaten all over the world for centuries. Corn is also known as maize. It is being used more and more for ethanol. Corn is typically yellow but comes in a variety of other colors, such as red, orange, purple, blue, white, and black. A greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain, U.S. is the world’s largest maize producer. In the United States the colourful variegated strains known as Indian corn are traditionally used in autumn harvest decorations.

It is a starchy vegetable that comes as kernels on a cob, covered by a husk. Corn is primarily composed of carbs. Popcorn and sweet corn are popular varieties. Whole-grain foods may have several health benefits, including reduced risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure. Dietary intake of antioxidants, most notably carotenoids like zeaxanthin and lutein, may boost eye health. The fiber in whole grains can support healthy digestion in various ways. Some evidence suggests that whole grains can help reduce inflammation. Some health benefits linked to fiber may help lower your risk of cancer. 1-ounce (28-gram) serving of whole grains was linked to a 5% lower risk of death. The six major types of maize are dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, and sweet corn. It’s a key ingredient in baked goods, pastas, noodles, couscous, bulgur and semolina.

  1. Wheat
agriculture arable barley blur
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Wheat covers more of the earth than any other crop. It Grown all over the world, wheat covers more of the earth’s surface than any other cereal crop. It’s a resilient crop, growing in the dry and cold climates where rice and corn cannot. Botanically, the wheat kernel is a type of fruit called a caryopsis. Wheat is grown on more land area than any other food crop. Global demand for wheat is increasing due to the unique viscoelastic and adhesive properties of gluten proteins, which facilitate the production of processed foods, whose consumption is increasing as a result of the worldwide industrialization process and the westernization of the diet. Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food. As one of the first grains to be domesticated, modern wheat developed from cultivation starting in the middle East about 9-11,000 years ago in the fertile crescent of the middle east.

Wheat is one of the oldest and most important of the cereal crops. Whole-grain wheat can be a rich source of various antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. The health effects of starch mainly depend on its digestibility, which determines its effect on blood sugar levels. Wheat is the leading source of vegetable protein for humans worldwide. Enriched wheat flour may be a good source of iron, thiamine, niacin, calcium, and vitamin B6. Wheat is an important source of carbohydrates. It has a protein content of about 13%, which is relatively high compared to other major cereals but relatively low in protein quality for supplying essential amino acids. The most important are common wheat used to make bread; durum wheat used in making pasta such as spaghetti and macaroni; and club wheat , a softer type, used for cake, crackers, cookies, pastries, and flours. Additionally, some wheat is used by industry for the production of starch, paste, malt, dextrose, gluten, alcohol, and other products.

  1. Rice
rice field during golden hour
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Rice may be even more important than corn as a food crop, since corn is used for other purposes outside consumption. Rice is the staple food of over half the world’s population. It is the predominant dietary energy source for 17 countries in Asia and the Pacific, 9 countries in North and South America and 8 countries in Africa. Thus, rice is the source of more than 1/5th of all calories consumed by humans. It may also be the thirstiest crop. According to the U.N. farmers need at least 2,000 liters of water to make one kilogram of rice. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production. Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. A detailed analysis of nutrient content of rice suggests that the nutrition value of rice varies based on a number of factors. It depends on the strain of rice, such as white, brown, red, and black (or purple) varieties having different prevalence across world regions. It also depends on nutrient quality of the soil rice is grown in, whether and how the rice is polished or processed, the manner it is enriched, and how it is prepared before consumption.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the oldest cereal grains in the world, and people have grown it for at least 5,000 years. 90% of the world’s rice comes from Asia. Brown rice contains a higher amount of dietary fiber than white rice. However, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. The rice plant can grow to 1–1.8 m (3 ft 3 in–5 ft 11 in) tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility. The leaves are long and flattened and are borne on hollow stems. The fibrous root system is often broad and spreading. The panicle, or inflorescence , is made up of spikelets bearing flowers that produce the fruit, or grain. Rice yields vary considerably, ranging from 700 to 4,000 kilograms per hectare (600 to 3,500 pounds per acre). Rice provides 20% of the world’s dietary energy supply, while wheat supplies 19% and maize (corn) 5%. Types of rice are
1.Long grains have a slender kernel over four times as long as they are wide. When cooked, long grain rice stays separate and fluffy (e.g., Jasmine and Basmati rice).
2.Medium grains have a shorter, wider kernel, yielding a tender and semi-sticky consistency when cooked (e.g., Arborio rice).
3.Short grains have a kernel only twice as long as they are wide, and yield the stickiest texture when cooked (e.g., “sushi” rice).

  1. Potatoes
photo of pile of potatoes
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Potatoes are the number one non-grain food product. Potatoes are edible tubers, available worldwide and all year long. They are relatively cheap to grow, rich in nutrients, and they can make a delicious treat. Originally grown in the Andes, the Spanish introduced Europe to the potato in the 16th century and the starchy crop hasn’t looked back since. China is now the largest potato-producer worldwide. The potato is a root vegetable native to the Americas, a starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum. Wild potato species, originating in modern-day Peru, can be found throughout the Americas, from Canada to southern Chile. potatoes were domesticated approximately 7,000–10,000 years ago. There are now over 5,000 different types of potatoes. They are now the biggest vegetable crop in the United States (U.S.), where the average person eats 55 pounds, or 25 kilograms (kg) of potatoes every year. It remains an essential crop in Europe, especially Northern and Eastern Europe, where per capita production is still the highest in the world. Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that grow about 60 cm (24 in) high, depending on variety, with the leaves dying back after flowering, fruiting and tuber formation. There are about 5,000 potato varieties worldwide.

Dozens of potato cultivars have been selectively bred specifically for their skin or, more commonly, flesh color, including gold, red, and blue varieties. A raw potato is 79% water, 17% carbohydrates (88% is starch), 2% protein, and contains negligible fat. A raw potato provides 77 kilocalories. Potatoes might help reduce inflammation and constipation. Potatoes contain important nutrients, even when cooked, that can benefit human health in various ways. The iron, phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, and zinc in potatoes all help the body to build and maintain bone structure and strength. Potassium, calcium, and magnesium are all present in the potato. These have been found to decrease blood pressure naturally. A higher intake of potassium and a lower intake of sodium to a reduced risk of all-cause mortality and heart disease. Potatoes contain folate. Folate plays a role in DNA synthesis and repair, and so it prevents many types of cancer cells from forming due to mutations in the DNA. Dietary fibers are commonly recognized as important factors in weight management and weight loss. Vitamin C works as an antioxidant to help prevent damage caused by the sun, pollution, and smoke. Vitamin C also helps collagen smooth wrinkles and improve overall skin texture.

5.Cassava

Cassava is a root vegetable widely consumed in developing countries. Cassava also called manioc, mandioca, or yuca, tuberous edible plant of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) from the American tropics. It is a perennial plant, cassava is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. It provides some important nutrients and resistant starch. In the humid and sub-humid areas of tropical Africa, it is either a primary staple food or a secondary costaple. The most commonly consumed part of cassava is the root, which is very versatile. One important note is that cassava root must be cooked before it is eaten. Cassava’s importance in Africa and South America can not be overstated. As a drought-resistant crop that does well in poor soils, cassava is a starch-heavy lifesaver for low-income areas.

Cassava eaters know that the roots and leaves must be cooked in order to lose that toxic level of cyanogenic glucosides. Boiled cassava root also contains small amounts of iron, vitamin C and niacin. Consuming high-calorie foods on a regular basis is associated with weight gain and obesity. Cassava may be dangerous if consumed raw, in large amounts or when it is prepared improperly. This is because raw cassava contains chemicals called cyanogenic glycosides, which can release cyanide in the body when consumed. Many people in these countries suffer from protein deficiencies and depend on cassava as a major source of calories. It is used for food, animal feed, and industrial purposes. It is providing a basic diet for over half a billion people. Cassava is classified as either sweet or bitter.

  1. Soybeans

Soybeans are members of the pea (legume) family of vegetables. They are an important component of Asian diets and have been consumed for thousands of years. Today, they are mainly grown in Asia and South and North America. Soybeans are a globally important crop, providing oil and protein. The soybean is native to East Asia. Soybean products, such as textured vegetable protein (TVP), are ingredients in many meat and dairy substitutes. Soybeans are among the best sources of plant-based protein. Soy beans contain significant amounts of phytic acid, dietary minerals and B vitamins. 100 grams of raw soybeans supply 446 calories and are 9% water, 30% carbohydrates, 20% total fat and 36% protein (table). The protein content of soybeans is 36–56% of the dry weight. Soybeans are a rich source of essential nutrients, providing in a 100 gram serving high contents of the Daily Value (DV) especially for protein (36% DV), dietary fiber (37%), iron (121%), manganese (120%), phosphorus (101%) and several B vitamins, including folate (94%) (table). The fat content is approximately 18% of the dry weight mainly polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, with small amounts of saturated fat.

High contents also exist for vitamin K, magnesium, zinc and potassium (table). Soybeans contain antioxidants and phytonutrients that are linked to various health benefits. Consumption of soy protein has been linked with a modest decrease in cholesterol levels. Soy offers a ‘complete’ protein profile. Soybeans also contain high levels of protease inhibitors. The Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) of soy protein is the nutritional equivalent of meat, eggs, and casein for human growth and health. Soybeans are a good source of several vitamins and minerals, including vitamin K1, folate, copper, manganese, phosphorus, and thiamine. Soybeans and soy foods may reduce the risk of a range of health problems, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), some cancers as well as improving bone health. Adults who include at least 25g soy protein daily in a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol can reduce LDL cholesterol by about 3–4%.

  1. Sweet potatoes

Sweet potatoes are sweet, starchy root vegetables that are grown worldwide. They come in a variety of sizes and colors including orange, white, and purple. Sweet potatoes are another crop native to South America that is now majorly produced by China. They are only distantly related to regular potatoes. Sweet potatoes are a great source of protein, vitamins A and C, iron, fiber and calcium. They grow very harmoniously with the earth. Sweet potatoes contain two types of fiber: soluble and insoluble. These are rich in antioxidants that protect your body from free radical damage, and chronic disease. Purple sweet potatoes have been found to slow the growth of certain types of cancer cells in test-tube studies. Antioxidants may help reduce Trusted Source the risk of various types of cancer, including prostate and lung cancer.

Sweet potatoes are incredibly rich in beta-carotene, the antioxidant responsible for the vegetable’s bright orange color. Severe vitamin A deficiency is a concern in developing countries and can lead to a special type of blindness known as xerophthalmia. Eating foods rich in beta-carotene, such as orange-fleshed sweet potatoes, may help prevent this condition. Consuming purple sweet potatoes may improve brain function. Vitamin A is critical to a healthy immune system, and low blood levels have been linked to reduce immunity. White skinned sweet potato improved insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes.

  1. Sorghum

It is drought and heat tolerant and thus an important crop in arid regions where major cereals do not produce sufficient yields. Sorghum grain contains gluten free, high in resistant starch, and more abundant and diverse phenolic compounds compared to other major cereal crops. Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide. It is also known as great millet, durra, jowar, or milo, is a grass species cultivated for its grain, which is used for food for humans, animal feed, and ethanol production. Consumption of sorghum, however, has decreased considerably in many African countries, especially in urban areas. Arid regions love sorghum. Overall consumption of sorghum has gone down in many African countries. Sorghum bicolor is the name of the edible plant. It has other, wilder relatives that are grown as foliage.

Bicolor is typically an annual, but some cultivars are perennial. It grows in clumps that may reach over 4 m high. Sweet Sorghum is primarily grown for forage and syrup production. Sorghum is cultivated in many parts of the world today. In India, where it is commonly called jowar, sorghum is one of the staple sources of nutrition in Rajasthan and the Deccan plateau states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana. An Indian bread called bhakri, jowar roti is prepared from this grain. This grain is used for making liquor, animal feed, or bio-based ethanol. White sorghum is preferred for making tortillas. The starch and protein in sorghum is more difficult for animals to digest than the starches and protein in corn. In hogs, sorghum has been shown to be a more efficient feed choice than corn when both grains were processed in the same way.

  1. Yams

Yams are closely related to lilies and grasses. Most yams are produced in West and Central Africa, with Nigeria far and away the biggest producer in the world. Yam is the common name for some plant species in the genus Dioscorea that form edible tubers. It is cultivated for the consumption of their starchy tubers in many temperate and tropical regions, especially in Africa, South America and the Caribbean, Asia, and Oceania. Yam plants can grow up to 15 m (49 ft) in length and 7.6 to 15.2 cm (3 to 6 in) high. The tuber may grow into the soil up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) deep. They can get up to almost five feet in length. The plant disperses by seed. The substance ranges in color from white or yellow to purple or pink in mature yams.

Many cultivated species of Dioscorea yams are found throughout the humid tropics. Yam supplies 118 calories per 100 grams. Yams vary in size from that of a small potato to a record 130 pounds. There are over 600 varieties of yams and 95% of these crops are grown in Africa. Yams are consumed as cooked starchy vegetables. Yam flesh ranges in colour from white to yellow, pink, or purple and varies in taste from sweet to bitter to tasteless. Yams are the first harvested crop of the year, which marks the beginning of several Yams Festivals throughout Africa.

  1. Plantains

plantains are originally from Southeast Asia. Plantains are a staple food in the tropical regions of the world, ranking as the tenth most important staple food in the world. Many cooking bananas are referred to as plantains. They may be eaten ripe or unripe and are generally starchy. Cooking bananas are banana cultivars in the genus Musa whose fruits are generally used in cooking. The term “plantain” is used only for true plantains, while other starchy cultivars used for cooking are called “cooking bananas”. Plantains contain less sugar than dessert bananas, therefore they are usually cooked or otherwise processed before being eaten. Mature, yellow plantains can be peeled like typical dessert bananas. Despite its similar look to the banana, plantains differ from bananas in structure, feel, taste and use. They are a good source of potassium and dietary fiber. Plantains are very similar in their nutrition content, containing a variety of vitamins, minerals and fiber.

Plantains are lower in sugar than bananas, and they are cooked before eating. In Africa, plantains and bananas provide more than 25 percent of the caloric requirements for over 70 million people. An average plantain provides about 920 kilojoules (220 kilocalories) of food energy and is a good source of potassium and dietary fiber. They are now grown all over the world, including in India, Egypt, Indonesia and tropical regions of the America. It contains high levels of potassium, a mineral. Adequate potassium intake may help lower blood pressure and reduce heart disease risk. Overall worldwide production of plantains have been dropping since the 1970s. They also share potential health benefits. Eating more fiber from vegetables and fruits like bananas has repeatedly been linked to lower body weight and weight loss. Potassium is a mineral that is essential for heart health especially blood pressure control. Fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of dietary antioxidants. Potassium is essential for healthy kidney function.

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THE GREAT LARGEST 10 AIR FORCES IN THE WORLD

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Air force is the military branch of the country that conducts aerial warfare, and its functions are different from Army, Navy and marine corps. The important part of any country, Air Force plays an important role in maintaining the security of the country like other forces, but the Air Forces consist of a combination of bombers, helicopters, fighter planes, transport planes, and other aircraft. Moreover, Air forces are majorly responsible for operations of the military space, ICBM Intercontinental ballistic missiles and communications. Every country has their Air Force, which helps them in creating deterrence to other nations, as youngest of all the services Air forces, In its more than 65 years of existence, has become the world’s premier aerospace force. Its mission simply put is to defend the nation through the control and exploitation of air and space. Therefore, here we have the top 10 strongest Air Forces of the world.

1.United States Air Force

United States Air Force founded on 11 September 1947, with the motto No One Comes Close. It operates more than 5,638 aircraft, 450 ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missile) and 63 satellites. It has a $140 billion budget with 332,854 active duty, 185,522 civilian, 71,400 Air Force Reserve, and 106,700 Air National Guard personnel. United States Air Force is most technologically advanced air forces in the world. Capt. Jonathan Lewenthal and Capt. Eric Scheibe, AV-8B Harrier pilots with Marine Attack Squadron 231, Marine Aircraft Group 14, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing, fly over southern Helmand province, Afghanistan. The mission of the United States Air Force is to fly, fight and win in air, space and cyberspace. Our rich history and our vision guide our Airmen as we pursue our mission with excellence and integrity to become leaders, innovators and warriors. The USAF is the youngest of the five branches of the United States Armed Forces, it’s also the largest and most technologically advanced in the world. The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority, global integrated intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, rapid global mobility, global strike, and command and control.
The United States Air Force is all about securing the air, space, and cyberspace arenas for America. USAF is the main aerial and space warfare service branch. It globally present with bases that span three continents. Here 219 careers are available. The USAF has taken to the skies to protect the United States of America. The USAF keeps our country safe by watching the world from the skies and space. The USAF has equipment that involves a lot more than airplanes. From flight helmets to oxygen masks to the AGM-130 missiles, the USAF has high-powered, expensive equipment that’s primed and ready for members to use at a moment’s notice. The Air Force through the Department of the Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation. North Dakota was home to so many USAF nuclear weapons that if it seceded from the Union, it would have been the third largest nuclear power in the world. The U.S. and the Soviet Union fought one pitched battle — a dogfight during WWII over the Serbian town of Nis. The Air Force’s official song is titled, fittingly, “The U.S. Air Force,” and includes the familiar line, “Off we go Into the wild blue yonder.” The Air Force’s colors are ultramarine blue and yellow. It means blue for the sky, and yellow for the sun and the excellence required of personnel. Only 4 percent of all Air Force personnel are pilots.
The USAF offers more than just active duty opportunities.
Four different options:
• Air Force Active Duty
• Air National Guard
• Air Force Reserve
• Air Force Civilian Service

  1. Russian Air Force

Russian Air Force Founded after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991-92. It has 148,000 personnel and 4,163 aircraft. Sukhoi and MiGs are their most popular and successful fighter jets. It has extensive fighting experience fighting in First Chechen War, War of Dagestan, Second Chechen War, Russo-Georgian War and Syrian Civil War. It is essential to combine the Army, Navy, Marine Corp and Air Force under the Secretary of Defense’s authority. On Armed Forces Day military exercises are held at sea, in the air, and on land as a means to honor their members and to show the U.S. civilian population their state-of-the-art equipment. Other countries that celebrate an all-in-one Armed Forces Day include Armenia, Australia and New Zealand, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Burma, Canada, Chile, China, Cuba, Egypt, Finland, France, Georgia, Guatemala, Hungary, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Lebanon, Mali, Malaysia, Mauritania, Mexico, North Korea, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Thailand, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Venezuela, and Vietnam. By March 1, 1998 the Administration of the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force and the Main Staff of the Air Force were formed on the base of control bodies of the Air Defence Force and the Air Force, and the Air Defence Force and the Air Force were merged into a new Service of the Russian Armed Forces – the Air Force.
The Air Force of the Russian Federation is designed for:
• repulsing aggression in the aerospace sphere and protecting from air attacks the control points of the highest state and military control, administrative-and-political centres, industrial-and-economic areas, the most important economic facilities, the country’s infrastructure and the groups of troops;
• destruction of enemy objects and troops using both conventional and nuclear ordnance;
• providing combat troops of other armies and armed services for air support.
The Air Force includes: the Aviation, Antiaircraft Missile and Radio-Technical Troops, which are the Arms of the Air Force, as well as the Special Forces, the units, subdivisions of military control bodies’ guarding, the medical and other organizations. According to its mission and tasks the Air Force’s Aviation is divided into the long-range, front-line, military transport and army aviation, which in turn can be composed of the bomber, attack, fighter, reconnaissance, transport and special aircraft units. The basis of the Air Force’s combat strength is presented with air bases and brigades of the Aerospace Defence. The US Air Force B-52 bombers flew from Minot Air Force Base in North Dakota to over 30 NATO countries in a single day. While crossing the Black Sea, Russian air force Su-27 fighters tailed the B-52 that rattled the American crew.

  1. Israeli Air Force

The Israeli Air Force “Air and Space Arm”, commonly known as “Air Corps”. It was founded on 28 May 1948. It consists of 34,000 active personnel 55,000 reserve personnel 684 aircraft. The Israelis have had a good air force. The airframes are American designs, but the Israelis have installed their own electronics on the F-15I and F-16I planes that are now the backbone of their military. It has a very large fleet of modern aircrafts – many of which are specially designed to meet the requirements of IAF. It had always remained alert and have been ready for any possible attacks. The Israeli Air Force, “Kheil HaAvir” in Hebrew, is universally recognized to be among the world’s most powerful aerial fighting forces. Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the Air Force has played a major role in securing the country’s numerous military victories. Today, the IAF remains a central pillar of the Israel Defense Forces, deterring terrorist threats and ensuring Israel’s strategic advantage in wartime. The IAF is best known for its distinguished staff of pilots, which ranks among the most elite in the world. During the War of Independence, the IAF intercepted enemy aircraft, supported ground forces, and went on attack sorties in Cairo, Damascus, and Amman.
After the war, most of the foreign volunteers were released, and the IAF, which now relied on Israeli pilots only, began organizing its air bases. In 1956, the IAF performed multiple roles in Operation Kadesh; dropping paratroopers over Sinai, destroying Egyptian communication lines, conducting rescue missions, supporting ground forces, and launching aerial attacks. In the early 2000s, the IAF was heavily involved in various operations in Judea and Samaria and the Gaza Strip, destroying strategic terrorist targets and intelligence missions. During Operation Cast Lead in December 2008, the IAF launched with a broad aerial attack on Hamas infrastructure in the Gaza Strip. Throughout the operation, the IAF provided ongoing support to ground forces, gathered intelligence, evacuated the wounded, and targeted terrorist rocket launch pads. On November 14, 2012, in response to incessant rocket attacks in the Gaza Strip, the IDF launched Operation Pillar of Defense, a widespread campaign against terror targets in Gaza. During the operation, the IAF surgically targeted terror targets throughout the Gaza Strip, resulting in significant damage to Hamas infrastructure. Hamas significantly increased rocket fire on Southern Israel in June 2014. In response, the IDF launched Operation Protective Edge. The IAF carried out numerous air attacks aimed at Hamas arms caches, launch ramps, and terrorist infrastructures.

  1. Indian Air Force

Indian Air Force was officially established on October 8, 1932. The fourth largest air force in the world with 139,576 active personnel 140,000 reserve personnel Approx. 1,748+ aircraft. Military Schools and Sainik Schools were founded to broaden the recruitment base of the Defence Forces. Indian Air Force is one among the most professional and well equipped air force across the world. It first saw action during second world war as a part of British empire, again during Bangladesh Liberation War (1971), provided close air support Kargil war and more recently in Balakot airstrike and the following incident with Pakistan in 2019. It has developed some of their own planes in the past and present. Having the second-best carrier aviation arm doesn’t hurt. An Indian MiG-29K purchased from Russia. The Indian Air Force (IAF) is the air arm of the Indian Armed Forces. Its primary mission is to secure Indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during armed conflict. India will celebrate its Air Force Day on October 8. IAF has proved its mettle numerous times and fulfilled its duty of providing aerial security to the hilt. The President of India holds the rank of Supreme Commander of the IAF. The four-star officer with the rank of Air Chief Marshal leads the force. After Independence of India in 1947, Indian Air Force was named Royal Indian Air Force. However, when India turned Republic in 1950, the prefix Royal was removed. IAF’s Hindon Air Force Station, situated near Ghaziabad is the largest in Asia and 8th largest in the world.

The highest Air Force Station is Siachen Glacier AFS situated at a height of 22,000 ft. IAF flag is blue in colour and contains the National Flag in the first quadrant and a roundel of the Tricolour. IAF has one Air Marshal at a time and Padmavathy Bandopadhyay is the first woman Air Marshal of the Indian Air Force. Also, she was the second woman in the Indian armed forces who was promoted to three-star rank. The IAF created a world record by airlifting around 20,000 civilians in ‘Raahat’ mission during floods in Uttarakhand. According to Flight International, there to be around 1,721 aircraft including Su-30MKI, Jaguars, Mirage-2000, Apache and Chinook in service with the Indian Air Force. The Garud Commando Force is renowned for its skills and rescue operations. IAF destroyed more than 29 Pakistani tanks, 40 APCs and a railway train during the Battle of Longewala in the 1971 Indo-Pak War besides a number of critical installations. IAF created a world record by performing the highest landing of a C-130J at the Daulat Beg Oldi airstrip in Ladakh at the height of 16614 feet (5065 meters). India is building the 5th generation Sukhoi PAK FA in collaboration with Russia. The Air Force has over 60 air bases spread all over India. The IAF is the only air force that operates C-17 Globemaster III, C-130J Super Hercules, and Il-76 – the three largest transport aircrafts.

  1. Royal Air Force (Great Britain)

Royal Air Force Founded on 1 April 1918, by the unification of the Royal Naval Air Services and Royal Flying Corps. 32,940 active personnel, 3,200 reserve personnel and 832 operational aircraft, making it the largest air force in the European Union . RAF is the oldest air force of the world and one of the most technologically sophisticated and capable air forces in the world. It Played a significant role in the British Military History in the Second World War. Motto “Through Adversity to the Stars”. Royal Air Force (RAF), youngest of the three British armed services, charged with the air defense of the United Kingdom and the fulfillment of international defense commitments. At the time it was formed, it was the largest air force in the world. It expanded even more during World War II and today is still one of the world’s leading air powers. The British Army was formed as a standing army in 1660. The Gloster Meteor was the first jet fighter used by the RAF. It first flew in March 1943 and was introduced into the war in July 1944, though it saw limited action.
The RAF was instrumental in the Berlin Airlift during the Cold War. Soviet forces in East Berlin and East Germany had the part of the city controlled by the Allies surrounded, hoping to convince the rest of Berlin to surrender. The RAF delivered 1,340 tons of supplies per day until the Soviets relented in October 1949. The RAF had 1,000 of its own planes shot down during the battle while the Germans lost 1,800. The first female jet pilot in the RAF was Flight Lieutenant Jo Salter in 1994, flying a Panavia Tornado. Now it is a common sight for both men and women to take to the skies for Britain. In addition, since the United Kingdom was the main base for operations against the Axis forces and was itself under constant threat of air attack, flying training became virtually impossible there, and great numbers of aircrew pupils were sent to Canada, South Africa, and Southern Rhodesia to receive their training at schools specially established for the purpose. From June 1941 (six months before the United States entered the war) until the end of hostilities, British aircrew were also trained at civilian-operated schools in the United States.

  1. Peoples Liberation Army Air Force (China)

Peoples Liberation Army Air Force founded on November 11, 1949. It has more than 330,000 personnel and 2500+ aircrafts. It has largest air force in Asia, and is better known for comprising some of self-reliant combat aircrafts. After the fall of USSR, Russia became China’s principal arm suppliers. Today, many of the planes are from the “Flanker family,” including home-grown versions like the J-11, J-11B, J-15, and J-16. China also has the indigenous J-10 and JH-7, while also flying two fifth-generation designs. People’s Liberation Army, Unified organization of China’s land, sea, and air forces. Initially called the Red Army. It is composed of 5 branches which are aviation, anti-aircraft artillery, surface-to-air missiles, radar and Airborne Corps. As of 2014, the PLAAF has a strength of around 398,000 personnel and is the largest air force in Asia. After World War II the communist forces, renamed the People’s Liberation Army, defeated the Nationalists, making possible the formation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. The Air Force reportedly had four branches: air defense, ground attack, bombing, and independent air regiments. The air corps consists of fighter plane units, bomber units, attack plane units, reconnaissance plane units and air transport units. In peacetime the Air Force Directorate, under the supervision of the PLA General Staff Department, controls the Air Force through Air Army headquarters located with, or in communication with, each of the seven military region headquarters. By the end of the 1980’s, the radars used by the Air Force’s radar corps contained over 20 varieties.

As of 1996 there were 600 air defense missile battalions, equipped with HQ-2 air defense missiles; HQ-3 air defense missiles; HQ-61 air defense missiles; HQ-7 air defense missiles; LY-60 air defense missiles; PL-9 air defense missiles; HY-5 shoulder-launched air defense missiles; QW-1 shoulder-launched air defense missiles; and three sets of advanced Russian-made C-300 missiles. Whatever the facts, the appearance of the J-20 was visible evidence China is building an air force Chinese military leaders have indicated is intended to be commensurate with their nation’s emerging status as a world power—and the equal of any other air force on the globe. The People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) must build its strategic capabilities to enter the top tier of airpower nations. It has deployed airborne early warning and control aircraft, third-generation combat aircraft, and other advanced weaponry. “China’s air force is in the midst of a transformation. A decade ago, it was an antiquated service equipped almost exclusively with weapons based on 1950s-era Soviet designs.” “Like the rest of the Chinese armed forces, change in the PLAAF is happening across a wide front, and in myriad endeavors: in operational matters, in institutional affairs, and in the acquisition of new capabilities.

  1. Armee de lAir (France) In the post-World War 2 era, the French made a successful effort to develop the domestic aircraft industry. In 1933, it was made an independent military arm. The Mirage demonstrated its abilities in the Gulf War, becoming one of the most popular jet fighters of its day. It employs a total of 41,160 regular personnel and 5,187 personnel of the operational reserve. It has 225 combat aircraft in service, with the majority being 117 Dassault Mirage 2000 and 108 Dassault Rafale. Its awaiting the A 400M military transport aircraft which is said to be in the developmental stages. The number of aircraft in service with the French Air Force varies depending on source. The French took active interest in developing the air force from 1909 and had the first World War I fighter pilots. During the interwar years, however, particularly in the 1930s, the quality fell after they compared with the Luftwaffe, which crushed the French during the Battle of France. In the post–World War II era, the French made a successful effort to develop a domestic aircraft industry. Dassault Aviation led the way mainly with delta-wing designs, which formed the basis for the Mirage series of jet fighters. The Mirage demonstrated its abilities in the Six-Day War, Yom Kippur War, the Falklands War and the Gulf War, becoming one of the most popular jet fighters of its day, with a high quantity of sales.

The French Air Force participated in several protracted colonial wars in Africa and Indochina after WWII, and continues to employ its air power in Africa. From January 1964, the French political leadership, now prioritising nuclear deterrence, put in train a complete reorganisation of the Air Force, with the creation of four air regions and seven major specialised commands, among which was the Strategic Air Forces Command. In 1985, the Air Force had four major flying commands, the Strategic Air Forces Command, the Tactical Air Forces Command, the Military Air Transport Command, and the Commandement Air des Forces de Defense Aerienne. In 1994 the Commandement des Fusiliers Commandos de l’Air was established. Currently, the French Air Force is expanding and replacing aircraft inventory. The French are awaiting the A400M military transport aircraft, which is still in developmental stages, and the integration of the new Dassault Rafale multi-role jet fighter, whose first squadron of 20 aircraft became operational in 2006 at Saint-Dizier. France has also been a lead nation, alongside the United States, Great Britain and Italy in implementing the UN sponsored no-fly zone in Libya (NATO ‘Odyessy Dawn’, deploying 20 fighter aircraft to Benghazi in defense of rebel held positions and the civilian population.

  1. Luftwaffe (Germany)

Luftwaffe (Germany) was established in 1935, after violating the Treaty of Versailles. In the modern era, the United States Government still lends nuclear weapons to Luftwaffe under the NATO nuclear sharing agreement. It has more than 3,400,000 Personnel & 119,871 aircraft during World War II. 465 Aircraft and 27,620 personnel as on April 2020. Most advanced and most battle-experienced air forces in the world at the time of World War II. In 2005 and 2008, F-4 Phantom fighter planes took part in the Baltic Air Policing operation of NATO. Most of the pilots of Luftwaffe are trained either in United States or in Canada. Hermann Goring was commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe. About 70 people volunteered to be suicide pilots for the force. The Women Who Flew for Hitler author Clare Mulley says letters show Reitsch speaking of von Stauffenberg’s “racial burden” and that the two women absolutely loathed each other. Hanna Reitsch and Melitta von Stauffenberg were both pilots at the top of their game and both had a strong sense of honour and duty. But despite these similarities, the two women didn’t get on and had very different perspectives regarding the Nazi regime. A Luftwaffe detachment supported rebel forces in the Spanish Civil War. Many of Luftwaffe pilots and personnel trained in the Soviet Union.
Originally, the German military high command, for their air warfare forces, decided to use an organizational structure similar to the army and navy, treating the aviation branch as a strategic weapon of war. Initial plans were for long-term growth of the Luftwaffe over a period of five years with the intention of using the Luftwaffe as a strategic force. These plans were changed several times, especially after the June 1936 death of Walter Wever and the succession of Ernst Udet. The focus and role of the Luftwaffe became one of ground support for the German Army during its Lightning War campaigns. The Luftwaffe one of the most powerful air forces in Europe during its initial years. Partly due to its ground support role, the Luftwaffe was reorganized in a fashion similar to the army units, with one unit controlling a specific area. Each Luftwaffe unit was self-contained and had complete control over all aspects of Luftwaffe forces in that area. Unlike the other two forces, air power did not have past experience to draw upon. This resulted in the air force having to learn from experience rather than the classroom.
The Luftwaffe was configured to serve as a crucial part of the German blitzkrieg, or “lightning war”–the deadly military strategy developed by General Heinz Guderian. As German panzer divisions burst deep into enemy territory, lethal Luftwaffe dive-bombers would decimate the enemy’s supply and communication lines and cause panic. By the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the Luftwaffe had an operational force of 1,000 fighters and 1,050 bombers. First Poland and then Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, and France fell to the blitzkrieg. After the surrender of France, Germany turned the Luftwaffe against Britain, hoping to destroy the RAF in preparation for a proposed German landing. However, in the epic air battle known as the Battle of Britain, the outnumbered RAF fliers successfully resisted the Luftwaffe, relying on radar technology, their new, highly maneuverable Spitfire aircraft, bravery, and luck. For every British plane shot down, two German warplanes were destroyed. In the face of British resistance, Hitler changed strategy in the Battle of Britain, abandoning his invasion plans and attempting to bomb London into submission. However, in this campaign, the Luftwaffe was hampered by its lack of strategic, long-range bombers, and in early 1941 the Battle of Britain ended in failure. Britain had handed the Luftwaffe its first defeat. Later that year, Hitler ordered an invasion of the USSR, which after initial triumphs turned into an unqualified disaster. As Hitler stubbornly fought to overcome Russia’s bitter resistance, the depleted Luftwaffe steadily lost air superiority over Europe in the face of increasing British and American air attacks. By the time of the D-Day invasion of Normandy in June 1944, the Luftwaffe air fleet was a skeleton of its former self.

  1. Royal Australian Air Force

RAAF was created in March 31, 1921. It has majorly participated in some of the deadliest conflicts of 20th century, including World War 2. It has 13,991 Active personnel, 4,316 Reserve personnel and 309 aircrafts. The motto of RAAF is “Through Struggle to the Stars.” It is credited for immediately implementing the kinetic and non-kinetic air. The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) operates the majority of the ADF’s fixed wing aircraft, although both the Australian Army and Royal Australian Navy also operate aircraft in various roles. The RAAF provides support across a spectrum of operations such as air superiority, precision strikes, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, air mobility, space surveillance, and humanitarian support. On 20 December 2001, the Chief of Air Force formally standardized the Royal Australian Air Force’s public ‘signature’ logo format. The logo is a combination of the Air Force Roundel as the ‘O’, within the customized logo and the text of Air Force in Air Force blue colour.

It is used on a variety of general promotional material, publications and displays. Military aviation was first pioneered during the First World War. During that war, both the armies and the navies of all the major combatants operated aircraft. Late in the war, however, when it was realized that aerial fighting was a distinct form of warfare and not just an adjunct to land or sea operations, some nations formed specialist air forces. Combining the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps, Great Britain formed the Royal Air Force in 1918. The four squadrons of the Australian Flying Corps (AFC) remained part of the AIF. In 1920, the remnants of the AFC became the Australian Air Corps, which in turn became the Royal Australian Air Force. RAAF personnel, however, can be classified into two broad categories: air crew and ground staff and within these categories are found a variety of occupations, known in the air force as “musterings”.
Aircrew are the personnel who are responsible for the operation of an aircraft and its weapons. They are:
• Pilots who actually fly the aircraft
• Navigators who plan the aircraft’s flight path and then guide the pilot
• Bombardiers/Weapons System Operators who aim and then drop or fire the aircraft’s main weapons
• Air Gunners who operate the weapons used for the aircraft’s self-defence
• Observers who observe and report activity outside the aircraft, usually on the ground or sea
• Radio Operators/Communications Operators who operate the aircraft’s communications equipment
• Loadmasters who ensure the safe and efficient stowage of cargo and passengers aboard the aircraft
• Engineers who monitor the aircraft’s engines and other mechanical systems
• Tactical Systems Operators who operate an aircraft’s electronic equipment, such as radar, sonar buoys, passive defensive systems etc.

10.Japan Air Self-Defense Force

JASDF was established on July 1, 1954. One of the sharpest tool, made for the defense-oriented policy of Japan. After World War 2, Japan did not have a separate air force. It carries out combat air patrols around Japan, while also maintaining an extensive network of ground and air early warning radar systems. In 2005, it had an estimate of 45,000 personnel.
As of 2010, the JASDF operates 805 aircrafts, 424 being fighter aircraft. The Imperial Japanese Army and Navy were dissolved and replaced by the JSDF with the passing of the 1954 Self Defense Forces Law, with the JASDF as the aviation branch. They are stretching the boundaries, the lack of real ground-attack capabilities but they have very good air-to-air capabilities. With four “helicopter destroyers” that are really small carriers, Japan could vault up very quickly. Japan has a long configuration from the north to the south with its population and industrial centers concentrated in particular regions. In order to defend the life and the property of the Japanese people from invading aircraft and missiles under Japan’s geographical characteristics and defense-oriented policy, the Air Self-Defense Force should detect invading aircrafts and missiles as soon as possible and destroy them as far from Japan as possible. So the ASDF should have capability for vigilance and surveillance and for a quick counterattack to fight against invading aircrafts and missiles.
The Flight Support Command is responsible for direct support of operational forces in rescue, transportation, control, weather monitoring, and inspection. The Flying Training Command is responsible for basic flying and technical training. The Air Developing and Proving Command, in addition to overseeing equipment research and development, is also responsible for research and development in such areas as flight medicine. The Air Defense Command has northern, central, and western regional headquarters located at Misawa, Iruma, and Kasuga, respectively, and the Southwestern Composite Air Division based at Naha on Okinawa. All four regional headquarters control surface-to-air missile units of both the ASDF and the GSDF located in their respective areas. The Oct. 29 U.S. approval of Japan’s request for a major upgrade to its F-15J fighter aircraft that will see 98 of the jets equipped with advanced radar and the ability to fire cruise missiles marks a critical step in Japan’s move away from its post-World War II pacifist stance. But in an increasingly complex threat environment including an expanding Chinese military and a declining Japanese aerospace defense industry, Japan will have its work cut out for it when it comes to national defense.

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THE 10 GREAT LARGEST IT COMPANIES IN THE WORLD IN THE YEAR 2020

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT LARGEST IT COMPANIES IN THE WORLD IN THE YEAR 2020

Technology is the sum of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. A Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. Information technology (IT) is the use of any computers, storage, networking and other physical devices, infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure and exchange all forms of electronic data. Now a days IT has been well organize as one of the major urging forces in the modern economy. IT has changed our daily life over past decades. This is the list of Top 10 IT companies in the world in the year 2020

1.Microsoft

Microsoft Corporation founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 4th, April 1975. It develops, manufactures, licenses, supports, and sells computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services. Microsoft Corporation, leading developer of personal-computer software systems and applications. The company also produces its own line of hybrid tablet computers, publishes books and multimedia titles, and sells electronic game systems, offers e-mail services, and computer peripherals. 170 countries and are made up of 144,000 passionate employees dedicated to fulfilling the mission of Microsoft organization. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond, Washington. Their revenues for 1975 totalled $16,000. It was the first software company to reach $1 Billion in revenues in 1990. Now worth an estimated market value of Microsoft is $789.25 billion.

Microsoft Corporation chairman Bill Gates introduces the Windows XP operating system at a press conference in 2001. Microsoft is one of the world’s leading technology companies with products that include the Windows operating system, Office productivity applications, and Azure cloud services. LinkedIn, its business-oriented social network, is used by millions to make connections. Outside the office, Microsoft’s Xbox gaming system is second only to Sony’s PlayStation. At Microsoft, our mission is to empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more. Personal computers become so popular. Microsoft made a program that was compatible with IBM computers. In 1991 Tim Berners Less came up with the World Wide Web as internet we know it. The first laptop computer ‘the Power Book 100’came out. In 1996 Nokia introduced a phone that had internet capabilities. This started a revolution of devices that were small portable computers.

2.IBM

IBM, stands for International Business Machine, is the largest IT Company with over 405,000 employees working in over 170 countries around the world. It is multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York. It is began in the year 1911. IBM provides two major IT solutions – Global Technology Services (GTS) and the Global Business Services (GBS). GTS enclosed the infrastructure support, product maintenance, and the process outsourcing, whereas GBS control consulting, application management services and the systems integration. IBM produces and sells computer hardware, middleware and software, and provides hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology.

Today around 97% of Banks all over the world are depend on IBM services and composing it the largest host of online transactions. The automated teller machine (ATM), the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, the magnetic stripe card are invented by IBM. IBM has stepped into cloud computing with ‘IBM Cloud’ as a leading platform for the enterprise. IBM’s total revenue for the year 2018 was $79.1 billion and $77.1 billion was the revenue for the year 2019. Revenues for the full year 2020 is $73.6 billion. The year 1953 saw the development of IBM’s 701 EDPM, which, according to IBM, was the first commercially successful general-purpose computer.

3.Oracle

Oracle Corp. engages in the provision of products and services that address all aspects of corporate information technology environments. It operates through the following business segments: Cloud and License, Hardware, and Services. The Cloud and License segment markets, sells, and delivers applications, platform, and infrastructure technologies. The Hardware segment provides hardware products and hardware-related software products including Oracle Engineered Systems, servers, storage, industry-specific hardware, operating systems, virtualization, management and other hardware related software, and related hardware support. The Services segment offers consulting, advanced support, and education services. Oracle Corporation is an US based multinational information technology company, headquarter is in Redwood Shores, California.

Oracle is an expert in developing and creating database software technology, cloud systems and enterprise software application, and database management systems. The company sells enterprise software products particularly its own brands of database management systems. The company also develops and builds tools for database development and systems of middle-tier software, enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. Larry Ellison co-founded Oracle Corporation in 1977 with Bob Miner and Ed Oates under the name Software Development Laboratories (SDL). SDL changed its name to Relational Software, Inc (RSI) in 1979, then again to Oracle Systems Corporation in 1983. In 1995, Oracle Systems Corporation changed its name to Oracle Corporation. Oracle is ranked in 3rd position in this list of Top 10 IT companies in the world 2020.

4.Accenture

Accenture (formerly known as Andersen Consulting) is a provider of strategy, consulting, interactive, technology, and operations services with digital capabilities. The company operates in five segments: Communications, Media & Technology, Financial Services, Health & Public Service, Products, and Resources. The Communications, Media & Technology segment helps communications, media, high tech, and software and platform companies accelerate and deliver digital transformation. The Financial Services segment serves the banking, capital markets, and insurance industries. The Health & Public Service segment offers consulting services and digital solutions to healthcare payers and providers, as well as government departments and agencies, public service organizations, educational institutions, and non-profit organizations. The Products segment delivers distribution, sales and marketing, research and development, manufacturing, finance, human resources, procurement, and supply chain digital solutions. The Resources segment helps organizations to develop and execute strategies, improve operations, manage change initiatives, and integrate digital technologies.

Accenture, a global professional services company with 482,000 people in more than 120 countries. It has been incorporated in Dublin, Ireland since 2009. Accenture plc is an Irish multinational company selling consulting and processing services. A Fortune Global 500 company, it reported revenues of $44.33 billion in 2020 and had 506,000 employees. In 2015, the company had about 150,000 employees in India, 48,000 in the US, and 50,000 in the Philippines. Accenture works at the intersection of business and technology to help clients improve performance and create sustainable value for stakeholders. Accenture began as the business and technology consulting division of accounting firm Arthur Andersen in the early 1950s. The company’s Accenture Innovation Architecture brings together Accenture Research to identify market and technology trends, Accenture Ventures to invest in growth-stage companies. On 1 February 2021, Accenture acquired Imaginea Technologies, a cloud-native and agile development company. This acquisition also bolsters the Accenture Cloud First division.

5.HP Enterprise

The Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company (HPE) is an American multinational enterprise information technology company based in Houston, Texas, United States. The Headquarter is in Palo Alto, California. Founded on November 1, 2015 in San Jose, California, as part of the splitting of the Hewlett-Packard company. Hewlett Packard Enterprise is the world’s leading IT firm that offers IT Service & Enterprise products and solutions. From fixing equipment to retrieving critical business data, HP Services has covered around the globe, 24/7. Discover the many ways IT and device services can help protect investments, solve business challenges, and keep focused on reinventing business. Harness HP Print Managed Service better manage costs, increase uptime and enhance security across environment. Secure print network, fleet data and document infrastructure with innovative solutions.

In 1939, Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, college friends turned business partners, started the original Silicon Valley startup in the space of a rented Palo Alto garage. Starting with audio oscillators, the friends built the foundation for a company that would grow to become a global leader in enterprise technology. It includes Enterprise Storage, Servers, and Networking (ESSN), HP Enterprise Services, and HP Software Division. HPE is a business-focused organization with two divisions: Enterprise Group, which works in servers, storage, networking, consulting and support, and Financial Services. HPE reported FY2019 annual revenue of $29.135 billion. HP produce and sells hardware devices and software related services to consumers. It also provides SAAS (software as a service), cloud computing, business consulting, support etc.

6.SAP

SAP SE is a German multinational IT company, SAP is specialized in enterprise software service for business operation management and customer relation management. The headquarter of SAP SE is located in Walldorf, Germany and offices over 180 countries. SAP SE is one of the biggest tech companies in the world with 335,000 customers in worldwide. SAP renowned for solving various business issues across all industries. SAP retain its position among the top 10 IT companies in the world for strong performance in the market. The company is especially known for its ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning) software. ERP permitted the use of a centralized data storage, improving the maintenance of data. So a database was necessary. SAP is the largest non-American software company by revenue as well as the world’s third-largest publicly-traded software company by revenue.

In June 1972, they founded the SAP “System Analysis and Program Development” company, as a private partnership under the German Civil Code. Their first client was the German branch of Imperial Chemical Industries in Ostringen. In 2014 SAP bought Concur Technologies, a provider of cloud-based travel and expense management software, for $8.3 billion. In 2014, IBM and SAP began a partnership to sell cloud-based services. Likewise, in 2015, SAP also partnered with HPE to provide secure hybrid cloud-based services running the SAP platform. The company announced plans in 2016 to invest heavily into technology relating to Internet of Things (IoT) as part of a strategy to capitalize on the growth in that market. For that purpose, €2 billion is planned for investment in relevant sectors by the end of 2020. The automation of the financial software that lies at the heart of any business & accountancy, budget management, general ledger. SAP has announced full-year financial results indicating a 1% drop in revenue to €27.338bn, with cloud revenue up 17% to €8.085bn.

7.TCS

Tata Consultancy Services Limited (TCS) is an Indian-based multinational information technology (IT) service, business solutions and consulting company over 46 counties, headquartered in Mumbai, India. Tata Consultancy Services Limited, initially started as “Tata Computer Systems” was founded in 1968 by division of Tata Sons Limited. Its early contracts included punched card services to sister company TISCO. In 2005, TCS became the first India based IT services company to enter the bioinformatics market. It designed an ERP system in 2006. By 2008, its e-business activities were generating over US$500 million in annual revenues. With cloud based offerings TCS entered the small and medium enterprises market for the first time in 2011. It has its largest workforce based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. TCS became the first Indian IT company to reach $100 billion in market capitalization. In 2016–2017, Parent company Tata Sons owned 72.05% of TCS; and more than 70% of Tata Sons’ dividends were generated by TCS. TCS also serves for some of the important department of Indian Govt. like PS (Pass Seva- India) and so many. TCS is also a leading recruiter in India. In 1980, TCS established India’s first dedicated software research and development centre, the Tata Research Development and Design Centre (TRDDC) in Pune.

In April 2018, TCS became the first Indian IT company to reach $100 billion in market capitalization, and second Indian company ever after its market capitalization stood at ₹6,79,332.81 crore ($102.6 billion) on the Bombay Stock Exchange. On 8 October 2020, TCS surpassed Accenture in market capitalization to become the world’s most-valuable IT company with a market cap of $144.73 billion. On 8 October 2020, TCS surpassed Accenture in market capitalization to become the world’s most-valuable IT company with a market cap of $144.73 billion.. TCS and its 67 subsidiaries provides a wide range of information technology-related products and services including application development, business process outsourcing, capacity planning, consulting, enterprise software, hardware sizing, payment processing, software management and technology education services.

  1. Capgemini

Capgemini is a global leader in partnering with companies to transform and manage their business by harnessing the power of technology. The Group is guided everyday by its purpose of unleashing human energy through technology for an inclusive and sustainable future. Specialities of Capgemini are Outsourcing, Process Consulting, Package Based Solutions, Custom Solution Development, Application Management, Business Information Management, Artificial Intelligence, Business Consulting, Cloud, Digital, and Managed Services. Capgemini SE is a French multinational IT Company specialized in IT Services and business consulting services. The headquartered in Paris, France. It is one of the world’s largest IT Company with the strength over 270,000 employees in over 50 countries. Among 270,000 employees nearly 120,000 are in India. Capgemini was founded by Serge Kampf in 1967 as an enterprise management and data processing company.

In 1974 Sogeti acquired Gemini Computers Systems, a US company based in New York. In 1975, having made two major acquisitions of CAP (Centre d’Analyse et de Programmation) and Gemini Computer Systems, and following resolution of a dispute with the similarly-named CAP UK over the international use of the name ‘CAP’, Sogeti renamed itself as CAP Gemini Sogeti. Cap Gemini Sogeti launched US operations in 1981. The name was simplified to Cap Gemini with a new group logo in 1996. Sogeti is a wholly owned subsidiary of Capgemini Group. In 2017, Cap Gemini S.A. became Capgemini SE, and its Euronext ticker name similarly changed from CAP GEMINI to CAPGEMINI. With its strong 50 year heritage and deep industry expertise, Capgemini is trusted by its clients to address the entire breadth of their business needs, from strategy and design to operations, fueled by the fast evolving and innovative world of cloud, data, AI, connectivity, software, digital engineering and platforms. The Group reported in 2020 global revenues of €16 billion.

9.Cognizant

Cognizant provides information technology, information security, consulting, ITO and BPO services. These include business & technology consulting, systems integration, application development & maintenance, IT infrastructure services, Artificial Intelligence, Digital Engineering, analytics, business intelligence, data warehousing, customer relationship management, supply chain management, engineering & manufacturing solutions, enterprise resource planning, research and development outsourcing, and testing solutions. Cognizant has three areas which makes up their business Digital Business, Digital Operations, and Digital Systems & Technology. Like many other IT services firms, Cognizant follows a global delivery model based on offshore software R&D and offshore outsourcing. The company has a number of offshore development centers outside the United States and near-shore centers in the U.S., Europe and South America. Cognizant is an American (US) based multinational company which was headquartered in Teaneck, New Jersey, USA. It was founded as an in-house technology unit of Dun & Bradstreet in 1994, and started serving external clients in 1996. Cognizant had a period of fast growth during the 2000s.

Cognizant began as Dun & Bradstreet Software (DBSS), established as Dun & Bradstreet’s in-house technology unit focused on implementing large-scale IT projects for Dun & Bradstreet businesses. In 1996, Dun & Bradstreet spun off several of its subsidiaries, IMS International, Nielsen Media Research, Pilot Software, Strategic Technologies and DBSS, to form a new company called Cognizant Corporation, headquartered in Chennai, India. In 1998, the parent company, Cognizant Corporation, split into two companies: IMS Health and Nielsen Media Research. On 30 June 2015, it partnered with Singapore-based supermarket retailer NTUC FairPrice to perform digital transformation in NTUC’s business to improve personalized and consistent customer service across multiple channels. In April 2018, Cognizant and a consortium of Indian life insurers announced their development of a block chain solution aimed at increasing efficiency through facilitating cross-company data sharing. The company has 281,200 employees globally, of which over 150,000 are in India across 10 locations. other centers of the company are in Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, Gurgaon, Noida, Hyderabad, Kochi, Kolkata, Mangalore, Mumbai, and Pune. The company has local, regional, and global delivery centers in the UK, Hungary, The Netherlands, Spain, China, Philippines, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico etc.

10.Infosys

Infosys provides software development, maintenance and independent validation services to companies in finance, insurance, manufacturing and other domains. Infosys had a total of 243,454 employees at the end of December 2019. One of its known products is Finacle which is a universal banking solution with various modules for retail and corporate banking. Infosys was established by seven engineers in Pune, Maharashtra, India in 2nd July 1981 with an initial capital of $250. In April 1992 it changed it’s name to Infosys Technologies Private Limited . In June 1992 the company changed its name to Infosys Technologies Private Limited in April 1992 and to Infosys Technologies Limited when it became a public limited company. In June 2011 it was later renamed to Infosys Limited. Infosys Limited is an Indian multinational reputed IT company that provides business consulting, IT and outsourcing services. It’s headquarters is in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Infosys is the second largest IT company in India and one of the top 10 largest IT companies in the world in terms of revenue and market reputation.

It provides software development, and independent validation services to industries in finance, insurance, manufacturing and other domains. Its annual revenue reached US$100 million in 1999, US$1 billion in 2004 and US$10 billion in 2017. On 31 December 2020, its market capitalization was $71.92 billion. In 2012, Infosys announced a new office in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to serve Harley-Davidson, being the 18th international office in the United States. In 2012, the development will include more than 120 acres. In July 2014, Infosys started a product subsidiary called EdgeVerve Systems, focusing on enterprise software products for business operations, customer service, procurement and commerce network domains. Infosys has 82 sales and marketing offices and 123 development centres across the world as of 31 March 2018, with major presence in India, United States, China, Australia, Japan, Middle East and Europe. In 2019, 60%, 24%, and 3% of its revenues were derived from projects in North America, Europe, and India, respectively. The remaining 13% of revenues were derived from the rest of the world.

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THE 10 GREAT BIGGEST FOOTBALL STADIUMS IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO THE CAPACITY

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT BIGGEST FOOTBALL STADIUMS IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO THE CAPACITY

Any of several games played between two teams on a usually rectangular field having goalposts or goals at each end and whose object is to get the ball over a goal line, into a goal, or between goalposts by running, passing, or kicking. A stadium where football games are held. athletic facility available here. The buzz of attending the most memorable sporting events on the planet has as much to do with the atmosphere in the stadium as it does the competing teams. There’s an importance in showcasing the national or team culture throughout a stadium. Each stadium preserves its own unique identity. For most stadiums though, their sheer size and capacity is what sets them apart and generates a truly epic experience. Predictably, the USA have solid representation in the top 10 biggest stadiums in the world.

1.RUNGRADO 1ST OF MAY STADIUM – 150,000

The Rungrado 1st of May Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium on Rungra Island, Pyongyang, North Korea. It opened on 1 May 1989. The site occupies an area of 20.7 hectares (51 acres). Officially the world’s largest by capacity, Pyongyang, North Korea’s Rungrado 1st of May Stadium takes top spot. The name of this stadium comes from Rungrado Islet in the Taedong River, upon which it is located, and May Day, the international labour day. Its crenated roof has 16 arches which are arranged in the shape of a ring, and it resembles a magnolia blossom. It has eight storeys in all and stands at an impressive height of more than 60 metres from the ground. The 60-metre long canopy is enough to cover the section of the stands. The mayflower shaped arena was built as a national symbol of power and size and accommodates 150,000 people.

The venue holds many events, from football to athletics but is largely used for parades and shows, most notably the annual Arirang Mass Games. The stadium has 80 exits and ten lifts. The stadium has many training halls, recreation rooms, an indoor swimming pool, an ultrasonic bath, a sauna, beds and many other modern facilities, which help the players in their training needs and make them feel comfortable. It also has many dining rooms, a broadcasting room and telex booths. As the world largest stadium it hosts the largest performance in the world, the Mass Games performance which involves over 100,000 performers. And this has been confirmed by the Guinness Book of World Records. As Ahmedabad inaugurates the world’s largest cricket stadium, here’s a look at the other sporting arenas that pack in crowds in the thousands.

2.MICHIGAN STADIUM – 113,065

From the time it opened in 1927 until today, Michigan Stadium has maintained its status of being one of the largest stadiums in college football. Prior to playing at Michigan Stadium the Wolverines played at Ferry Field since 1906 and continually had to expand the stadium as interest in the team grew. With growing support, a new stadium was needed to accommodate fans. One word describes Michigan Stadium is huge. Fielding Yost, coach of the team designed a new stadium and the University of Michigan approved construction in April 1926. Built at a cost of $950,000, It was modeled after the Yale Bowl and was built of steel and concrete. When completed the stadium seated nearly 72,000 fans.

Yost designed the stadium so it could be expanded to seat up to 200,000 fans. The Michigan Wolverines played their inaugural first game at Michigan Stadium on October 1, 1927 against Ohio Wesleyan. The entire single tier grandstand circles the playing field. The official capacity when Michigan Stadium opened was 84,401, an enormous number during this time and was the largest stadium in the nation in 1927. Today, Michigan Stadium is the largest college football stadium in the nation. It is nicknamed “The Big House” because of its enormous size. For over 200 games the Wolverines have attracted more than 100,000 fans and hosted 111,238 fans in a game against Michigan State on November 20, 1999. Michigan Stadium is the site of the University of Michigan’s main graduation ceremonies; renovations in April 2008 caused that year’s ceremony to be moved to the Diag.

3.BEAVER STADIUM – 106,572

Beaver Stadium is a venue that is widely considered one of the most intimidating venues for opposing teams in US Collegiate sports. Beaver Stadium has been the home of the Nittany Lions since 1960 and is one of the largest stadiums in college football. Throughout the past century the Nittany Lions have played at several facilities including a stadium also named Beaver Stadium. The original Beaver Stadium was located on the west side of campus and seated 30,000 fans. Named for James Beaver, President of the Board of Trustees, the Nittany Lions played at the original Beaver Stadium from 1909 until 1959. The university decided to disassemble the stadium and move it to its current location after the 1959 season. The team played its first game in the rebuilt stadium on September 17, 1960 against Boston University. Beaver Stadium’s horseshoe configuration enabled it to have a seating capacity of 46,284. In 1976, the bleachers in the south end zone were expanded.

By 1978 the capacity was 76,000 after the track was removed from the stadium and the stadium was cut into sections and raised, adding new seats where the track was located. Two years later, the capacity was increased to 83,770 and lights were installed in 1984. An upper deck was added in 1991, increasing the capacity by 10,000. Continued fan support has allowed PSU to continue to improve and expand Beaver Stadium. This project included the addition of a 10,000 seat upper deck, a new video/scoreboard, 60 luxury suites, 4,000 club seats and new restrooms and concessions. The latest upgrade to Beaver Stadium was completed before the 2014 season as both video/scoreboards were upgraded. Today, Beaver Stadium is currently the largest stadium in college football with a capacity of 107,282, behind Michigan Stadium’s 108,000 seating capacity. Because of its size, Beaver Stadium has been named one of the scariest place for opposing teams to play.

4.OHIO STADIUM – 104,944

Nestled along the banks of the Olentangy River, Ohio Stadium is one of the most recognized landmarks in college sports. As you cross over the Lane Avenue Bridge and look to the right in astonishment, it’s obvious to passerby’s that you are headed to Ohio Stadium, home of the Buckeyes. In fact, Ohio Stadium, also known as “the Shoe”, was added to the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service. With a seating capacity of 102,780, it’s the fourth largest football stadium in college football. The history of the stadium dates back to 1913 when the Buckeyes played at Ohio Field and a new stadium was needed because of growing support for the team. Ohio State wanted to build a stadium large enough to accommodate fans that were interested in the sport. It is one of the best college football stadiums in the nation. The university commissioned Howard D. Smith to design a double decked horseshoe stadium in 1918. After securing the funding to build the new stadium, construction began in August 1921.

Built of steel and concrete, the stadium was constructed at a cost of $1.3 million. At Ohio Stadium on October 7, the Buckeyes played their first game, 1922 against Ohio Wesleyan. When it opened Ohio Stadium had a seating capacity of 66,210 in a unique, double decked horseshoe configuration. In 1984, a new scoreboard was added, and in 1991, 5,000 seats were added in the south end zone. This expansion included the removal of the Jesse Owens Track and lowered the field by 14 feet. Lowering the field allowed for additional rows of seating to be added. Furthermore, a 40 foot tall shell was added on the east and west sides of the stadium to allow the rim to be raised for an additional 17 rows of seats to be installed. A new video/scoreboard, 76 luxury suites and 2,500 club seats were also a part of this massive expansion project. In 2013, Ohio State announced plans to add an additional 2,500 seats in the south end zone at Ohio Stadium.

5.KYLE FIELD – 102, 733

The history of Kyle Field dates to the mid 1920s when it was constructed in two phases, 1927 and 1929, and named after Edwin J. Kyle, the athletic council President and the Dean of Agriculture who led the way in getting a new facility built for the Aggies. The university was founded as a rural military and agricultural school. Although, military training is no longer required, the university still has respect for military traditions and values. These are just a few of the many traditions that have built the university and its student body into being one of the most enthusiastic, loudest stadium’s in college football. Originally with a single tier grandstand in a horseshoe configuration around the playing field, Kyle Field has grown enormously with a seating capacity of over 32,000. The next expansion was completed before the 1980 season, when the third decks were added. The original grass field was replaced by Astroturf in 1970 but reverted back to grass before the 1996 season.

A $32.9 million expansion and renovation project was completed before the 1999 season. The original stands on the north side that formed the horseshoe were removed and a new massive three tier grandstand was built. This section, known as “The Zone” houses luxury suites, club seats, and the Texas A&M sports museum. This increased the seating capacity to 82,600. In February 2013 Texas A&M unveiled plans to expand Kyle Field, making it one of the largest stadiums in the country. The $425 million expansion enclosed Kyle Field pushing the capacity to 102,512, making it the largest stadium in the SEC and one of the largest in college football. The two phases project was completed over two years. The first phase construction of the south end zone seating structure and the largest videoboard in sports at 47 feet tall by 163 feet wide. Construction of Kyle Field Phase two was completed by the 2015 season. The home of the Aggies is now one of the most intimidating stadiums in the country.

6.NEYLAND STADIUM USA – 102, 455

Neyland Stadium was born of humble beginnings. In 1919, W.S. Shields, a University of Tennessee trustee and President of the local bank, provided the money for a new stadium for the football program. The stadium and its fans are also a powerful recruiting tool as Tennessee has produced some of the finest athletes in the NFL today and the Volunteers plan to continue this trend long into the future. Completed in 1921, the stadium was originally known as Shields-Watkins Field, after Shields and his wife Alice Watkins. The Volunteers played their inaugural first game at the stadium on September 24, 1921 against Emory and Henry. The first of 16 expansions of the stadium began in 1926, when a grandstand that could seat 3,600 was constructed. The same year, famous Vols head coach, Robert R. Neyland, began his tenure as head of the football program. Expansions to the stadium have continued over the years. Shields Watkins Stadium was renamed Neyland Stadium in 1962, after the famous Vols head coach. Seating increasing the capacity at Neyland Stadium to 91,249. In 1987, 42 luxury suites were added to the stadium and an additional 78 were added prior to the 2000 season. The Neyland Stadium was completed after bringing the capacity to 104,544.

Artificial turf was at the stadium from the 1968 season until 1993, when it was replaced with grass. In 2004, the University of Tennessee approved a $200 million master plan to expand and renovate Neyland Stadium in five phases. The first phase included renovating the east side in 2006 by adding new club seats. This decreased the seating capacity to just over 102,000. The next phase was completed on the west side before the 2009 season as skyboxes, the pressbox and club areas were renovated. The concourses were also revamped and expanded with new restrooms and concession areas. Also included in this renovation project was the installation of a 4,000 square foot HD video/scoreboard. It includes the Tennessee Terrace, a 1,800 club seat area, the Gate 21 plaza and a new brick facade. Today the capacity of Neyland Stadium is 102,455. Today, Neyland Stadium is one of the most well known stadiums in the sport. It is one of the loudest stadiums in football with two decks of seats enclosing the playing field. Expansions over the years have been worth it, as Neyland Stadium is consistently voted as one of the best college football stadiums.

7.TIGER STADIUM – 102, 321

Perhaps one of the most popular stadiums in baseball history, Tiger Stadium was the home of
the Detroit Tigers for nearly a century. Located at the corner of Michigan and Trumbull Avenues, it was a mecca for generations of Tiger fans. Baseball was first played at this location in 1896 when Detroit owner Arthur Van Der Beck bought the club. A new ballpark of steel and concrete was constructed on the same site after demolishing of wood. Homeplate was moved from right field to the location where it was until Tiger Stadium closed. On April 20, 1912 the Detroit Tigers played their first game at their new ballpark, named Navin Field after the club’s owner, Frank Navin. A press box was added on top of the roof. The 1930s expansion project gave Tiger Stadium its look that it retained for 70 years. In 1935, Navin Field was renamed Briggs Stadium after owner Walter O. Briggs. Construction was completed by April 1937 and Briggs Stadium could seat 36,000 fans. After expansion, Briggs Stadium was now enclosed and had a capacity of 54,500, making it one of baseballs largest stadiums. Dimensions were 340 ft. (left), 440 ft. (center), and 325 ft. (right).

Night baseball came to Briggs Stadium on June 15, 1948. During the same year, the press box was extended around the third deck. In 1961, Briggs Stadium was renamed Tiger Stadium when the team was bought by John Fetzer. Tiger fans became outraged in 1972. Then original green seats with new orange and blue seats, a new video/scoreboard replaced the old hand operated one in centerfield, a new press box with two luxury suites were hung. Concessions and restrooms were updated, and new blue and white siding was added to the facade of the stadium. A food court called the Tiger Plaza was completed. From the green grass to the green seats and eventually the blue and orange seats, Tiger Stadium reminded fans what baseball was like in 1914. By the early 1990s the owner of the Tigers wanted a new luxurious ballpark for team. A new ballpark for the Tigers was built in downtown Detroit, and the club moved to Comerica Park after the 1999 season. The last game at Tiger Stadium was on September 27, 1999.

8.BRYANT-DENNY STADIUM – 101, 821

Situated in the heart of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Bryant-Denny Stadium is home to the University of Alabama NCAA College football team. Nearly 100,077 fans hanging in the Bryant-Denny Stadium, home of the Alabama Crimson Tide since 1929. The recording of former coach Bear Bryant’s voice is broadcast throughout the stadium. Today Bryant Denny Stadium is one of the largest stadiums in the nation; however it took hard work and multiple expansions to finally reach this point. The University of Alabama has played football for over a century, but it took nearly four decades before they began to play at Bryant Denny Stadium. George Hutchenson Denny Stadium was built on September 28, 1929. By 1946, bleachers were at both end zones of the stadium and the capacity reached 31,000. A new press box and 12,000 seats were added. Five years later the capacity increased to 60,000. In 1975, State Legislature renamed George Hutchenson Denny Stadium, Bryant-Denny Stadium, after legendary Alabama football coach, Paul “Bear” Bryant. The seating capacity of Bryant Denny Stadium increased again in 1988 when the upper deck was added on the west side, increasing the capacity to 70,123.

In 1998, the east side upper deck was constructed, bumping the capacity to 83,000. This project included 81 new skyboxes, a scoreboard on the south end, new lights, an east side entrance tower and a brick façade for the facility. Before the 2006 season, a $50 million expansion project increased the seating capacity to over 92,000, with new seats and skyboxes. The area was named the “Walk of Champions.” In November 2008, Alabama announced plans to expand Bryant Denny Stadium to seat 101,821 fans. This $65.6 million expansion was completed by the start of the 2010 season. It includes a 8,500 seat upper deck, 34 luxury seats, 1,700 club seats, a 1,500 seat stadium club and two new corner video boards, all on the south side of the stadium. This multi-phase project was completed in phases following the 2019 season. Included in this project are replacing the existing video boards will new larger ones, a new elevator bank on the west side of the stadium, reconfiguration of the Alabama locker room, expanding the recruiting room and a 10,000-square foot social area for students. Additionally the press box will be relocated to the east side of the stadium, replaced by 10 new luxury suites. This project reduced the overall seating capacity to just above 100,000.

9.DARRELL K ROYAL-TEXAS MEMORIAL STADIUM – 100,119

The Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium at Joe Jamail Field is home to the University of Texas at Austin Longhorns football team. As The University of Texas continues at the forefront of the college football landscape, Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium at Joe Jamail Field remains a state-of-the-art facility since 1924. Stadium has delivered a great home field advantage with the team’s home record through the 2014 season being 359–105–10 (76.8%). The current official stadium seating capacity of 100,119. The South End Zone Addition will complete our Stadium bowl by replacing the existing bleachers at the south end of the Stadium. It is the ninth largest stadium in the world.

The addition will include new suites, clubs, loge boxes, sponsor amenities, new fan seating, an upgraded video scoreboard, and new coaches’ offices as well as upgrading the existing Moncrief-Neuhaus Athletic Center with the latest Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Services technologies. This expansion on the south end zone will provide enhanced game day experience for our fans and create additional revenue for Texas Athletics along with further supporting our student athlete services, recruitment, retention, and help keep football revenues at a high level. This construction made the stadium the largest in the Big 12 Conference, the eighth largest stadium in the United States.

10.MELBOURNE CRICKET GROUND (MCG) – 100,024

The Melbourne Cricket Ground is regarded as Australia’s premier sporting venue. For over one hundred years, it has played host to many of the country’s biggest cricket and Australian Rules Football matches, and many other significant sporting contests besides. It was, in fact, even the centrepiece of the Olympic Games of 1956. Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC) founded in November 1838. The Melbourne is an Australian sports stadium located in Yarra Park, Melbourne, Victoria built in 1853. It is the largest stadium in the Southern Hemisphere. It is adjacent to Melbourne Park and is part of the Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct. The total seating capacity brought to 100,024.

Prior to a series of developments in the 1980s and 1990s, it possessed a capacity of around 125,000; since that time, the extension of individual seating to virtually all of its reaches has reduced that figure to somewhere closer to 97,000. In short, it is an imposing stadium: the three-tiered Great Southern Stand bounds the perimeter of one half of the ground and holds close to 50,000 people; there are also vast banks of seating in the Ponsford Stand, Olympic Stand and Members’ Reserve. It is also replete with a Gallery of Sport, two giant electronic scoreboards, and a vast array of corporate and media facilities. The club’s first game was against a military team at the Old Mint site, at the corner of William and Latrobe Streets.

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THE 10 GREAT SMALLEST AIRLINES IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT SMALLEST AIRLINES IN THE WORLD

An Airline is an organization providing a regular public service for passengers and goods of air transport on one or more routes. It is a system that provides scheduled flights for passengers or cargo. Wright brothers of India invented the Aeroplane. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply these services. An Air Transportation system includes its equipment, routes, operating personnel, and management. Not all airlines are created equal. The best international airlines not only connect travelers with some of the coolest destinations on the planet but also do it with the grace. We are looking for leadership and airlines that innovate to make a real difference to the passenger experience particularly in economy class. A full service airline typically offers passengers in flight entertainment, checked baggage, meals, beverages and comforts such as blankets and pillows in the ticket price. There are still tiny airlines out there, and some of them operate with class, quality and impeccable safety. List of the best small airlines includes one that’s been shuttling between the same two destinations for 40 years. To pick this list of ten great small airlines around the world, we scheduled Airlines that serve 20 or fewer destinations. None of these Airlines had ever had a fatal crash, looked at awards and ratings from independent sources.

1.Druk Air

Drukair crowned winner for the Best Airline Marketing award 2013. The seats are tiny, but apparently so are most people in Bhutan, the home country of little Druk Air. The national airline of Bhutan, Druk Air is also known as brug mkha’ ‘grul las ‘dzi and is headquartered in the western dzongkhag of Paro. Drukair operates a most scheduled flight network within the South Asian region from its major operating base at Paro Airport and currently consists of eight destinations in five countries. It was founded in the year 1981, the formation of the airline marked the end of the self imposed isolation which the country was practicing. The first ever flight took off on 11th February from Paro Airport and was bound for Calcutta in India utilizing Dornier Do 228 aircraft. Due to the unusual location of the airport, deep in a valley 2,235 metres above sea level, the airline then could operate only 18–20 seat STOL-capable aircraft with operating capabilities which included a high service ceiling, high rate of climb and high maneuverability.

The first Airbus A319 arrived in Bhutan on 19 October 2004. Until 23 August 2010 Drukair was the only airline flying into Bhutan. In a region where much airline service is either dangerous or officious, Druk Air’s service meets Bhutan’s unusual goal of enhancing the country’s “gross national happiness.” The airline’s short flights to seven destinations often give passengers a close view of Mount Everest while they’re eating their free, hot curries. The airline’s skilled pilots have never crashed on the daring descents into Paro Airport, one of the most perilous landings in the world. Currently Drukair operates flights from Paro to Bagdogra, Bangkok, Delhi, Dhaka, Gaya, Guwahati, Kathmandu, Kolkata, Mumbai, Thimpu and Singapore. From two destinations in 1983, today, Drukair operates seven times a week to Bangkok where five flights go via Kolkata and two flights through Gaya, thrice to Kathmandu, 3 times to Delhi and bi weekly to Singapore. Druk Air generally release its schedule 3 to 6 months beforehand.

2.FlyBaboo

FlyBaboo was founded in 2003 and it reaches parts of the Mediterranean limits. There are dozens of small regional European airlines, but Baboo, a Geneva-based airline that flies to 15 destinations within Europe. Baboo got stellar scores on review sites, because of a lot of small customer-service touches: food from a local bakery, little goodie bags for kids, and even perfumed towels for passengers. Baboo was recently purchased by Swiss regional airline Darwin; hopefully that won’t lead to a decline in service. Main destinations are London city – Athens – Bordeaux – Toulouse – Bucharest – Geneva – Nice – Rome – Florence – Venice – Valencia – St. Tropez – Biarritz – Ibiza – Larnaca Lugano.

3.Nature Air

Being “carbon neutral” is important in Costa Rica, a small country whose jungle is both a natural resource and a major tourist attraction. The airline had its origins in 1989 with the founding of Travelair, a scheduled domestic air service in Costa Rica. Nature Air was founded in 2003. The best and safest of Costa Rica’s domestic airlines, Nature Air donates money to reforestation projects to offset the exhaust its planes, like all planes, belch into the atmosphere. The airline also has its own terminal in San Jose, which is quieter and more pleasant than the international terminal, and unusually large “panoramic” windows on its small planes, so you can ogle Costa Rica’s jungle scenery on your way to one of its 17 destinations. Between 2001 and 2016, the airline grew under its new management team and brand, boosted by the increasing popularity of Costa Rica as an eco-tourism and adventure travel destination.

In 2010, Nature Air advertised 74 daily flights to 15 destinations in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama. It is claiming to be the world’s first carbon neutral airline, it was one of the first airlines to publicize its sustainability credentials during a period of rapidly-expanding interest in eco-tourism. Nature Air received a number of awards, including a Global Vision Award for Sustainability from Travel and Leisure magazine in 2011. This airline served destinations including Golfito, Barra Colorado, Liberia, Nosara Beach, Palmar, Puerto Jimenez, Punta Islita, Quepos, San Jose, Tamarindo, Tambor and Tortuguero. Along with their domestic services, Nature Air also offered two international routes to Bocas del Toro in Panama and Managua in Nicaragua.

  1. New England Airlines

New England Airlines is an airlines/aviation company based out of 56 Airport Rd, Westerly, Rhode Island, United States. One of America’s tiniest scheduled airlines, NEA has been a lifeline for the residents of Block Island, RI for more than 40 years. It was and is the only scheduled airline with its primary bases of operation in Rhode Island. NEA is aviation from an earlier time, still run by its founder, with no ambition to expand or connect to larger airlines, flying its little 12-minute runs every hour or seven days a week. All are in the heart of the USA’s congested Northeast Corridor.

It has been providing daily scheduled air service to Block Island as a certificated Commuter (a person who travels some distance to work on a regular basis) Airline since 1970. Air services, provided by New England Airlines, are offered daily from Westerly, RI. The airline is noted for its provision of cargo delivery services, including Chinese food delivered from the mainland to the Block Island airport in as little as 90 minutes. According to records, half of the business comes from charter requests for business workers in the New York area and other locations along the northeast coast.

5.OpenSkies

OpenSkies is the last of a bunch of “all-business-class” airlines that plied routes between the U.S. and Europe over the past few years. It’s owned by British Airways, but flies between New York and Paris. Its headquarters were located in Rungis, near Paris. The airline launched as a brand of BA European Limited in June 2008, but in April 2009 the name was transferred to Elysair. The airline was a full-service carrier and offered three class service cabins. Wanted to reduce its dependence on its Heathrow Airport hub. The routes that OpenSkies operated were made possible due to the EU-US Open Skies Agreement, which permits any airline based in the United States or the European Union to operate services to and from any EU or American location.

BA European Limited, trading as Openskies, launched originally with a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence. This permitted the airline to carry passengers, cargo, and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats. OpenSkies’ first flight, from New York, was on 19 June 2008, using a single Boeing 757 transferred from the BA fleet. The comfort it offers somewhere between coach and business class, with prices more like coach is a civilized way to travel, even if OpenSkies’ planes can be a little run down.

6.Porter Airlines

Porter’s hub airport is a big part of its appeal. It flies to 14 destinations with a hub at Toronto’s Billy Bishop Island Airport, which is right next to downtown and offers airline-lounge-style amenities for all travelers. Porter’s operation at the Toronto airport was launched in 2006 with some controversy. Porter opened a new, larger passenger terminal at the island airport in March 2010. In 2013, Porter made a proposal to expand Toronto Island airport to allow jets. Porter Airlines is a regional airline headquartered at Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport on the Toronto Islands in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Owned by Porter Aviation Holdings, formerly known as REGCO Holdings Inc., Porter operates regularly scheduled flights between Toronto and locations in Canada and the United States using Canadian-built Bombardier Q400 turboprop aircraft.

Porter has been acting as a backbone to the economy and has become a frontrunner in providing mini trucks for transporting goods. Porter helps all type of businesses, traders, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, wholesalers, contractors, individuals such as house shifters, luggage shifting and deliveries by facilitating efficient and reliable logistics to cater to their transport needs. Porter Airlines is Canada’s third-largest scheduled carrier. Rated top small airline in the world in Condé Nast Traveler’s 2013 Readers Choice Awards, Porter is committed to offering speed, convenience and service as part of a premium travel experience. Rated a 4-star airline, Porter charms fliers with an upbeat attitude and cute, own-branded snacks on even short flights. It’s a terrific alternative to the chilly, impersonal Air Canada experience. has been acting as a backbone to the economy here and has become a frontrunner.

7.Skywest Airlines, Australia

Having been in operation for nearly 50 years, Skywest Airlines has established a strong foundation in the corporate charter industry in the region, catering to mining companies, tourists, and business travelers. It ferries an average of 810,000 passengers per year on its Fokker 50 turboprops and Fokker 100 jet planes, and its recently acquired Airbus A320 aircraft. A regional carrier based in Perth, Skywest Airlines Pty. Ltd. flies to 24 destinations in Western Australia, Darwin, and Melbourne. It also offers charter flights to domestic destinations, as well as to Bali in Indonesia. Based at the Perth Airport, Skywest Airlines operates on a fleet of 22 aircraft with 14 more on order. Founded in 1963, Skywest initially started its air carrier service with charter flights under the name Carnarvon Air Taxis. Then based out of Carnarvon in Western Australia, it operated a fleet of small aircraft, and changed its name to Skywest Aviation in 1979 upon moving its main hub to Jandakot Airport in Perth.

By 1980, it acquired Stillwell Airlines and changed its name yet again to its present brand, Skywest Airlines. In the course of its history, It has effectively merged with TransWest Airlines, was purchased by the Perron group, then subsequently sold to TNT/News Ltd, after which it operated as an air carrier under Ansett Australia. In 2004, it became subject of a hostile takeover by CaptiveVision Capital Ltd., a Singaporean investment company. After announcing a 10-year alliance with Virgin Australia in January 2011, 10% of its shares were purchased by Virgin Australia Holdings in April 2012. It is a member of the Virgin Australia’s Velocity Rewards Frequent Flyer program, and offers in-flight meals, an in-flight bar, and extensive legroom in all its seating classes.

8.St. Barth Commuter

St Barth Commuter is an airline providing scheduled and non-scheduled services to and from the exclusive island of Saint Barthelemy. Our fleet of Cessna Caravan performs over 9000 flights each year throughout the Caribbean carrying 40000 passengers. The airline was founded in 1995 and began services to Saint Maarten with a single Britten-Norman BN2A Islander. In 2005 the fleet was increased and added new routes to San Juan, Puerto Rico and the French side of Saint Martin, Marigot.

The airline is wholly owned by Bruno Magras. St Barth Commuter is a French airline based in Saint-Barthelemy in the Caribbean. The best of the tiny airlines which crisscross the Caribbean, St. Barth Commuter is “the cream of the crop on St. Barts.” The eensy little, privately-owned airline shuttles people between the larger airports on St. Martin/St. Maarten and St. Barth’s airport, avoiding the need for ferries. Flying into St. Barts is a hoot, too: you land on a tiny airstrip between two volcanic hills, braking mere feet from sunbathers on the beach, according to Flippin.

9.V Australia

Established in 2004, Virgin Australia Holdings owned the long haul V Australia airlines. Virgin Blue announced the rebranding of V Australia and Pacific Blue Australia in 2011. These services came under a single brand name called Virgin Australia. Since 2011, it is popularly known as V Australia. Part of the Virgin empire, V Australia flies to a shifting handful of destinations, but its core route shuttles travelers between Los Angeles and Australia. V Australia has 5 airlines under its fleet. V Australia served the following destinations such as Brisbane, Melbourne, Sydney, Abu Dhabi and Los Angeles and in addition Johannesburg, Phuket and Nadi. V Australia has interline agreements with Alaska Airlines to Seattle, Delta Air Lines and Horizon Air to Portland. In addition, V Australia signed a codeshare agreement with Etihad Airlines. The airline has placed orders with Boeing for 77-300R aircraft for international routes. The first aircraft named Didgeree Blue was delivered to V Australia in Seattle in 2009.

In 2010, 2 Boeing 777 orders were placed for delivery in 2012. However, in 2012, due to unprofitability on some routes the airline ceased 777-300R services to Johannesburg and Phuket. In 2011, with a partnership with Etihad Airways services were deployed from Sydney to Abu Dhabi. We can quickly and easily find flights from V Australia Airlines to the lowest price. Safety is a major priority for Virgin Australia International Airlines. When you fly to global destination on its vast network, you are in safe hands. The journey will be memorable and you will land on time. V brings that Virgin flair to long-haul travel with great in-flight entertainment, two bars, soothing lighting, USB charging ports at every seat and the ability to send text messages when you’re over the Pacific. Like other Virgin airlines, it’s young, fun, and reasonably priced.

10.Virgin America

Flying to 15 destinations with a hub at San Francisco, Virgin’s U.S. carrier is currently the most celebrated low-cost airline in the U.S. It won Skytrax’s award for best low-cost airline in North America, and Zagat’s award for best mid-sized U.S. airline. 2018, Virgin America was a US-based airline which provides low-fare services between the East and West coasts of the United States. The airline was a subsidiary of Virgin and was based at San Francisco International Airport, California. Virgin America flew to many destinations across North America but some of its most popular included Cancun, Puerto Vallarta, Palm Springs, San Diego, Denver, Fort Lauderdale, Orlando, Kahului, Honolulu, Chicago, Boston, Las Vegas, Newark, New York City, Portland, San Jose and Orange County. At the time that it stopped flying, it flew to over 35 destinations, the majority of which were taken on by Alaska Airlines.

In April 2016, it was announced that Virgin America was to be acquired by Alaska Airlines. The integration of the two airlines was completed in 2018. The Virgin American Elevate program was merged into the Alaska Airlines Mileage Plan program, allowing all passengers to transfer their air miles and membership over to Alaska Airlines. During its time of operation, Virgin America was awarded many accolades, including ‘Best Domestic Airline’ in Conde Nast Traveller’s Reader Choice Awards. When Virgin America merged into Alaska Airlines, it flew to several destinations across Canada, Mexico and the US. This included destinations such as San Francisco, Los Angeles, Washington D.C, Honolulu, Austin, Dallas, New York City, Seattle, Toronto, Cancun and many more. Virgin America already had a reputation for making flying fun again. It paired a playful brand personality with a great customer experience, introducing perks like touch-screen entertainment, personal power outlets, and Wi-Fi on every flight.

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THE GREAT 10 SMALLEST FISHES DISCOVERED IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE GREAT 10 SMALLEST FISHES DISCOVERED IN THE WORLD

Fish is any of a large group of vertebrate animals that live in water, breathe with gills, and usually have fins and scales. It is cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrate animal. The world is full of amazing creatures. We have already seen vast amounts of creatures around the world. Lots of them possess different kinds of heights and weights. Sometimes we just got astonished by seeing them in such kinds of fish. In whatever way, we rarely have seen smallest creatures because those smallest creatures are mainly hiding behind deep of the sea or any arduous places that are too much confounding to reach. Some tiny creatures we can’t even see with our open eyes. You can be amazed when you will learn that there are different fishes on the ocean, which are considered as the tiniest and smallest fishes in the world. Here is the list of 10 Smallest Fishes discovered in the World.

  1. Dwarf Pygmy Goby

The Dwarf Pygmy Goby or Philippine goby or Pandaka Pygmaea is a subtropical species of fish from mangrove areas in Southeast Asia. It is known as one of the smallest fishes. It can only be found in subtropical waters in subtropical countries. It has full-grown males can reach from 0.9 cm to 1.1 cm while its female can reach highest 1.5 cm. Adults weigh around 4 milligrams. Its mainland is Philippine. Lifespan of Dwarf Pygmy Goby is 2 months. In Philippine, it’s also been known as ‘’Bia’’ and ‘’Tabios’’. Recently, Pandaka Pygmaea also is seen in Indonesia and Singapore.

The look of this fish is so crystal clear. It looks so translucent and pale. Pandaka pygmaea lives in shallow, tropical brackish water and mangrove areas where mainly found on muddy bottoms or among plants. Also known before as National Fish in the Philippines on 1994 until recently they changed it to milk fish. A colorless and nearly transparent species, the dwarf pygmy goby has a moderately elongated and robust body. Males are slender with nearly straight dorsal and ventral profiles, while the females appear stouter with the dorsal profile slightly curved.

  1. Paedocypris

Paedocypris is a smallest new genus of paedomorphic cyprinid fish from highly acidic blackwater peat swamps in Southeast Asia. Paedocypris is a class of small cyprinid fish from Southeast Asian islands like Sumatra, Bintan. Paedocypris progenetica has been claimed to be one of the smallest species of fish in the world. The most little size female Paedocypris can be grown at highest 7.9 mm. The largest individual of this species grown was 10.3 mm. It’s an almost impossible thing to see these fishes swimming around. First of all, it’s too much tiny and this species only found in swamps and streams where watercolors are literally dark and shadowy.

Their miniature transparent bodies lack the typical features characteristic of adult fish, for instance a bony skull structure around its brain, and it retains the postanal larval fin-fold along the ventral edge of the caudal peduncle, characteristic of fish larvae. Paedocypris has many ‘larval’ features typically associated with paedomorphic fish (e.g. narrow frontals that leave the brain unprotected dorsally by bone and a precaudal larval-fin-fold), but, uniquely among fishes, males also possess highly modified pelvic fins with hypertrophied muscles and a keratinized pad in front of the pelvic girdle, which, we hypothesize, function together as a clasping or holding device, thereby suggesting an unusual reproductive mode.

  1. Schindleria brevipinguis

Schindleria brevipinguis is kind of a fish which considered to be species of marine fish. It is indigenous to Australia’s Great Barrier Reef and to Osprey Reef in the Coral Sea. It is generally known as stout infant fish. Lifespan of Schindleria brevipinguis Is 2 months. Schindleria brevipinguis is one of the tiniest fish in the world along with Pandaka Pygmaea and Paedocypris. The male version of this fish can be reached at highest 7.7mm. The female version of S. Brevipinguis can be reached at highest 8.4mm. The highest length of this species usually can be reached at 10mm.

The first stout infantfish was captured in 1979 by the Australian Museum’s Jeff Leis during fieldwork in the Lizard Island / Carter Reef area of the Great Barrier Reef. It is transparent without pigmentation, except for its eyes, and lacks teeth, scales and certain characteristics typical of other fishes. Scientists note that the stout infantfish’s unusual appearance corresponds with its extremely short lifespan, which is believed to be approximately two months. Schindleria brevipinguis apparently provides an even more extreme example of paedomorphosis than its congeners.

  1. Knipowitschia

Knipowitschia is a small fish species is claimed to have initiated in Eurasia. Knipowitschia is a class of the marine group and can be found in fresh waters and brackish waters. The family of Knipowitschia is Gobiidae and subfamily is Gobiinae. It is also known as Dwarf gobies. Dwarf gobies which live in the Indian Ocean usually reach 1 cm in length. It is an animal of Animalia kingdom though. Lifespan of Knipowitschia if less than 2 years. Genus name almost certainly honours Nikolai Mikhailovich Knipovich, a biologist who led a number of expeditions to the Caspian Sea.

A short-lived species which inhabits shallow, well vegetated habitats – streams, lakes, estuaries, lagoons, lower reaches of rivers, springs and brooks. Feeds on invertebrates. southern and easternmost of the genus Knipowitschia in the Mediterranean region. byblisia sp.nov. is placed in a group of species with reduced cephalic lateral-line canals and reduced squamation. This species is characterized by the presence of axillary and caudal peduncular patches of scales, by a distinct reduced head canal system with only the postorbital section of the supraorbital canal developed and with longitudinal and transversal rows of free neuromasts in the interorbit.

  1. Jawfish

The Jawfishes are generally found in the Pacific Ocean. It can also be found in tepid parts of the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. The scientific name of Jawfish called ‘’Opistognathidae’’. Lifespan of Jawfish is more than 1 year. The species-level taxonomy is decomposable, and the family comprises several undescribed taxon. Jawfishes are physically comparable with Blennies. Jawfish species can be up to 10 cm with extended parts of the body.But, there are some different Jawfish called as ‘’Giant Jawfish’’ who possess comparatively large body parts and can grow up to 0.5 m. It usually stay in the lair; they dig up at grainy places. Jawfishes generally extends their species through oral incubation.

The pregnancy time can vary regarding different species. Their kingdom is Animalia and phylum is Chordata. Giant jawfish heads, mouths, and eyes are large in size relative to the rest of their bodies. Jawfishes possess a single, long dorsal fin with 9-12 spines and a caudal fin that can be either rounded or pointed. Jawfishes typically reside in burrows they construct in sandy substrate. They will stuff their mouths with sand and spit it out elsewhere, slowly creating a tunnel. The Yellowhead Jawfish can attain a length of 5 inches and it is a cute fish with a great personality. The Yellowhead Jawfish eats very small live foods that wander near its burrow in the wild and it can be enticed with small pieces of mussel, daphnia, brine shrimp, bloodworms, or other meaty foods.

  1. Dartfish

Dartfishes are a group of fish, formerly considered to be a subfamily, Ptereleotrinae, of goby-like fishes in the family Microdesmidae of the order Gobiiformes, Authorities now consider the species in the family Microdesmidae are within the Gobiidae, although the researchers do not define the taxonomic status of this grouping within that family. Before considering as a subfamily, they were raised to family status and now redistributed as a subfamily.

Lifespan of Dartfish is more than 5 years. They are saltwater fishes because their body parts are made from salty waters, and they can’t survive without saltwater places. The scientific name of Dartfishes is Nemateleotris magnifica. They are an animal from kingdom Animalia, and their class is Actinopterygii. They ordinarily look reddish.

7.Firefish

There is a little difference between Dartfish and Firefish. The firefish goby is a great little fish for a reef tank. LifeSpan of Firefish is 3 Years. It could be a magnificent addition to a reef tank. It doesn’t harass other fishes or corals. Firefish usually spend the whole day by flying around the tank. It can reach up to highest length 3.0’’ which makes it as one of the smallest fishes around the world. The fish possess a yellow shaded head, and its subsequent part is the reddish type look. The Firefish is one of the more popular fish in the marine hobby.

It is a magnificent fish with brilliant coloration, a unique body shape, and unparalleled personality. Also known as the Firefish Goby, Fire Goby, and Magnificent or Fire Dartfish, Nemateleotris magnifica has a yellow head, white anterior, and pinkish to orange-red posterior. The dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are highlighted in black. In addition to its striking coloration, the Firefish Goby is also heralded as a sweet-tempered fish with lots of personality. Along with algae and zooplankton growing in the aquarium, the diet of the Firefish Goby should consist of vitamin-enriched brine fish, mysis shrimp, and prepared marine foods.

  1. Ocellaris Clownfish

The ocellaris clownfish also known as the false percula clownfish or common clownfish, is a marine fish belonging to the family Pomacentridae, which includes clownfishes and damselfishes. Lifespan of Ocellaris Clownfish is nearly 3-6 years. Black Amphiprion ocellaris with white bands can be found near northern Australia, Southeast Asia, and Japan. Orange or red-brown Amphiprion ocellaris also exist with three similar white bands on the body and head. Amphiprion ocellaris can be distinguished from other Amphiprion species based on the number of pectoral rays and dorsal spines.

The life cycle of Amphiprion ocellaris varies in whether they reside at the surface or bottom of the ocean. Its body has a stocky appearance and oval shape. This species is found in the Eastern Indian Ocean and in the western Pacific Ocean. It is a marine fish and associating to the family Pomacentridae. The binomial name of Ocellaris Clownfish is ‘’Amphiprion ocellaris’’. It grows up to 11 cm which makes it another member of the smallest fish world.

9.Royal Gramma

Due to their relatively peaceful nature, diet, and small size, the royal gramma is considered an ideal inhabitant for most reef aquaria containing coral and other invertebrates. Lifespan of Royal Gramma is nearly 5 years. They are very protective of their territories and are known for chasing out other small fish. They tend to stay in one area of the tank and, when startled, will dart back into their holes. They will vigorously guard their hiding places and, when threatened, will open their mouths wide in a threatening gesture to ward off the intruders. They are, however, resistant to most diseases and make very good beginner fish. It will also accept frozen and meaty foods, such as brine shrimp and mysis shrimp in the wild. The royal gramma is very easy to feed; but rotating their foods is said to keep them from becoming picky. Captive royal gramma will also eat flake and pellet foods.

The Royal Gramma is a small fish and you should expect yours to grow to around 3 inches in size. The largest captive bred Royal Gramma was measured to be 3.1 inches. Royal Gramma is one of the smallest but one of the most beautiful, colorful, appealing fish in the world. Royal Gramma also known as ‘’fairy basslet’’. It can be found in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean. They are also very popular for aquarium cuz of their catchy looks. The Royal Gramma Basslet brings a burst of color to any saltwater aquarium. It has a bright purple to violet colored anterior contrasted by a vibrant yellow posterior. Native to the deep-water reefs of the Caribbean, this member of the Grammidae family prefers extensive rockwork caves in which to hide and somewhat subdued lighting. They are also one of the most congenial fishes around and literally does no harm to others. They are so easy to fodder and mostly eat flakes.

  1. Neon Goby

The Neon Goby is extremely hardy and a great beginner marine fish. Lifespan of Neon is nearly 12-18 months. Neon Goby, usually known as ‘’Elacatinus’’ is a class of small marine gobies. They can be found in tepid parts of West Atlantic, including the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. The Neon Blue Goby, or Neon Goby, is known for its gorgeous electric blue stripes. The head and sleek body of the Neon Blue Goby are dark blue with a striking horizontal, light-blue stripe on each side of the body. These signature stripes begin above the eyes and run the entire length of the body. The Neon Blue Goby is a very hardy fish and because of its small size, it makes a great addition to smaller nano reef aquariums.

In the home aquarium, the Neon Blue Goby needs to be fed a variety of live and frozen brine shrimp, frozen mysis shrimp, table shrimp, and frozen food preparations for carnivores. The Neon Goby should be fed once per day. Members of the cleaner goby group, you may see them nibbling around larger fish to help keep them clean and healthy. The Neon Goby can be found throughout the Caribbean, from southern Florida and Texas all the way down to Belize. Most of these fish available to the hobby are captive bred, protecting wild populations. These tiny fish make their homes among the crevices of reef structures. They have a very similar body shape to the Yellowline Goby, and have been breed together for gobies with a yellow to blue stripe.

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