The 10 Great Non Renewable Energy Resources in the World

A non-renewable aid refers to a natural useful resource that is determined below the earth, which whilst fed on, does not replenish on the equal pace at which it’s miles used up. The resources commonly take thousands and thousands of years to expand. The foremost examples of non-renewable assets are fuels such as oil, coal, and herbal gasoline, which people regularly draw to provide electricity. Non-renewable assets are resources that don’t refill inside a brief time to hold up with their intake. These resources are formed from natural material from plant and animal stays that existed millions of years in the past. Since the substances took millions of years to shape, additionally they require hundreds of thousands of years to replenish. Humans extract non-renewable resources in the form of gas, liquid, or solids, after which convert them into handy paperwork for smooth consumption. Non-renewable sources, along with coal and oil, are the number one supply of power inside the international, and they’re used to energy cars, factories, and homes. Although lower priced, they can be harmful to the surroundings and are one of the terrific members to worldwide warming. Most assets of non-renewable power are fossil fuels, including coal, gasoline, and oil. Here is the listing of 10 Non Renewable Energy Resources.

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1.Fossil fuels

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Fossil fuel is a hydrocarbon-containing cloth formed underground from the remains of useless plant life and animals that people extract and burn to launch strength for use. The principal fossil fuels are coal, petroleum and herbal gasoline, which human beings extract through mining and drilling. Fossil fuels can be burnt to offer heat for use immediately, to strength engines, or to generate electricity. The essential foundation of fossil fuels is the anaerobic decomposition of buried useless organisms, containing organic molecules created in historical photosynthesis. Fossil fuels may be converted into other chemical compounds or derivatives via the refining and chemical industries. Commonly-used subtle fossil fuels encompass kerosene, fuel and propane, and not unusual chemical substances consist of maximum plastics and agricultural chemical substances which includes fertilizers and pesticides. Crude oil is a fossil gasoline that’s used to make fuel, diesel gasoline, jet gas, heating oil, lubricating oils, and asphalt. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, that’s without delay related to global warming. So fossil fuels are very adverse to the health of our planet. Burning fossil fuels can result in lung troubles and allergies assaults in humans.

2.Crude oil

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Crude oil is a certainly taking place petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and different natural materials. Crude oil is a nonrenewable useful resource that builds up in liquid form between the layers of the Earth’s crust. It is retrieved by way of drilling into the ground and ocean ground and pumping the liquid out. The liquid is then delicate and used to create many different products. Crude oil is a flexible gas used to provide such things as plastics, gas, artificial meals flavorings, heating oil, petrol, diesel, jet gas, asphalt and propane. The predominant oil producing nations are United States, Saudi Arabia and Russia. It cannot be replaced clearly on the fee we devour it and is, therefore, a confined useful resource.

3.Coal

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Coal is a flamable black or brownish-black sedimentary rock with a excessive amount of carbon and hydrocarbons. Coal is classified as a nonrenewable power supply as it takes hundreds of thousands of years to form. Coal includes the electricity saved through flowers that lived masses of hundreds of thousands of years in the past in swampy forests. Layers of dust and rock blanketed the flowers over millions of years. The ensuing stress and heat grew to become the flora into the substance we call coal. Coal has the best degree of carbon of all of the fossil fuels. This means it produces a higher amount of greenhouse gas emissions from strength use, that is terrible information for our planet. When burnt, coal produces tremendous quantities of pollutants and gas emissions, consisting of sulphate and nitrogen that may contaminate waterways and motive haze and smog. Coal also produces mercury, which builds up within the fatty tissues of animals and fish. This can motive damage to humans who consume those species.

4.Uranium

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Uranium is a heavy steel which has been used as an plentiful supply of concentrated electricity for over 60 years. Uranium happens in maximum rocks in concentrations of 2 to 4 parts in line with million and is as common within the Earth’s crust as tin, tungsten and molybdenum. Uranium has a melting factor of 1132°C. The high density of uranium manner that it also reveals makes use of inside the keels of yachts and as counterweights for aircraft manage surfaces, as well as for radiation shielding. Uranium is vital to recognize radioactivity. Uranium is evidently radioactive: Its nucleus is risky, so the detail is in a constant state of decay, searching for a extra solid arrangement. Uranium happens in seawater, and can be recovered from the oceans. It turned into named after the planet Uranus, which have been found 8 years earlier. Uranium become reputedly shaped in supernovae about 6.6 billion years ago. While it isn’t common within the sun system, today its gradual radioactive decay presents the primary supply of warmth within the Earth, inflicting convection and continental waft.

5.Natural gas

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Natural gasoline is a fossil energy source that formed deep beneath the earth’s floor. Natural gas consists of many one of a kind compounds. The biggest aspect of herbal gasoline is methane, a compound with one carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms (CH4). Natural gasoline is obtained with the aid of drilling into rock formations that incorporate natural gas deposits. When natural gasoline is withdrawn from its origin, it incorporates natural gas beverages (NGLs) like ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, and water vapor. This moist natural gasoline is sent to processing vegetation where the NGLs are eliminated from methane. The methane in natural fuel is used in gasoline. Millions to masses of thousands and thousands of years in the past and over lengthy periods of time, the remains of flowers and animals (which includes diatoms) constructed up in thick layers on the planet’s floor and ocean flooring, every now and then blended with sand, silt, and calcium carbonate. Over time, those layers have been buried under sand, silt, and rock. Pressure and warmth changed some of this carbon and hydrogen-wealthy material into coal, a few into oil (petroleum), and a few into natural gasoline. In some places, herbal gasoline moved into massive cracks and areas among layers of overlying rock. The herbal gasoline located in those varieties of formations is from time to time referred to as conventional natural fuel.

6.Tar sand

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Tar sands is a combination of sand, clay, water, and bitumen. Bitumen is a thick, sticky, black oil which can form evidently in an expansion of methods, commonly when lighter oil is degraded by way of bacteria.[2] Bitumen has long been used in waterproofing substances for homes, and is most familiar these days as the binding agent in road asphalt. However, maximum of the bitumen constituted of tar sands is delicate and blended with lighter oils to produce artificial crude oil that can be further delicate and utilized in a good deal the identical way as usual crude oil. Bitumen may be very thick and does no longer float without difficulty, it clings to the sand and clay and might’t be definitely pumped out of the floor through wells like conventional oil. Tar sand is popping out from the sedimentary rocks.

7.Steel

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No, metal is not a renewable resource. Steel can only be crafted from iron, which should be mined from the ground in an effort to be useful. There is a limited amount of iron on Earth, despite the fact that iron is the 4th-maximum not unusual element on our planet, and as soon as it’s miles all long gone, it’ll now not be viable to create more metal. However, recycling makes it possible to re-use metallic, although it is not viable to make new metallic with out the raw sources. While there’s a restrained deliver, the deliver is so tremendous that the fee of iron and metallic is very cheaper. Aluminum, iron and titanium are a few of the 3 most plentiful factors in the Earth’s crust. The lack of sources on Earth has led to scientists turning to renewable assets to provide power, water, and food. Steel is crafted from iron, which is also nonrenewable.

8.Phosphate

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Phosphorus is one of the important nutrients for plant life, animals and human beings – to place it certainly without phosphorus, existence would no longer exist. Within flowers, P is crucial to cellular improvement and shape, reproductive and enzyme stability and inside animals for bone improvement, cellular shape, reproduction and many others. There isn’t any replacement for P, and there by no means may be. Phosphorus is extensively used in agriculture and is an critical issue in fertilizer and feed, but it’s far a non-renewable aid. Phosphorus is important for our international meals safety. It can and ought to be dealt with in extra sustainable ways. It objectives to cozy phosphorus for destiny generations. Overexploitation of phosphate rock mines suggest a lack of this useful resource inside 10 to 20 years. There will no longer be sufficient phosphorus to fulfill worldwide agricultural demand. It may be vital to set up healing answers such as Solugen’s generation to deal with the upcoming loss of this important detail.

9.Aluminum

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Aluminum is one of the recognised chemical factors and is a metallic. In its natural kingdom, it is silvery-white in color and really malleable, which means it could be without problems shaped and fashioned. Is not a renewable aid. It is mined from the Earth like different metals. When the deliver of aluminum in the Earth is exhausted, Metals including copper, tin, lead, aluminum, gold and silver, are factors. They are nonrenewable. Aluminium as a structural fabric is renewable in the sense that it could be recycled. This manner, however, does require expenditure of electricity. Aluminium is one of the key engineering substances of our time. We can locate Aluminium in the homes we live in, within the vehicles we power, within the trains and aeroplanes that take us throughout lengthy distances, in themobile phones and computers we use on a every day foundation, inside the cabinets inner our fridges and in modern interior designs, but a mere 2 hundred years ago little or no become recognized approximately this steel.

10.Groundwater

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Groundwater is usually removed from the aquifer at a rate plenty quicker charge compared to its recharge fee which could be very gradual. Also, the recharging of groundwater by natural or human techniques is not dependable. Hence, groundwater is considered a non-renewable resource. Ground water is one of the Nation’s maximum essential herbal sources. It gives approximately 40 percent of the Nation’s public water supply. In addition, extra than forty million people, which includes most of the rural populace, supply their very own drinking water from domestic wells. As a end result, ground water is an essential supply of ingesting water in every State. The result of these traits has been the steady growth of using non-renewable groundwater resources and related high charges of aquifer depletion around the world.

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THE 10 GREAT STRONGEST METALS IN THE WORLD

A Metal is any of a class of substances characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as by malleability, ductility, and high reflectivity of light. Approximately three-quarters of all known chemical elements are metals. The vast majority of metals are found in ores. Metals are usually crystalline solids. Metals have a relatively simple crystal structure distinguished by a close packing of atoms and a high degree of symmetry. From multi-level parking garages to skyscrapers amidst a bustling city, modern industrial processes need materials that are capable of withstanding a lot. On the hunt for strong materials, engineers turn to metals because of their strength, availability, and versatility. Strength of a metal depends on four properties like tensile strength, compressive strength, yield strength, and impact strength. In terms of tensile strength, tungsten is the strongest out of any natural metal (142,000 psi). Here are the 10 strongest metals in the world.

1.Tungsten

Tungsten W is found naturally on Earth almost exclusively as compounds with other elements. In terms of tensile strength, tungsten is the strongest out of any natural metal (142,000 psi).It has the highest melting point of all the elements discovered, melting at 3,422 °C (6,192 °F; 3,695 K). It also has the highest boiling point, at 5,555 °C (10,031 °F; 5,828 K). Tungsten is one of the toughest metals. But in terms of impact strength tungsten is weak. Its density is 19.25 grams per cubic centimeter. Pure single-crystalline tungsten is more ductile. Naturally occurring tungsten consists of four stable isotopes (182W, 183W, 184W, and 186W) and one very long-lived radioisotope, Tungsten also has 11 meta states.

Tungsten is a mostly non-reactive element with water and it is immune to attack by most acids and bases. It does not react with oxygen does not react to air at room temperature. The world’s reserves of tungsten are 3,200,000 tonnes; they are mostly located in China (1,800,000 t), Canada (290,000 t), Russia (160,000 t), Vietnam (95,000 t) and Bolivia. Tungsten is extracted from its ores in several stages. Tungsten is used in making Bullets and missiles. Tungsten is often used in electrical and military applications. Tungsten used in incandescent light bulb filaments, X-ray tubes, electrodes in gas tungsten arc welding, superalloys, and radiation shielding. Tungsten compounds are often used as industrial catalysts.

2.Steel

Iron is extracted from iron ore by removing the oxygen. While steel is technically an alloy rather than a metal, it is the strongest alloy currently available. Today, steel is one of the most common manmade materials in the world. The most important properties of steel are great formability and durability, good tensile and yield strength and good thermal conductivity. Very important stainless steel property is its resistance to corrosion. The Steel industry is often considered an indicator of economic progress. Steel is made from iron and carbon and is a highly versatile alloy. In its pure form, iron is soft and generally not useful as an engineering material. To strengthen it, converting it into steel by adding small amounts of carbon. Steel is possibly the most important engineering and construction material in the world. There are many measurement systems used to define the properties of a given steel. For example, Yield strength, ductility and stiffness are determined using tensile testing. Toughness is measured by impact testing; and hardness is determined by measuring resistance to the penetration of the surface by a hard object.

The relationship between stress and strain is a measure of the elasticity of the material, and this ratio is referred to as Young’s modulus. A high value of Young’s modulus is one of the steel’s most differentiating properties; it is in the range 190-210 GPa. The physical properties of steel are related to the physics of the material, such as density, thermal conductivity, elastic modulus, Poison’s ratio etc. It is used to fabricate everything from sewing needles to oil tankers. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances, and weapons. On average, 50 percent of a car is made of steel. Steel is used in the production of farm vehicles and machines. Most of the appliances in modern homes, such as refrigerators, televisions, sinks, ovens and so on are made of “plain” steel.

  1. Chromium

Chromium Cr is the hardest metal. Chromium is a steely-gray lustrous, brittle, hard metal. It is known to have high corrosion resistance. When polished, it gains a very shiny surface, which is used to plate other metals. Chromium is also highly valued as a metal that is able to be highly polished while resisting tarnishing. It is poisonous in excess. Chromium is mined as chromite ore. Globally this ore is available in India, South Africa, Finland, Zimbabwe, Kazakihstan and the Philippines. The name of the element Chromium is derived from the Greek word chroma, meaning color. Chromium(VI) is a strong oxidising agent in contrast to the molybdenum(VI) and tungsten(VI) oxides. Chromium is extremely the third hardest element behind carbon (diamond) and boron. Chromium has a melting point of 1907 °C (3465 °F), which is relatively low compared to the majority of transition metals.

4.Titanium

Titanium Ti is one of the strongest metals out there, with an ultimate strength of more than 430 Megapascals. It is one of the least dense metals, making it an ideal option for industrial uses that require a strong metal with a high melting point. Titanium has excellent resistance to corrosion in seawater. Titanium is stronger than steel, lighter in weight. Titanium is widely distributed and constitutes 0.44 percent of Earth’s crust. The metal is found combined in practically all rocks, sand, clay, and other soils. Titanium is not attacked by mineral acids at room temperature or by hot aqueous alkali. Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) in air, and at 610 °C (1,130 °F) in pure oxygen, forming titanium dioxide. Pure titanium is ductile, about half as dense as iron and less than twice as dense as aluminum; it can be polished to a high lustre.

A compound of titanium and oxygen was discovered (1791) by the English chemist and mineralogist William Gregor and independently rediscovered (1795) and named by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. These alloys are mainly used in aircraft, spacecraft and missiles because of their low density and ability to withstand extremes of temperature. They are also used in golf clubs, laptops, bicycles and crutches. Power plant condensers use titanium pipes because of their resistance to corrosion. Titanium metal connects well with bone, so it has found surgical applications such as in joint replacements and tooth implants. It is extensively used as a pigment in house paint, artists’ paint, plastics, enamels and paper. It is also a good reflector of infrared radiation.

5.Iron

Iron Fe is also a brittle and hard substance. Iron dissolves in dilute acids. It rusts easily. It is the most important of all metals. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Iron is rare in the Earth’s crust, limited mainly to deposition by meteorites. 90% of all metal that is refined today is iron. Iron can form magnets or be attracted to magnets. Pure iron is quite reactive. Iron reacts readily with oxygen and water to give brown to black hydrated iron oxides, commonly known as rust. The body of an adult human contains about 4 grams of iron, mostly in hemoglobin and myoglobin. Both the Earth’s inner and outer core, that account for 35% of the mass of the whole Earth, are believed to consist largely of an iron alloy, possibly with nickel.

Iron is also found combined with other elements in hundreds of minerals; of greatest importance as iron ore are hematite, magnetite, limonite , pyrite, goethite and siderite . The metal is extracted by smelting with carbon and limestone. People have been using iron for more than 5,000 years. In a very finely divided state metallic iron is pyrophoric. It is used in architecture, bearings, cutlery, surgical instruments and jewellery. Iron is Used to make bridges, electricity, pylons, bicycle chains, cutting tools and rifle barrels. Cast iron is used for pipes, valves and pumps. Iron is used in numerous sectors such as electronics, manufacturing, automotive, and construction and building.

6.Vanadium

In 1801, vanadium was discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio. It has good corrosion resistance, high strength at high temperature, and low density. Vanadium V has high resistance to alkalis, hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. It is found in different kinds of mill forms. It has high hardness when compared to most of the steels and metals. At a temperature of about 660°C, vanadium can be easily oxidized in air. It should be prevented from being exposed outside because it can react with oxygen and nitrogen gases. It is produced in China and Russia from steel smelter slag. Vanadium can be welded using TIG welding method if argon or helium is covered at front and back of a work piece.

About 80% of the vanadium produced is used as a steel additive. Vanadium-steel alloys are used for piston rods, armour plate, tools, crankshafts, axles. The vanadium redox battery for energy storage may be an important application in the future. Vanadium(V) oxide is used as a pigment for ceramics and glass, as a catalyst and in producing superconducting magnets. It is usually found in carbon containing deposits that include coal, tar sands, oil shale and crude oil. Vanadium is mainly applied in parts having low density, good low temperature ductility, high strength at high temperatures, and good corrosion resistance in bad environments. It is used in jet engines, air frames, nuclear reactors and gears etc.

7.Lutetium

Lutetium Lu is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry air, but not in moist air. The lutetium atom is the smallest among the lanthanide atoms, due to the lanthanide contraction. Lutetium has the highest density, highest melting point, and hardness of the lanthanides. It is found with almost all other rare-earth metals. Lutetium is very difficult to separate from other elements. It reacts slowly with water, but dissolves rapidly in acids. Lutetium was independently discovered in 1907 by French scientist Georges Urbain, Austrian mineralogist Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, and American chemist Charles James. Lutetium usually occurs in association with the element yttrium. It burns readily at 150 °C to form lutetium oxide. Lutetium dissolves readily in weak acids. Lutetium, derived from the Latin Lutetia. It is sometimes used in metal alloys. Lutetium has the highest Brinell hardness of any lanthanide. Lutetium has a concentration of around 0.8 to 1.7 ppm in the Earth’s crust.

It is estimated that nearly 0.03% of lutetium is present in monazite ores. It is used as catalysts in petroleum production and used in polymerization and alkylation. It is used for cracking hydrocarbons. It is used in detectors of positron emission topography that detects cellular activity of the body. It is used in cancer treatment. Lutetium aluminium garnet has been proposed for use as a lens material in high refractive index immersion lithography. It is also used in magnetic bubble memory devices and light-emitting diode light bulbs. Lutetium-177 used as a radionuclide in neuroendrocine tumor therapy and bone pain palliation. Lutetium is considered to be one of the toxic metals. Hence inhalation of this compound is very dangerous as it might lead to fatal conditions. Some skin disorders can occur if we contact with Lutetium.

  1. Zirconium

Zirconium chemical element Zr is extremely resistant to heat and corrosion. Gems that contain zirconium were known in ancient times as zircon. Zircon is a natural semi-precious gemstone found in a variety of colors. Zirconium is lighter than steel and its hardness is similar to copper. Zirconium does not dissolve in acids and alkalis.
Zirconium is a very strong, malleable, ductile, lustrous silver-gray metal. It is solid at room temperature. In powder form, zirconium is highly flammable, but the solid form is much less prone to ignition. The melting point of zirconium is 1855 °C (3371 °F), and the boiling point is 4371 °C (7900 °F).
Zirconium occurs in about 30 mineral species. More than 1.5 million tonnes of zircon are mined each year, mainly in Australia, South Africa and Sri Lanka . Most baddeleyite is mined in Brazil. In 1789, the German chemist, Martin Klaproth analysed a zircon and separated zirconium in the form of its ‘earth’ zirconia, which is the oxide ZrO2.

For the Ancient Egyptians the scarab beetle was a symbol of regeneration and creation, conveying ideas of transformation, renewal and resurrection. The Ancient Egyptians used zircon gemstones in jewellery. Zirconium does not absorb neutrons, making it an ideal material for use in nuclear power stations. Space and aeronautic industries use Zirconium to manufacture high-temperature parts like blades, combustors, and vanes in jet engines. In photographic flashbulbs and surgical instruments, to make the glass for television, in the removal of residual gases from electronic vacuum tubes, and as a hardening agent in alloys, especially steel.
It is extensively used by the chemical industry. Zirconium(IV) oxide is used in ultra-strong ceramics. Scissors and knives can be made from it. It is also used in antiperspirants, cosmetics, food packaging and to make microwave filters. With niobium, zirconium is superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconducting magnets. Baddeleyite and impure zirconium (zirconia) are used in lab crucibles.

  1. Osmium

Osmium chemical element Os is a shiny, silver metal that resists corrosion. It is the densest of all the elements and is twice as dense as lead. Of the platinum metals it has the highest melting point, so fusing and casting are difficult. Osmium is un effected by water and acids, but dissolves with molten alkalis.
Most osmium is obtained commercially from the wastes of nickel refining. Osmium is a rare element and found in the Earth’s crust. It is difficult to fabricate. In 1803AD, Osmium was discovered by Smithson Tennant when dissolving an impure sample of platinum in aqua regia, a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids.

It is also a member of the platinum group metals or PGMs (along with Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Iridium and Platinum) as well as being a transition metal. The name Osmium is derived from the Greek word Osme, which means odor. The largest known primary reserves of osmium include South Africa and Canada. It is added to platinum or indium to make them harder. It is used to produce very hard alloys for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, needles and electrical contacts. It is also used in the chemical industry as a catalyst. It is used in making high-quality pen nibs, compass needles, long-life gramophone needles and clock bearings. Osmium tetroxide, OsO4, is highly toxic. Concentrations in air as low as 10-7 g m-3 can cause lung congestion, skin damage, and severe eye damage.

10.Tantalum

Tantalum Ta appears as a shiny and silvery metal in its soft and pure form but Tantalum is in the form of hard, rare, blue-grey, lustrous metal. It is highly conductive of heat and electricity. It shows excellent resistance to all acids in normal temperature. This metal is corrosion resistant and is bound to chemical attack below 150 C. It has a high melting point of about 3017 °C and a boiling point of about 5458 °C. The chemical inertness of tantalum makes it a valuable substance for laboratory equipment, and as a substitute for platinum. Tantalum was discovered in Sweden in 1802 by Anders Ekeberg, in two mineral samples one from Sweden and the other from Finland. The name tantalum was derived from the name of the mythological Tantalus, the father of Niobe in Greek mythology. Tantalum carbide, TaC, like the more commonly used tungsten carbide, is a hard ceramic that is used in cutting tools.

Tantalum causes no immune response in mammals, so has found wide use in the making of surgical implants. It can replace bone, for example in skull plates; as foil or wire it connects torn nerves; and as woven gauze it binds abdominal muscle. Tantalum alloys can be used for turbine blades, rocket nozzles and nose caps for supersonic aircraft. It is employed in the manufacture of capacitors. Used as an alloy due to its high melting point and anti-corrosion. It is used mainly as an alloying medium as it is helpful for hardening metals. It is utilized in the chemical industries. It has a high number of medical as well as dental applications. Tantalum causes many health-related problems such as irritation of the skin and eye when inhaled, ingested or when it gets absorbed into the skin.

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