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THE GREAT 10 SMALLEST HOMES IN THE WORLD

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A Home is the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household. A home is the social unit formed by a family living together. From energy expenditure to building materials, living in a smaller house is one of the best ways to reduce your ecological footprint. Giving up the luxury of space and living more minimally isn’t always easy, but it does come with a few perks: fewer possessions, bigger skies, and open spaces. A smaller house makes it easier to cozy up to your loved ones. A building is a relatively permanent enclosed construction over a plot of land, having a roof and usually windows and often more than one level, used for any of a wide variety of activities, as living, entertaining, or manufacturing. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, land prices, ground conditions, specific uses, and aesthetic reasons. Here is the list of 10 Smallest Homes in the world.

1.Micro Compact Home

Micro Compact Homes are now in use and available throughout Europe, combines techniques for high quality compact ‘living’ spaces deployed in aircraft, yachts, cars, and micro apartments. The measurement of Micro Compact Home is only 2.6 meters by 2.6 meters. The project was initiated by Prof. Richard Horden with his team of students and assistants in 2001. It includes room for two double beds, a bathroom, lobby, dining space for 4 to 5 people, a kitchen and top-notch entertainment technology. Cube living spaces, inspired by the scale and order of Japanese teahouses, were designed with short-term guests and cash-strapped students in mind. The Micro compact home is a high quality compact dwelling house.

It is measurements of 2.66 m cube adapt it to a variety of sites and circumstances, and it’s functioning spaces of cooking, dining, sleeping and hygiene make it suitable for everyday use. The team of researchers and designers based in London and at the Technical University in Munich developed the Micro Compact Home (m-ch) as an answer to an increasing demand for short stay living accommodation for students, business people, sports and leisure use and for weekenders. Quality of design, touch and use are the key objectives for the micro compact home team for ‘short stay smart living’. Its design has been informed by the classic scale and order of a Japanese teahouse, combined with advanced concepts and technologies.

2.Toronto’s Little House

Toronto’s Little House Built in 1912 by contractor Arthur Weeden. Toronto’s Little House, as it’s known, is only about 7′ wide, 47′ deep, with a total of less than 300 square feet of living space inside. Toronto’s tiniest home, referred to as The Little House, located near Dufferin and Rogers Road, buckle up. It has a living room, kitchen, bedroom with Murphy bed, and bath. The kitchen comes with a table and chairs that fold up when you’re not using them. Weeden Born in England and migrated to Canada in 1902. 10 years before he built the little house. He worked as the superintendent of the old Lighthouse Mission and later became known as one of the pioneer builders in this area of Toronto.

He finished building the house, that was originally intended to serve as a small thruway for cars between these two existing houses, Weeden lived in it for 20 years with his wife in the first half of the 20th century. Toronto’s Little House was sold for $135,000 at the beginning of 2007 to a couple. In 2007, the most recent owners renovated the entire space in an attempt to make it as useful and enjoyable as possible. Weeden went on to build several other projects in this area of Toronto and was known as one of the pioneer builders in that neighbourhood. The Little House is just that, a little house is the smallest house in all of Toronto areas. The average Canadian lives in 1,792 square feet.

  1. Tumbleweed Houses

The year was 1999 when our first tiny home was mounted to a trailer. The little home was named Tumbleweed because it had roots and was mobile all at the same time. They help people reach their dreams of downsizing their homes and upsizing their quality of life. Tumbleweed provides training materials, workshops, full plans and support for thousands of people looking to downsize into a Tumbleweed. Many people want their tiny house on wheels to as light-weight as possible, so they are safer and easier to tow. They also want their Tumbleweed Tiny House to have a modern interior including flat walls, but sheet rock will stress and crack with windy and shaky road conditions.

Tumbleweed Tiny House Company is a company in Sonoma, California. The houses on wheels are available to be purchased ready made and shipped to consumers. In 2002 Tumbleweed’s owner, Jay Shafer, co-founded the Small House Society in Iowa City, Iowa. Jay Shafer crafted beautifully and every inch well used. Gregory Paul Johnson was commissioned in 2003. This company designs and builds small houses between 65 and 887 square feet (6 and 80 m2), Many are timber-framed homes permanently attached to trailers for mobility. The company also offers construction plans for their mobile houses and larger designs also such as cottages etc. The company reported selling only one house per year in 2008. In 2009, this had increased five-fold. In 2011, the company reported that building only few houses can be given annually.

  1. Rollit Homes

RollIt, a cool experimental house, resulted from the collaboration among different institutes within the University of Karlsruhe. Students from the University of Karlsruhe in Germany have been experimenting with a very unique new type of modular housing unit. This cyclindrical design is a modular prototype that provides flexible space within a minimum housing unit. Three different sections are dedicated to different functional needs: there’s a bed and table in section, toilet with shower, an exercise cylinder, and a kitchen with a sink. Rollit Home includes everything you’d need in a home for one. Owner of the home can change the structure of the house by walking in the center to rotate it.

The unit is built from four support rings over a rigid inner shell, while a translucent membrane wraps the cylinder and can be printed with advertisements. Thin wooden slats circle the unit to provide a smooth running surface to roll it and openings on the side and slated windows let light into the interior. Mattresses and cushions are held on with velcro or put away inside cabinets when not in use. The interior is covered with 15 mm thick OSB panels. Rollit, which won a design competition in collaboration with the Institute for Industrial Design and construction output (IFIB), was carefully designed and configured to incorporate multiple uses inside a small living space. Make sure that you’re on flat ground with a break otherwise things could get way out of hand if you started to roll down a hill.

  1. Smallest House in Great Britain

Smallest House is also known as the Quay House. It is reported to be smallest house in the United Kingdom. A former fisherman’s hut deemed too small for habitation is now a delightful tourist draw and actually looks quite cozy. It can be found nestled amongst a terrace of houses. Smallest House in Britain is a tourist attraction in Conwy, Wales. The Measurement of this house is only 10 feet by 6 feet, Until 1900, the measurement of 6 foot, 3 inch was occupied by fisherman, Robert Jones. As this is enough for stove, water tap, bedroom cabinet and a bed. Now it costs $1.30 to visit and take a peek inside. While it’s more suited to one occupant, back in the 19th century, it was known to have been occupied by couples.

The Smallest House in Great Britain, measuring 72 inches across, 122 inches high and 120 inches deep and is listed in the Guinness Book of Records. The house has a floor area of 3.05 by 1.8 metres (10.0 by 5.9 ft) and is painted red. It stands near the Conwy Castle walls. The ground floor is devoted to the living area with room for coal and an open fire, and a water tap tucked behind the stairs. The upstairs holds the cramped bedroom, which also comes with a small niche for storage. Visitors are welcome to briefly explore the little home, and are usually welcomed by a woman in traditional Welsh garb. Entry costs £1.50 for Adults & £1 for Children under 16. They can explore the first floor, but the second floor has become too unstable, although guests can still peek their heads into the still-furnished bedroom.

  1. Tiny Texas Houses

Tiny Homes is an Award Winning, International Company with hundreds and hundreds of design clients and plan customers in 9 Nations so far; including those in 48 US States. The houses Brad Kittel builds may be tiny, but they’re the product of big vision, pure salvage, and a fair amount of space magic. Texas Tiny Homes is not only tiny and small home builders. It is a design company, as well as residential land developers in North Texas. They have multiple tiny home plans, small home plans, mid-size home plans, lake home plans and mountain home plans that range in price from $15 to $999.99. Tiny Texas Houses still builds organic sustainable cottages and House Art at Salvage for people, who get to live in Paradise. Even if you’ve never driven through Luling, you’ve probably encountered a Tiny Texas House somewhere else. Chances are, among all of the tiny house media you’ve admired, you’ve almost certainly seen a house designed and built by Brad Kittel and his Tiny Texas Houses. Tiny Texas Houses are distinguished by the special materials used in their construction, and the ingenuity in their achievement of space where little space is otherwise available. Brad could build tiny houses more economically, and more environmentally friendly than other pioneers in the movement were doing at the time.

Brad’s vision was to make what was old new again, collecting materials that had already been created but discarded, and reusing them to build unique homes with distinct personality. Each house Brad designs is different, utilizing special materials in creatively functional ways. He generally does not choose a theme for a house. Wonderful, old, and very functional materials are finding their salvation. The wood Brad uses is predominately old-growth long leaf pine and loblolly pine, which there is very little of left standing, and which is a better building material for his purposes than any freshly cut lumber due to its superior strength. We all learned that counting the rings on a tree stump will tell you its age. But for the strength of the lumber, what’s important is how close together those rings are. The dark part of the ring is what gives it strength, so the more tightly spaced they are, the stronger the wood will be. 20,000 square feet, comprised of material warehouses as well as wood shops and fabrication areas are there in Luling. Additionally 80,000 square feet of space stacked to the brim with more planks, windows, doors, glass, sinks, bathtubs, and other tiny-house-building necessities.

  1. Eco Bike Trailer

The number of different options for personal electric mobility is growing rapidly, with new electric skateboards, scooters, bikes, motorcycles, and more hitting the market every week, but one solution hasn’t gotten nearly the amount of traction that the others have. However, for those who love to bike, and who don’t want to convert their bike to electric, but would like a little something extra for those days when hauling cargo, an electric bike trailer might be just the ticket. Paul Elkins originally designed this bike trailer to get around the Burning Man Festival. There’s only space for one, and if you need to use the restroom you’ll have to resort to the great outdoors, but it is fully powered by a wind turbine and comes equipped with a solar-powered oven and heating system. Ebikes generally start with a motor with power output of about 250w. Electric bikes are ideal for towing a trailer and will make it even easier to ride up hills and longer distances while hauling some extra weight. Whatever you plan to tow with your electric bike, with the right size electric motor, an ebike can give you a boost when you need it or just keep the ride easier while towing a trailer to the destination. With an electric bike you’ll be able to tow more weight, with less effort.

Some common bike trailers weigh up to 40 lbs before cargo, kids, or pets are added, but in many cases with an ebike you can comfortably pull any of these loads. Most bike trailers attach to the rear triangle, to the seat post, or through a special quick release skewer on the rear wheel. Make sure that the bike trailer you’re considering is compatible with your electric bike. The main sources for compatibility issues is with disc brakes, the axle or drive train. Here are some typical types of trailers you could find behind an electric bike. 1.Kid trailers (Kid trailers come in one seater or two seater varieties, there are lots of options available. These can also include a trailer bike which are like the back half of a bicycle attached to the seat post, allowing kids to pedal along) 2.Cargo trailers (Cargo trailers come in all shapes and sizes and allow you take heavy gear longer distances. They come in two wheel or one wheel varieties) 3.Pet Trailers (Pet trailers are similar to cargo trailers above, but with usually have enclosed sides to keep pets in the trailer and a more rigid bottom for a more stable place for paws or claws to rest. Pet trailers can be used as cargo trailers, but not all cargo trailers could easily be used for pets)

  1. Twelve Cubed Mini Home

Twelve cubed Mini Home makes a 12′ by 12′ cube house for customers. At such a small size we would be surprised as to what fits inside. Cube house creates opportunities for people while helping the environment. James Started doing with his Twelve3 prefab tiny house company. The company is based in Vancouver Island, British Columbia. According to Twelve Cubed designers, these tiny homes feature a dishwasher, microwave and modern oven combo, bathroom, closet, and plenty of natural light. The mission behind the homes is to allow more people to live more sustainably, but the cute design is a temptation in and of itself. James from Canada designed and lived in Tiny Home. He lived in Europe for a lot of his life and used his ideas for compact efficient home. He decided to see how small it would be possible to make a home that was still comfortable to live in and at the same time use building materials as efficient as possible.

The choice to pick 12 foot dimensions for his primary unit. Most micro designs have the bedroom at the top of a steep flight of stairs or you have to use a ladder. It took 8 months to get a building permit. Ten foot sized unit needs no permission to be built. They designed using grey-water systems and a solar version. So no outside power is required. Very little energy is required to run. Customers truly enjoy the benefits of living simply. An average 1 bedroom apartment produces 5 tons of CO2 annually, but a cube produces only 0.8 tons annually. It has enough space inside to sleep 3 persons comfortably. It will be comfortable and quiet. Price of Cube starts from CDN $24,500. The beauty of this unit is that they can pre build the Cube, and then load them on a flat deck, and ship them to the customer’s site for a very reasonable cost.

  1. Nano House

Housing is a basic necessity of human beings across the globe. In Nano Housing, Dr Suresh Haware brings out a detailed study and offers solutions for the housing needs of people. Dr Suresh Haware is a motivational business leader acclaimed for his organizational and administrative skills. Nano housing is the outcome of an in-depth practical research which has the potential to fulfill the dream of the common man with an affordable house at an affordable price. The Nano designs ranging in size from single story, one bedroom plans in the 400 square foot range, to two story, two bedroom plans that push 800 square feet. Nano house is created to help solve the world’s global housing crisis, these 25 square meter homes are designed to house a family of four. Nano Living System homes are also equipped with state of the art insulation and passive solar heating for energy savings. The rooms are convertible to make the most of the tiny space. The company also helps connect businesses and government agencies when it comes to constructing sustainable and cost efficient materials and designs.

This suggests an optimistic and environmental solution for the global housing issue of very small living spaces at extremely high prices. This is made possible by the incorporation of the “suspending technology”, which nearly doubles the size of the living area within this space by transforming what is common living space by day into two separate bedrooms by night. The “suspending technology” can be used in new construction and can also be adapted to be used in existing structures, such as hotels, studios, dormitories and very small housing. The Nano Living System is a Swiss made “green” pre-engineered concept for residential use that presents an innovative and sustainable architectural proposition. This suggests an optimistic and environmental solution for the global housing issue of very small living spaces at extremely high prices. The Nano embodies Unity’s intelligent design, high performance and efficient production in a compact package.

  1. Single Hauz

Poland based, Front Architects, describe the compact house Single Hauz as a kind of manifest, proposal of a house for a Western Worlder. It is especially predisposed for sites of an interesting landscaping. It is intended to a single person or couple to live in. Single Hauz is for instance forests, seas, lakes, mountains, next to the main city street. These cutting-edge home designs, inspired by the look of roadside billboards, can be built into almost any space. Living lightly takes on new meaning with the Single Hauz from Poland-based front architects.

The Single Hauz is just 27 square meters (290 square feet) with bathroom, kitchen and living space filling the elevated first floor and opening to a deck with the vista of your choice. The second floor provides a sleeping loft and access to the roof. They can even be built as raised homes over a body of water. According to Polish creators Front Architects, the house is perfect for the contemporary, single, independent and modern Western man, who we also assume ought to be an environmentalist. The house can then be installed above a variety of ground conditions, from the middle of a meadow to an urban core.

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THE 10 GREAT TALLEST BUILDINGS IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT TALLEST BUILDINGS IN THE WORLD

Building is a relatively permanent enclosed construction over a plot of land, having a roof and usually windows and often more than one level, used for any of a wide variety of activities, as living, entertaining, or manufacturing. This is an art or business of assembling materials into a structure. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, land prices, ground conditions, specific uses, and aesthetic reasons. Tall building is anything that ‘breaks the existing skyline and/or is significantly taller than the surrounding built form’. Here is the list of Tallest 10 Buildings in the world

1.Burj Khalifa

Burj Khalifa is the Tallest building in the world. Dubai is recognised as a home to Burj Khalifa and other megastructures. The Burj Khalifa has broken so many world records standing at 828m (2,716.5 ft.) above ground. It has the highest number of stories in the world (over 163), which includes the world’s highest outdoor observation deck and the highest occupied floor in the world. The elevators operating in the tower are the tallest service elevators in the world running at the longest travel distance. It is the highest outdoor observation deck in the world, has the elevator with longest travel distance in the world. The Burj Khalifa is crowned as one of the most elite and highly coveted residential places in the world. It is the tallest free standing structure in the world. It is the highest occupied floor in the world. It is the second highest swimming pool in the world (76th floor). Totally 54 working elevators traveling 40 miles per hour. The cost of the Burj Khalifa is USD $1.5 billion.

Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith and the architecture firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in collaboration with Samsung C&T Corporation. It is also a top tourist attraction in Dubai. Burj Khalifa is one of the best spots to watch sunsets in Dubai. This towering skyscraper lies in the heart of Downtown, a district commonly referred to as the ‘Centre of Now‘. People flock here from around the globe to witness the exciting celebrations, fountain shows and fireworks. The concept behind the development by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum was to build on Dubai’s ever-growing status as a popular tourist destination, with this skyscraper adding to that vision. It’s three times as tall as the Eiffel Tower and nearly twice as tall as the Empire State Building. Burj Khalifa and Downtown Dubai itself are developed by Emaar Properties. Excavation beginning on 6th January 2004, the tower was completed and opened to the public on 4th January 2010. It was inspired by the spider lily flower. As a first precaution, the tower was built in a Y-shape to make it more stable.

2.Shanghai Tower

Shanghai Tower is located in Shanghai, China. It surpassed the second tallest building in the world. 632-metre high Shanghai Tower, designed by Gensler. The Shanghai Tower is a masterful piece of civil and environmental engineering. It is one of the world’s most impressive architectural marvels. The project started in November 2008 and Opened to the public in 2016. It’s cost is around £1.5 billion. The Chinese government has described this building as ‘a symbol of a nation. We were given rare access to this new addition to the building just before completion in the company of Gensler’s managing principal, Daniel Winey and Xia Jun, Shanghai Tower’s design leader and a star in the Chinese architectural firmament. Shanghai Tower is designed to embrace and stimulate the life of the city. Yet, instead of parks spread horizontally across the city, the tower provides gathering spaces stacked vertically. Within 127 stories, Shanghai Tower houses Class A office space, entertainment venues, retail, a conference center, a luxury hotel, and cultural amenity spaces. By emphasizing public space and locating shops, restaurants and urban amenities at the atrium levels, Shanghai Tower provides a new experience for living and working in super tall towers. It has the tallest and fastest lifts travelling at 40mph to almost the full height of the tower: that’s 580 metres in 32 seconds.

The ground floor becomes an ‘open market’ linked to the subway network. The glass has been designed to minimize reflected light, so that people inside can see out over Shanghai. With car parking below ground, the first five stories above ground comprise the commercial retail podium. The building is separated into nine zones, each separated by public sky lobbies. These 12 or 15 storey-height voids are formed within the twisting space between the external glazing and the structural core. The floors of these lobbies extend out to the curtain wall and therefore close each volume off from the one above and below. Each sky lobby is landscaped with a mixture of semi mature trees and local varieties of shrubs in planters. With these sky gardens acting like Trombe walls, there is no requirement for heating or mechanical ventilation in these airy spaces. The building is designed to withstand an earthquake of up to 7.5 on the Richter scale with the help of the world’s largest tuned mass damper. Other energy-saving devices are there in this LEED Gold building range from geothermal heat sources to gas-fired co-generation. While most of the tower’s energy will be provided by conventional generating systems, a bank of 270 wind turbines at the top of the tower should create around 350,000 kWh per year. It is sited adjacent to the neighboring Jin Mao Tower.

3.Makkah Royal Clock Tower

Makkah Royal Clock Tower is located near Masjid al Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel is a 120-storey structure is a mixed residential and hotel complex. It is both the tallest hotel and the tallest clock tower in the world. It is also the fifth-tallest freestanding structure in the world. Royal clock is one of the ten tallest skyscrapers in the world. The measurement of 43m*43m clock tower is the world’s largest clock face. The building complex is metres away from the world’s largest mosque and Islam’s most sacred site, the Great Mosque of Mecca. It was developed as part of the King Abdulaziz Endowment Project, which aimed to modernize the city to offer world-class accommodations for the increasing number of visitors and residents of the Holy City of Makkah. Makkah Royal Clock Tower project was developed by Saudi Binladin Group. Construction of the complex was started in 2004 and finished in 2012. This structure spreads over seven towers erected above podiums. The tallest tower adorned with the Makkah Royal Clock stands 601m-high above ground. The Makkah Royal Clock Tower site is spread over 23ha south of the Masjid al Haram. It has a built-up area of 2.8 million square metres (21.5 million square feet).

The seven towers of the building rest on a 15-storey and 115m-high podium, which houses a grand retail area. The tower housing the Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel is located in the middle of the building structure. Six towers Hajar, ZamZam, Maqam, Qibla and Marwah are situated to the sides of the clock tower. The Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel is a 120-storey structure. A 23m-high crescent made of fibreglass-backed mosaic gold is mounted at the top of the tower. It has Islamic Museum, a Lunar Observation Centre and a large prayer room with a capacity for more than 10,000 people. Makkah Royal Clock Tower complex houses residential towers for permanent residents, a five-star hotels and Resorts for accommodating the Hajj pilgrims, and the Abraj Al Bait shopping mall. The podium has 79 elevators and 111 extra heavy-duty Transvario escalators. The tower features 94 elevators and 16 extra heavy-duty Transvario escalators. The adjacent towers have 12 elevators including two helipad elevators and six extra heavy-duty Transvario escalators. It offers parking space for more than 1,000 vehicles. Makkah Royal Clock Tower complex, also known as the Abraj Al-Bait Towers. The total cost of construction is US$15 billion.

4.Ping An Finance Center

Ping An Finance Center is 599meters supertall skyscraper in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. Ping An Finance Centre is now Shenzhen’s tallest building, also securing status as the second tallest in China and the fourth tallest in the world. It also broke the record of having the highest observation deck in a building at 562 m (1,844 ft). Ping An literally means Safe and Well. Ping An Insurance Company of China, which is one of the world’s biggest investment companies. The building is owned by Ping An Insurance and the group occupies a large amount of space in the building. Most office floors are used for the offices of Ping An Insurance company. Some office floors are leased out to tenants. 20 floors are occupied by hotels. From 116th to 118th floors, an observatory is occupied. The gross floor area of the tower is 378,600 square meters. The architectural design of Ping An Finance Center was completed by New York based architectural firm Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates.

The structural engineering for the tower was done by Thornton Tomasetti, which is another firm based in New York City, Thornton Tomasetti has provided structural design for numerous skyscrapers throughout the world. The shape of the tower is that of a taught steel cable, outstretched by the sky and the ground at once. The form is emphasized by eight composite super-columns that extrude beyond the building envelope. This design is not only visually appealing, but also practical. The streamlined shape of the tower improves both structural and wind performance. The tower is adorned by total of 1,700 tons of 316L stainless steel. The city prominently within the Pearl River Delta’s high-speed rail corridor that increases access to the region’s rapidly densifying cities. The construction of Ping An Finance Center officially completed on March 28, 2017. It is estimated the construction cost $1.5 billion. It has become one of the most popular tourist attractions in the city.

5.Lotte World Tower

Lotte World Tower is a supertall skyscraper is located in Shinchon-Dong, Songpa-Ku, Seoul, South Korea. The tower is built in close proximity of the Lotte World Park and near the bank of Han River. Lotte World Tower is designed by American architecture firm Kohn Pedersen Fox. Lotte World Tower stands 555 meters tall. It is currently the tallest building in South Korea Tower doesn’t contain spire, but the uppermost part is composed of parapet. The highest occupied floor is 497 meters. Lotte World Tower ranks 5th in the world. The tower has 123 floors above ground and 6 floors below ground. Tower contains a wide variety of spaces for different functions, including retail stores, offices, a luxury hotel, observation decks and an “officetel”. Officetels is the hybrid of offices and hotels, they are commonly found in Korea, offering accommodations for people who work in the building and feature services typically only found in hotels, such as furnishings, front deck services, and gym access. Tower 10-storey shopping mall, known as Lotte World Mall.

The design of various interior program spaces of the tower is inspired by the traditional Korea arts, including Korean ceramics and calligraphy, and is integrated with modern aesthetics.
The exterior of the tower is comprised of light-toned silver glass, and accented by a filigree of white painted metal.
Lotte World Tower is designed being able to resist an earthquake of 9 on the Richter scale and winds up to 80 m/s. The construction of Lotte World Tower was contracted by Lotte Engineering & Construction, another subsidiary of Lotte Group themselves. The construction began in March 2011 and opened to public on April 3, 2017. Visitors will access the observation deck through the high speed elevators, ascending with a speed of 20 m/s, it is claimed to be the fastest elevators in the world. Other names of the tower are Lotte Jamsil Super Tower, and Lotte World Premium Tower. The top 10 floors of the tower are remained for observation decks and some other entertainment facilities like rooftop bar. Title was previously held by Ryugyong Hotel in North Korea before 2017. Annual tower visitors are 1300 million.

6.One World Trade Center

One World Trade Center is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. One World Trade Center was built in remembrance of the victims of the terrorist attack that happened on September 11, 2001. It is a reminder of the lives that were lost and hope for the future. One World Trade Center has become an architectural and emotional force. It’s the tallest building in the United States. It is also the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. One World Trade Center is the sixth-tallest in the world. The building has a cubic base and its edges form eight isosceles triangles. Near its middle, the tower forms a perfect octagon. The building’s architect is David Childs, whose firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) also designed the Burj Khalifa and the Willis Tower. The construction of below-ground utility relocations, footings, and foundations for the new building began on April 27, 2006. One World Trade Center became the tallest structure in New York City on April 30, 2012. On May 10, 2013, the final component of the skyscraper’s spire was installed, making the building, including its spire. It, stands at 1,776 feet, a direct reference to the year the Declaration of Independence was signed.

World Trade Center One contains more than 40,000 metric tons of structural steel and it has 103 floors. The tower’s observation deck was specifically constructed with the memory of the Twin Towers in mind. The deck itself begins at 1,362 feet, and a glass parapet extends to 1,368 feet – the exact height of the South and North Towers. 1WTC’s unique construction elements are its high-strength concrete, which can withstand seven times more pressure than standard concrete, and its reinforcement steel bars, which are significantly longer than normal. It generates power internally. One World Trade Center contains a total of 71 elevators. They can travel as fast as 23 miles per hour. It was built from recycled construction debris and materials. These are the tallest skyscrapers in the world. The building opened on November 3, 2014; the One World Observatory opened on May 29, 2015. The building has 94 stories, with the top floor numbered 104. One World Trade Center is also called as WTC or Freedom Tower. The new World Trade Center complex will eventually include five high-rise office buildings built along Greenwich Street, as well as the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, located just south of One World Trade Center where the original Twin Towers stood.

7.Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre

The Guangzhou Chow Tai Fook Finance Centre is a 530-metre (1,739 ft) tall mixed-use skyscraper in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, which was completed in October 2016. It is the seventh-tallest in the world, the tallest building in Guangzhou and the third-tallest in China, and It is the fastest assembled skyscraper of the supertall variety in history. There are 95 elevators. It has the world’s fastest elevators (72 kph). The Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre has a total of 111 above ground and five below ground floors and houses a shopping mall, offices, apartments, and a hotel. The development has 66 office floors, 23 serviced apartment floors, 11 hotel floors, a ballroom and meeting rooms. It has three-storey car park providing approximately 1,700 parking spaces. The skyscraper has a gross floor area of 507,681.0 m2 (5,464,633 sq ft). The complex was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox. It is also called Dongta (East Tower). The other tower is called West Tower.

The new CTF stands out as one of two supertall towers in Tianhe in downtown Guangzhou. The other tower is the Guangzhou IFC Tower that is about 200 meters away. With the Canton Tower, the three towers dominate the Tianhe area. The project adopts utility district cooling system (DCS) instead of self -generate cooling chiller plant for the heat, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system for podium retails and offices. As the project is designed to the standard of LEED certification and China Green Building Label. It is environmentally superior than the buildings without this certification incentive in terms of more energy efficient, lower water usage and better indoor comfort. It is also meant to be stronger and earthquake resistant. Guangzhou is one of China’s biggest cities, and it has become one of China’s great business and shopping cities. It is one of the most visitor highlights. The top floors contain an observation deck and hotel.

8.Tianjin CTF Finance Centre

Tianjin CTF Finance Center is a super-tall skyscraper in Tianjin, China. Tianjin CTF Finance Center is fourth tallest in Asia and third tallest in China. This tower is the second tallest building in Tianjin after Goldin Finance 117, eighth tallest building in the world. 530 meter tall skyscraper contain house offices, 300 service apartments, 350 room hotel and a five star. It consists of 97-storey towers, 5-storey podium and 4-storey basement. The detail-designed and intricate building façade is one of the most significant components contributing to the upcoming icon of the district. Construction started in 2013 and was completed in 2019. The tower will be a striking new landmark in the Tianjin Economic Technological Development Area (TEDA), existed outside Tianjin. Tianjin CTF Finance Center is designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP in collaboration with Ronald Lu & Partners. The building commonly designed as the softly curving glass skin integrates eight sloping mega-columns that follow a lyrical line connecting the centers and corners of all four elevations.

These curving mega-columns increase the structure’s response to seismic concerns and are integral to both the gravity and lateral systems. By stacking reducing floor plates, the tower tapers dramatically to minimize the surface area exposed to wind, sun, and moisture. The gently-undulating curves of the facade subtly denote the integration of the three distinct programs within a singular smooth object. Square in plan with rounded corners, the floor plate geometry enables unique interior fit-outs and customization options for occupants. In the design effect, in the daytime, the building will refract the sunlight to show various colors, and at night, the top of the inclined tower glows like a diamond. The new plan is rocket-shaped and dominated by arcs; the crown is like a cicada’s wings. The 389,980-square-meter project has been designed to LEED Gold standards.

9.CITIC Tower

CITIC Tower is a supertall skyscraper in the Central Business District of Beijing. It is the tallest skyscraper in Beijing, the fourth-highest in China and number eight worldwide. CITIC Tower is Northern China’s third tallest building in Tianjin. It is popularly known as China Zun. The groundbreaking ceremony of the building took place in Beijing on September 19, 2011. The 109-storey, 528 m (1,732 ft) building is the tallest in the city. It was completed in late 2018. The nickname China Zun comes from the zun, an ancient Chinese wine vessel which inspired the building design, according to the developers, the CITIC Group. Designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates(KPF). It is a mixed-use building, featuring 60 floors of office space, 20 floors of luxury apartments and 20 floors of hotel with 300 rooms. Rooftop garden is also there at top floor at 524 m (1,719 ft) high.

Top three floors of the building will be administered by the National Security authorities after rectification. CITIC Tower is also the headquarters of another development partner, Kerry Group. The tower was conceived as an equilateral triangular block with landscaped sky gardens at various levels. The architecture was designed by P&T Group. Its unique design is composed of equilateral triangles and circles. The interior canopy features bespoke aluminum ribbing that follows its curvature and echoes the tower’s elegant façade expression. The tower also connects to a vast underground transportation network, linking together a pedestrian passageway system, a B2-level roadway, and four subway lines. It includes 5 of the 11 tallest structures in the world, imagined for the CITIC Tower, a vase-like form, varying from 78-meter-wide at the base to 54-meter-wide at the center and finishing up with 69-meter-wide at the top. The building puts in place a square plan with rounded corners.

10.TAIPEI 101

The Taipei 101 formerly known as the Taipei World Financial Center. It is an extremely tall skyscraper designed by C.Y. Lee and C.P. Wang in Xinyi, Taipei, Taiwan. Construction of Taipei 101 began in 1999. This tower contains offices and restaurants as well as both indoor and outdoor observatories. The public observatories are on floors 88 to 91. The tower is adjoined by a multilevel shopping mall. Taipei 101 is owned by Taipei Financial Center Corporation. The skyscraper opened on 31 December 2004 to celebrate New Year’s Eve. In 1997, led by developer Harace Lin, the Taipei Financial Center Corporation, a team of several Taiwan banks and insurance companies, won the rights to lease the site for 70 years. They developed a building for the Build Operate Transfer agreement with the city government. It is the First tallest building in Taiwan, Seventh tallest in Asia and tenth tallest building in the world. Taipei reaches a height, including the spire, of 1,667 feet (508 metres).

The largest section of the building, between the base and the spire, consists of eight modules, or groupings, of eight stories each. The building also expresses its distinctively Chinese character in its resemblance to a stalk of bamboo or an elongated pagoda. 16 steel columns in the core and 8 steel “super columns” at the perimeter are filled with concrete up to floor 62. The damper is a steel weight of 660 metric tons (728 short tons), suspended between the 92nd and 87th floors at the building’s centre. Its elevators, capable of traveling 60.6 km/h (37.7 mph) and used to transport passengers from the 5th to the 89th floor in 37 seconds. In 2011 Taipei 101 received a Platinum rating under the LEED certification system to become the tallest and largest green building in the world. Taipei 101’s postmodernist architectural style evokes traditional Asian aesthetics in a modern structure employing industrial materials. Its design incorporates a number of features that enable the structure to withstand the Pacific Ring of Fire’s earthquakes and the region’s tropical storms.

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THE 10 GREAT MOST POWERFUL MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT MOST POWERFUL MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE WORLD

A Plant is a living organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses, typically growing in a permanent site. This plant absorbs water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizing nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll. When you plant a seed, plant, or young tree, you put it into the ground so that it will grow there. Medicinal plants have long been utilized in traditional medicine and worldwide ethnomedicine. A single plant contains widely diverse phytochemicals. the effects of using a whole plant as medicine are uncertain. Drug research makes use of ethnobotany to search for pharmacologically active substances in nature, and has in this way discovered hundreds of useful compounds. Here are the most powerful 10 medicinal plants.

1.Chamomile

Chamomile is one of the most ancient medicinal herbs known to mankind. It is a member of Asteraceae/Compositae family and represented by two common varieties viz. German Chamomile and Roman Chamomile. The hollow, bright gold cones of the flowers are packed with disc or tubular florets and are ringed with about fifteen white ray or ligulate florets. It contains various bioactive phytochemicals that could provide therapeutic effects. This herb smells slightly like an apple. Chamomile has been used as an herbal remedy since the time of Hippocrates, the father of medicine, in 500 BC. Chamomile preparations are commonly used for many human ailments such as hay fever, inflammation, muscle spasms, menstrual disorders, insomnia, ulcers, wounds, gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatic pain, and hemorrhoids. Essential oils of chamomile are used extensively in cosmetics and aromatherapy. Chamomile is mostly used in the form of herbal tea and it is consumed more than one million cups per day. Chamomile tea relaxes nerves and soothes the nervous system, therefore helping you sleep better. Chamomile tincture may also be prepared as one part chamomile flower in four parts of water having 12% grain alcohol, which is used to correct summer diarrhea in children and also used with purgatives to prevent cramping.

It is also used in toothache, earache, neuralgia and in cases of external swelling. Inhalation of the vaporized essential oils derived from chamomile flowers is recommended to relieve anxiety, general depression. It is used as antioxidant, mild astringent and healing medicine. Externally, chamomile has been used to treat diaper rash, cracked nipples, chicken pox, ear and eye infections, disorders of the eyes including blocked tear ducts, conjunctivitis, nasal inflammation and poison ivy. It is also effective in arthritis, back pain, bedsores and stomach cramps. With the use of flavonoids consumed in food may reduce the risk of death from coronary heart disease in elderly men. It stimulates immune system and provides some protection against cancer. It protects the skin from free-radical damage. It accelerates cell and tissue regeneration, helps tighten the pores and slows down the ageing process. It fights against inflammation and teething problems. It maintains sugar balance in the blood and reduce heartburn.

2.Dandelion

Dandelion is a type of herb that is native to Europe. It is also found throughout mild climates of the northern hemisphere. Dandelion are a family of flowering plants that grow in many parts of the world. From root to flower, dandelion are highly nutritious plants, loaded with vitamins, minerals and fiber. Dandelion greens can be eaten cooked or raw and serve as an excellent source of vitamins A, C and K. They also contain vitamin E, folate and small amounts of other B vitamins. It provides several minerals, including iron, calcium, magnesium and potassium. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) has been cherished for its tremendous healing properties since ancient times. Dandelion is also called blood purifier, laxative agent, liver cleanser and fatigue remover. It Contains full of Potent Antioxidants to neutralize or prevent the negative effects of body.

Dandelion may be effective in reducing inflammation caused by disease. Chicoric and chlorogenic acid are two bioactive compounds in dandelion to help reduce blood sugar. It Reduces Cholesterol and fights with cancer. It also supports for healthy bones. It helps in skincare treatment and boosts immune system. Dandelion is often consumed as a tonic under the presumption that it “cleanses” the liver. These beautiful yellow flowers are also rich in antioxidants and vitamin C, which help the body fight infections such as bacteria that cause urinary tract infection. These leaves reduce the risk of obesity and heart disease. For centuries, they’ve been used to treat a myriad of physical ailments, including cancer, acne disease and digestive disorders.

3.Achinacea

Echinacea is the name of a group of flowering plants in the daisy family. Echinacea is a type of herb that is native to areas east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States. It is also grown in western States, as well as in Canada and Europe. Echinacea plants contain caffeic acid, alkamides, phenolic acids, rosmarinic acid, polyacetylenes. Echinacea was used in traditional herbal remedies by the Great Plains Indian tribes. Echinacea, also called purple coneflower, is one of the most popular herbs worldwide. Echinacea is widely used to fight infections, especially the common cold, the flu, and other upper respiratory infections. These plant’s upper parts and roots are used in tablets, tinctures, extracts and teas. Echinacea is also used against many other infections including urinary tract infections, herpes, HIV/AIDS, human papilloma virus, bloodstream infections , tonsillitis, streptococcus infections, syphilis, typhoid, malaria, ear infection, swine flu, warts, and nose and throat infections called diphtheria.

Echinacea is best known for its beneficial effects on the immune system. Other uses include anxiety, low white blood cell count, chronic fatigue syndrome , rheumatoid arthritis, migraines, acid indigestion, pain, dizziness, rattlesnake bites, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, and improving exercise performance. Sometimes people apply echinacea to their skin to treat boils, gum disease, abscesses, skin wounds, ulcers, burns, eczema, psoriasis, sun-related skin damage, herpes simplex, yeast infections, bee stings, snake and mosquito bites, and hemorrhoids.

4.Cayenne Pepper

Cayenne pepper herb is a type of chili pepper. It gives hot taste. How hot a cayenne pepper is depends on its capsaicin content. Bright red Capsicum annuum is a member of the Solanaceae family. They were originally grown in Central and South America. It grows around the world in places such as India, East Africa, Mexico, and certain areas of the United States. Many people consider cayenne peppers to be the king of medicinal herbs. It boosts our Metabolism. These peppers boast an impressive nutrition profile, which includes a variety of antioxidants that are beneficial for your health. It reduces high blood pressure.

The capsaicin in cayenne peppers shows promise in reducing the risk of cancer. Capsaicin creams can help relieve itching and improve the appearance of psoriasis-affected areas. It may have pain-relieving properties. Capsaicin stimulates the nerves in your stomach that send signals for protection against injury. Cayenne is also sometimes used to treat muscle and joint pain. Capsaicin has long been explored as a means of treating neuropathic pain given the lack of effective pharmaceutical remedies. Cayenne peppers may reduce your hunger, helping you eat less and feel fuller for longer. It reduces acidity. It’s also used for conditions of the heart and blood vessels including to improve poor circulation, reverse excessive blood clotting, lower high cholesterol and prevent heart disease.

5.Marigold

Calendula officinalis is in the plant family known as Asteraceae or Compositae. Calendula marigolds are yellow-orange in color and form small florets of petals that are harvested and dried for their numerous properties. Marigold has long been recognised as a medicinal flower to address cuts, soars and general skin care. Marigold flowers originated in Egypt and the Romans. It usually blooms during the warmer months of the year from May through October. It contains essential oils and a high concentration of flavonoids, such as carotene. Topical treatment with a diluted marigold solution or tincture accelerates healing of wounds and rashes. It contains natural anti-inflammatory properties and supports skin healing.

Marigold helps to soothe the mucus membranes of the throat whilst easing the pain. The extract demonstrates antibacterial, anti-viral, antifungal and immuno-stimulating properties that were shown to reduce eye infections. It reduces eye infections and protects from UV and oxidative damage. It is used for sore throats, gingivitis, tonsillitis and mouth ulcers. Marigolds are highly valuable for medicinal purposes like headaches, swelling, toothache. They have been used in cooking. Purposes of Marigold are like make-up, coloring food dying fabrics & medicinal uses. Flavonoids present in marigold flowers have been found to exhibit cytotoxic and inhibitory activities against colon cancer, leukemia & melanoma cells. These flowers can be used to naturally fend off mosquitoes, pests & other insects.

6.Peppermint

Peppermint is an aromatic herb in the mint family. It can be found naturally in North America and Europe. It can be used to add peppermint flavor to foods. It kills germs, boosts blood circulation and prevents vomits. It relieves pains and eliminates mucus. Peppermint has antiviral activity against Influenza type A. It also relieves indigestion. It also fortifies the nervous system and helps to relive headaches. Peppermint essential oil can be extracted from the leaves of the peppermint plant and is used for a variety of different purposes. It’s oil used in these conditions like nausea, and other digestive issues, as well as the common cold.

A fresh, pleasing scent added to soaps and cosmetic products by using this oil. Peppermint oil can also be used as flavoring agent in foods and in products such as mouthwashes. Peppermint oil is antibacterial against some species of bacteria including Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Peppermint oil may provide safe and effective relief from chronic itching. Any kind of cramping effect or over-contraction of the muscles that gives rise to nausea is also relaxed with the use of Peppermint oil. Peppermint oil is a multitasking machine with a plethora of beauty, health and household benefits. Peppermint oil has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. Peppermint oil is very useful for your hair and scalp.

7.Sage

Sage is a staple herb in various cuisines around the world. Its other names include common sage, garden sage and Salvia officinalis. It belongs to the mint family, alongside other herbs like oregano, rosemary, basil and thyme. Sage has a strong aroma and earthy flavor. Sage packs a healthy dose of vitamins and minerals. Antioxidants are molecules that help fortify your body’s defenses, neutralizing potentially harmful free radicals that are linked to chronic diseases. Sage contains over 160 distinct polyphenols, which are plant-based chemical compounds. A sage-based mouthwash was shown to effectively kill the Streptococcus mutans bacteria, which is notorious for causing dental cavities. The leaves of common sage have been used traditionally as a remedy against diabetes.

Sage can help support your brain and memory in several ways. Sage may help lower “bad” LDL cholesterol, which can build up in your arteries and potentially cause damage. Sage extracts not only suppress the growth of cancer cells but also stimulate cell death. Sage is also used as a natural cleaning agent. Sage is used for digestive problems, including loss of appetite, gas, stomach pain (gastritis), diarrhea, bloating, and heartburn. It is also used for reducing overproduction of perspiration and saliva; and for depression, memory loss, and Alzheimer’s disease. Sage is applied directly to the skin for cold sores; gum disease; sore mouth, throat or tongue; and swollen, painful nasal passages. In manufacturing, sage is used as a fragrance component in soaps and cosmetics. People who regularly use sage as a spice seem to have a 54% lower chance of developing lung cancercompared to those who don’t use sage.

8.Lady Ferns or Athyrium

plant is native to the continental US and Alaska. Ferns have a strong appeal to gardeners. Fern There is something about their seemingly fragile nature and delicate beauty. Athyrium plants consist of more than 230 species that are largely distributed in the Sino-Himalayan region and the Western Pacific islands. It is often abundant in damp, shady woodland environments and is often grown for decoration. Its genus name is from Greek. It usually found in cool moist locations along streams and in moist meadows at the edge of a forest. The deciduous leaves are about 75 cm (30 inches) long and 25 cm (10 inches) wide and grow in circular clusters. It’s called lady fern because the spores are produced on the backside of the pinnules beneath an eyelid shaped covering (called an indusia) thought to be reminiscent of the eye of the fairer sex. The genus are curved or horseshoe-shaped spore-producing clusters (sori) that are covered by a fringed membranous protective structure.

Fern is best introduced into a garden using a containerized plant or by propagating the rhizome. Athyrium species have demonstrated antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative and anti-HIV potential. Christmas Fern used for chills, fever, pneumonia, red spots on skin, listlessness, tuberculosis, and hoarseness. Bracken Fern used for tuberculosis, infections, and chest pain. Maidenhair smoked for asthma. Ferns used for Gynecology and also for blood. It is also used for digestion. Cinnamon Fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) used externally for rheumatism and internally for joint pain. Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis) used for arthritis. Species are being used in traditional medicine worldwide to treat various ailments such as cough, rheumatic pain, scorpion stings, sores, burns and scalds, intestinal fever, pain, specifically breast pain during child birth, to increase milk flow, as an antiparasitic, anthelmintic, and carminative.

9.Tea Tree

Tea tree oil comes from the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia, a small tree native to Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. Never swallow tea tree oil. The tea tree was named by eighteenth century sailors, who made tea that smelled like nutmeg from the leaves of the tree growing on the swampy southeast Australian coast. Do not confuse the tea tree with the unrelated common tea plant that is used to make black and green teas. Tea tree oil holds great significance by balancing all Ayurvedic tridoshas – Vata, pitta, and Kapha doshas. Australians crush tea tree leaves to extract the oil, which is then inhaled to treat coughs and colds or applied directly to the skin for healing. Tea tree oil contains a number of compounds, including terpinen-4-ol, that have been shown to kill certain bacteria, viruses and fungi. Tea tree oil makes an ideal natural hand sanitizer. The antibacterial properties of tea tree oil make it an effective wound healer.

Tea tree oil can be used to treat and disinfect minor cuts and abrasions by killing S. aureus and other bacteria that can cause infection in open wounds. Tea tree oil may be useful in treating symptoms of psoriasis, such as infection and inflammation, while boosting immunity. Tea tree oil is an essential oil that has many benefits for the nails and hair. Tea tree oil can be a powerful weapon against acne. Tea tree oil makes a great all-purpose cleaner. Tree oil reduces inflamed skin due to skin sensitivity. It can also be used as a deodorant, insect repellent. Shampoo containing tea tree oil had a 40% improvement in dandruff. Antifungal medications are considered standard treatment for athlete’s foot. Tea tree oil’s antifungal compounds terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole may help reduce the growth of this mold on fruits and vegetables. Tea tree oil was more effective in suppressing allergic contact dermatitis than other treatments.

10.Thyme

Thyme is an herb from the mint family that you probably recognize from spice set. Its range of use is impressive, and it has over 400 subspecies. Thymol is one of a naturally occurring class of compounds known as biocides. Ancient Egyptians used it in their embalming practices, while ancient Greeks used it as incense. Thyme is packed with vitamin C and is also a good source of vitamin A. It’s a good source of fiber, copper, iron, and manganese. Thyme is a Mediterranean herb with dietary, medicinal, and ornamental uses. Thymol can reduce bacterial resistance to common drugs, including penicillin. Thyme is known for its antibacterial properties and it might have a future as an acne-fighting ingredient.

Oil of thyme hold many fungicidal properties. Thyme is also a popular ingredient in natural deodorants. The tiger mosquito is native to tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia. A combination of thymol, alpha-terpinene, and carvacrol was effective in killing off tiger mosquito larvae. Thyme essential oil, which is obtained from its leaves, is often used as a natural cough remedy. Thyme to help lower your heart rate. Thyme extract can repel mosquitoes. Thyme might protect people from colon cancers. Wild thyme caused cell death in breast cancer cells.

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THE 10 GREAT FAMOUS TREES IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT FAMOUS TREES IN THE WORLD

Tree is a woody plant that regularly renews its growth. Most plants classified as trees have a single self-supporting trunk containing woody tissues, and in most species the trunk produces secondary limbs, called branches. A tree is any plant with the general form of an elongated stem, or trunk, leaves or branches at some distance above the ground. Trees usually reproduce using seeds. Trees are best known for providing us with oxygen, but they’re also beautiful living organisms that can live for thousands of years. Trees play a significant role in reducing erosion and moderating the climate. They remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store large quantities of carbon in their tissues. Trees and forests provide a habitat for many species of animals and plants. They provide an inner peace.. ‘Ancient and Famous Trees’ refers to trees that are on the List of Ancient and Famous Trees under Protection for being over a hundred years old, for belonging to precious species, being distinctive, for having a rare shape or due to their special historical or cultural significance. Here are the 10 Famous Trees in the world.

1.Cedars of God

Cedars of God is the most famous cedar patch and one of the last vestiges of old-growth small forests. It is of about 400 Lebanon Cedar trees in the mountains of northern Lebanon. It is also one of the rarest sites where the Cedrus libani still grows. The forest is rigorously protected. The “Committee of the Friends of the Cedar Forest” initiated a reforestation program in 1985. It is the symbol of the country, its pride, and features prominently on the Lebanese flag. Their bark is dark gray but the wood is beautiful light tone, hard and astonishingly decay resistant. These are tall trees with large trunks and massive, irregular heads of spreading branches.

These trees remain ever green, never shed their leaves, and are always fragrant. It is said that god himself planted these cedars. Cedar trees survive five millenniums. Phoenicians used cedar wood to build their ships. The ancient Egyptians used its resin in mummification and King Solomon used the famous trees in the construction of the First Temple in Jerusalem.In the Ottoman Empire Cedar tree timber was used to construct railways. Cedar trees symbolize resilience, immortality, strength, and elevation. The mountains of Lebanon were once covered with Cedar trees.

2.Tree of Life

The Tree of Life in Bahrain is a mesquite tree which grows in the middle of Arabian desert. The meaning of the Tree of Life is “A Connection to Everything” represents you are never alone you should be connected to the world. Tree of Life explains how family grows and expands throughout many generations. Tree of Life symbolizes individuality, strong throughout their life time for unique experiences. It is also a symbol for peacefulness and relaxation. The tree is said to be 400 to 500 years old. A soil and dendrochronology analysis conducted in the 1990s concluded that the tree was an Acacia planted in 1582. Both its age and its location definitely make this tree a survivor, which is considered to be a remarkable natural wonder of the world witnessed by most who visit Bahrain.

Its long roots probably have found some underground water source, but it is still a miracle as it is the only green living organism live a vast and barren desert. Bahrain has little to no rain throughout the year. The local inhabitants believe that this was the actual location of the Garden of Eden. The tree is a local tourist attraction and is visited by approximately 65,000 people every year. The yellow resin is used to make candles, aromatics and gum; the beans are processed into jam, meal and wine.

3.General Sherman

General Sherman, named to honor United States Union Army General Williom T. Sherman, is the largest of three trillion trees on Earth. General Sherman is a Giant Sequoia located in the Giant Forest of Sequoia National Park in California since 1931. Potwisha Indians led cattleman Hale Dixon Tharp to Giant Forest in September 1858. Naturalist John Muir, who visited Tharp later, explored and named Giant Forest in 1875. Although both men neither claimed or received credit for its discovery. The famous trees of the Giant Forest are among the largest trees in the world, if measured by volume.

At 11.1 meter (36.5 ft) along the base he General Sherman tree is the largest of them all. While it is the largest tree known, the General Sherman Tree is neither the tallest known living tree on Earth , nor is it the widest, nor is it the oldest known living tree on Earth. With a height of 83.8 metres (275 ft), a diameter of 7.7 m (25 ft), an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m3 (52,513 cu ft), and an estimated age of 2,300–2,700 years, it is nevertheless among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on the planet. It is the world’s largest tree. It is old, but not that old. The General Sherman was named after the American Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman.

4.Avenue of the Baobabs

The baobab trees can live up to be 800 years old. It originally stood in a dense tropical forest in the area. The baobab trees, known locally as renala (Malagasy for “mother of the forest”), are up to 2,800 years old. The Avenue of the Baobabs itself is only around 260m(850 ft) long with no more than 25 trees standing about 30 tall. The Avenue of the Baobabs is a group of famous trees lining the dirt road between Morondava and Belon’i Tsiribihina in western Madagascar. Along a 260 m (850 ft) stretch of the road is a grove of 20–25 Adansonia grandidieri baobabs. An additional 25 or so trees of this species are found growing over nearby rice paddies and meadows within 9.9 acres (4 ha) of land. The trees, which are endemic to Madagascar, are about 30 m (98 ft) in height. Some 7 km (4.3 mi) to the northwest are the Baobab Amoureux, which are two notable Adansonia za trees that have become twisted to each other as they grew.

Despite its popularity as a tourist destination, the area has no visitor center or gate fees, and local residents receive little income from tourism. Fanamby, a Malagasy non-governmental organization, has launched an ecotourism project aimed at conservation of the area and economic improvement for the local community since 2014 and has inaugurated infrastructures to help them promote the area in 2018. More and more of the forest around Morondova has been cleared for agriculture to help the growing population in the area. One of the main reason that the once dense Baobab forest is gone is that the roots of the tree can handle the constantly waterlogged soil well as compared to few other trees in the area that soak up the rainwater. Another reason is that every year some of the Baobabs are hit by lightning and also from the cyclones that hit’s the west coast of Madagascar every year.

5.Socotra Dragon Tree

The Dragon blood tree is arguably the most famous and distinctive plant of the island of Socotra. It has a unique and strange appearance, having the shape of an upside-down umbrella. This evergreen species is named after its dark red resin, that is known as “dragon’s blood”. The huge packed crown provides sufficient shade in order to reduce evaporation. It has many branches; it grows by dichotomy, which means that each branch is divided into two until the leaves finally grow on the branches’ ends. It produces a lot of green leaves that are renewed every three or four years; they fall and other leaves grow in their place. The island of Socotra’s 34-million-year separation from mainland Arabia has given rise to a unique flora – 37% of its plant species are found nowhere else.

It grows in rocky grounds and on high locations, where it preserves water for many years; it is drought-tolerant and can adapt to arid conditions in which there is less water and soil. This resin is of great importance, as it contains an effective substance known as draco, which has multiple medical uses such as treating wounds, infections and burns; to stop blood clot ; treating stomach ulcerations etc. Wood of dragon blood tree is used for the manufacture of beehives, while leaves are used for the manufacture of ropes. Local people value it as food for livestock: feeding very small quantities of berries to cows and goats improves their health, though they cause sickness in excess.

  1. Lone Cypress

Lone Cypress has been called one of the most photographed trees in North America. The Lone Cypress Tree near Monterey is probably the most famous point along the 17-Mile Drive, a scenic road through Pacific Grove and Pebble Beach. The Monterey Cypress is a species of cypress that is endemic to the Central Coast of California. In the wild, these species are confined to two small populations, near Monterey and Carmel. Land, tree and ocean were the basis of this development, and therefore The Lone Cypress became the perfect symbol.

The tree is believed to be about 250 years old, and is its registered trademark since 1919. The Lone Cypress stands atop a granite outcropping above the ever-churning Pacific Ocean. Macrocarpa is a medium-sized evergreen tree, which often becomes irregular and flat-topped as a result of the strong winds that are typical of its native area. It grows to heights of up to 40m in perfect growing conditions, and its trunk diameter can reach 2.5m. The seed cones are globose to oblong, 20–40 mm long. It is also found in western Oregon, and New Zealand as an ornamental tree.

7.BOab Prison Tree

The Boab Prison Tree is a large hollow tree just south of Derby in Western Australia. The Boab Prison Tree, Derby is a 1,500-year-old, large hollow Adansonia gregorii tree 6 kilometres south of Derby. The tree is now a tourist attraction. It is protected under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972. This remarkable tree has a circumference of over 14 metres and has an oblong slit in the bark, through which the hollow centre is visible – this is common among older boab trees when the soft spongy trunk tissue dies off, causing the trunk to become hollow.

Evidence indicates that police on patrol from Wyndham in the 1890s noticed that holes in the upper branches indicated that the tree was hollow and so cut an opening into the tree to use it as a lockup for Aboriginal prisoners on their way to Wyndham for sentencing. It also states that it “has accommodated 30 prisoners at one time”. Anthropologist Herbert Basedow was one of the first Europeans to document the Derby Boab Tree. It is reputed to have been used in the 1890s as a lockup for Indigenous Australian prisoners on their way to Derby for sentencing. In recent years a fence was erected around the tree to protect it from vandalism.

8.Cotton Tree

The tree is widely planted in southeastern Asian countries and regions like such as in Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, southern China and Taiwan, etc. The tree grows to 240 ft (73 m) as confirmed by climbing and tape drop with reports of Kapoks up to 77 meters (252 feet). The trees produce several hundred 15 cm (6 in) pods containing seeds surrounded by a fluffy, yellowish fibre that is a mix of lignin and cellulose. According to legend, the Cotton Tree became an important symbol in 1792 when a group of former African American slaves, who had gained their freedom by fighting for the British during the American War of Independence, settled the site of modern Freetown. They landed on the shoreline and walked up to a giant tree just above the bay and held a thanksgiving service there to thank God for their deliverance to a free land.

Ceiba pentandra is a tropical tree of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae, native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, northern South America, and to West Africa. It is also known as the Java cotton, Java kapok, silk-cotton or samauma. It is widely planted in parks and on roadsides there because of its beautiful red flowers which bloom in March/April. The flowers are very attractive to local wildlife, with many birds like the Japanese white-eye, a type of fruit eating bird, which often draws a hole in an unopened Bombax ceiba flower bud. The flower-bud is eaten as a vegetable in India. At the peak of its flowering season, elderly people may often be seen gathering the fallen flowers from the ground to dry, which they later use to prepare tea or soup.

9.Arbol del Tule

Arbol del Tule, a Montezuma Cypress, is located in the town center of Santa Maria del Tule in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. It is the widest tree in the world. It is so large that it was originally thought to be multiple trees, but DNA tests have proven that it is only one tree. It has the stoutest trunk of any tree in the world although the trunk is heavily buttressed, giving a higher diameter. It is short of about only 35.4 meters in height, stout about 11.62 meters in diameter, and old about 1,500 years.

Its gnarled bark that truly inspires the imagination. In its knots and crooks, visitors have found likenesses of human faces, lions, jaguars, elephants, and a veritable bestiary of other creatures. Residents celebrate the famous Tule Tree the second Monday of October. A belief of the Ayuuk (Mixe) is that the tree is the walking stick of one of their gods that took root and grew into the famous tree. The tree is on a well. In the past this well was partially diverted, which made the existence of the tree threatened because of a shortage of water. Later on, measures were taken to assure sufficient supply of water.

  1. Major Oak

The Major Oak is a huge oak tree in the heart of Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire, England. According to local folklore, it was Robin Hood’s shelter where he and his band of outlaws slept. The famous tree is about 800 to a 1000 years old. It weighs an estimated 23 tons, has a girth of 33 feet (10 metres), a canopy of 92 feet (28 metres). It was voted “Britain’s favourite tree”. The Major Oak may be several trees that fused together as saplings, or the tree could have been pollarded.

In 1790, Major Hayman Rooke, a noted antiquarian, included the tree in his popular book about the ancient oaks of Sherwood. Nowadays, the Major Oak provides a home and shelter to hundreds of living things; beetles, bats, fungi, squirrels and spiders amongst much more. It’s been fenced off since the 1970’s, allowing our visitors to appreciate its magnificence whilst also giving it a little room to breathe and stay healthy.

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THE 10 GREAT STRONGEST METALS IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT STRONGEST METALS IN THE WORLD

A Metal is any of a class of substances characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as by malleability, ductility, and high reflectivity of light. Approximately three-quarters of all known chemical elements are metals. The vast majority of metals are found in ores. Metals are usually crystalline solids. Metals have a relatively simple crystal structure distinguished by a close packing of atoms and a high degree of symmetry. From multi-level parking garages to skyscrapers amidst a bustling city, modern industrial processes need materials that are capable of withstanding a lot. On the hunt for strong materials, engineers turn to metals because of their strength, availability, and versatility. Strength of a metal depends on four properties like tensile strength, compressive strength, yield strength, and impact strength. In terms of tensile strength, tungsten is the strongest out of any natural metal (142,000 psi). Here are the 10 strongest metals in the world.

1.Tungsten

Tungsten W is found naturally on Earth almost exclusively as compounds with other elements. In terms of tensile strength, tungsten is the strongest out of any natural metal (142,000 psi).It has the highest melting point of all the elements discovered, melting at 3,422 °C (6,192 °F; 3,695 K). It also has the highest boiling point, at 5,555 °C (10,031 °F; 5,828 K). Tungsten is one of the toughest metals. But in terms of impact strength tungsten is weak. Its density is 19.25 grams per cubic centimeter. Pure single-crystalline tungsten is more ductile. Naturally occurring tungsten consists of four stable isotopes (182W, 183W, 184W, and 186W) and one very long-lived radioisotope, Tungsten also has 11 meta states.

Tungsten is a mostly non-reactive element with water and it is immune to attack by most acids and bases. It does not react with oxygen does not react to air at room temperature. The world’s reserves of tungsten are 3,200,000 tonnes; they are mostly located in China (1,800,000 t), Canada (290,000 t), Russia (160,000 t), Vietnam (95,000 t) and Bolivia. Tungsten is extracted from its ores in several stages. Tungsten is used in making Bullets and missiles. Tungsten is often used in electrical and military applications. Tungsten used in incandescent light bulb filaments, X-ray tubes, electrodes in gas tungsten arc welding, superalloys, and radiation shielding. Tungsten compounds are often used as industrial catalysts.

2.Steel

Iron is extracted from iron ore by removing the oxygen. While steel is technically an alloy rather than a metal, it is the strongest alloy currently available. Today, steel is one of the most common manmade materials in the world. The most important properties of steel are great formability and durability, good tensile and yield strength and good thermal conductivity. Very important stainless steel property is its resistance to corrosion. The Steel industry is often considered an indicator of economic progress. Steel is made from iron and carbon and is a highly versatile alloy. In its pure form, iron is soft and generally not useful as an engineering material. To strengthen it, converting it into steel by adding small amounts of carbon. Steel is possibly the most important engineering and construction material in the world. There are many measurement systems used to define the properties of a given steel. For example, Yield strength, ductility and stiffness are determined using tensile testing. Toughness is measured by impact testing; and hardness is determined by measuring resistance to the penetration of the surface by a hard object.

The relationship between stress and strain is a measure of the elasticity of the material, and this ratio is referred to as Young’s modulus. A high value of Young’s modulus is one of the steel’s most differentiating properties; it is in the range 190-210 GPa. The physical properties of steel are related to the physics of the material, such as density, thermal conductivity, elastic modulus, Poison’s ratio etc. It is used to fabricate everything from sewing needles to oil tankers. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances, and weapons. On average, 50 percent of a car is made of steel. Steel is used in the production of farm vehicles and machines. Most of the appliances in modern homes, such as refrigerators, televisions, sinks, ovens and so on are made of “plain” steel.

  1. Chromium

Chromium Cr is the hardest metal. Chromium is a steely-gray lustrous, brittle, hard metal. It is known to have high corrosion resistance. When polished, it gains a very shiny surface, which is used to plate other metals. Chromium is also highly valued as a metal that is able to be highly polished while resisting tarnishing. It is poisonous in excess. Chromium is mined as chromite ore. Globally this ore is available in India, South Africa, Finland, Zimbabwe, Kazakihstan and the Philippines. The name of the element Chromium is derived from the Greek word chroma, meaning color. Chromium(VI) is a strong oxidising agent in contrast to the molybdenum(VI) and tungsten(VI) oxides. Chromium is extremely the third hardest element behind carbon (diamond) and boron. Chromium has a melting point of 1907 °C (3465 °F), which is relatively low compared to the majority of transition metals.

4.Titanium

Titanium Ti is one of the strongest metals out there, with an ultimate strength of more than 430 Megapascals. It is one of the least dense metals, making it an ideal option for industrial uses that require a strong metal with a high melting point. Titanium has excellent resistance to corrosion in seawater. Titanium is stronger than steel, lighter in weight. Titanium is widely distributed and constitutes 0.44 percent of Earth’s crust. The metal is found combined in practically all rocks, sand, clay, and other soils. Titanium is not attacked by mineral acids at room temperature or by hot aqueous alkali. Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) in air, and at 610 °C (1,130 °F) in pure oxygen, forming titanium dioxide. Pure titanium is ductile, about half as dense as iron and less than twice as dense as aluminum; it can be polished to a high lustre.

A compound of titanium and oxygen was discovered (1791) by the English chemist and mineralogist William Gregor and independently rediscovered (1795) and named by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. These alloys are mainly used in aircraft, spacecraft and missiles because of their low density and ability to withstand extremes of temperature. They are also used in golf clubs, laptops, bicycles and crutches. Power plant condensers use titanium pipes because of their resistance to corrosion. Titanium metal connects well with bone, so it has found surgical applications such as in joint replacements and tooth implants. It is extensively used as a pigment in house paint, artists’ paint, plastics, enamels and paper. It is also a good reflector of infrared radiation.

5.Iron

Iron Fe is also a brittle and hard substance. Iron dissolves in dilute acids. It rusts easily. It is the most important of all metals. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Iron is rare in the Earth’s crust, limited mainly to deposition by meteorites. 90% of all metal that is refined today is iron. Iron can form magnets or be attracted to magnets. Pure iron is quite reactive. Iron reacts readily with oxygen and water to give brown to black hydrated iron oxides, commonly known as rust. The body of an adult human contains about 4 grams of iron, mostly in hemoglobin and myoglobin. Both the Earth’s inner and outer core, that account for 35% of the mass of the whole Earth, are believed to consist largely of an iron alloy, possibly with nickel.

Iron is also found combined with other elements in hundreds of minerals; of greatest importance as iron ore are hematite, magnetite, limonite , pyrite, goethite and siderite . The metal is extracted by smelting with carbon and limestone. People have been using iron for more than 5,000 years. In a very finely divided state metallic iron is pyrophoric. It is used in architecture, bearings, cutlery, surgical instruments and jewellery. Iron is Used to make bridges, electricity, pylons, bicycle chains, cutting tools and rifle barrels. Cast iron is used for pipes, valves and pumps. Iron is used in numerous sectors such as electronics, manufacturing, automotive, and construction and building.

6.Vanadium

In 1801, vanadium was discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio. It has good corrosion resistance, high strength at high temperature, and low density. Vanadium V has high resistance to alkalis, hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. It is found in different kinds of mill forms. It has high hardness when compared to most of the steels and metals. At a temperature of about 660°C, vanadium can be easily oxidized in air. It should be prevented from being exposed outside because it can react with oxygen and nitrogen gases. It is produced in China and Russia from steel smelter slag. Vanadium can be welded using TIG welding method if argon or helium is covered at front and back of a work piece.

About 80% of the vanadium produced is used as a steel additive. Vanadium-steel alloys are used for piston rods, armour plate, tools, crankshafts, axles. The vanadium redox battery for energy storage may be an important application in the future. Vanadium(V) oxide is used as a pigment for ceramics and glass, as a catalyst and in producing superconducting magnets. It is usually found in carbon containing deposits that include coal, tar sands, oil shale and crude oil. Vanadium is mainly applied in parts having low density, good low temperature ductility, high strength at high temperatures, and good corrosion resistance in bad environments. It is used in jet engines, air frames, nuclear reactors and gears etc.

7.Lutetium

Lutetium Lu is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry air, but not in moist air. The lutetium atom is the smallest among the lanthanide atoms, due to the lanthanide contraction. Lutetium has the highest density, highest melting point, and hardness of the lanthanides. It is found with almost all other rare-earth metals. Lutetium is very difficult to separate from other elements. It reacts slowly with water, but dissolves rapidly in acids. Lutetium was independently discovered in 1907 by French scientist Georges Urbain, Austrian mineralogist Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, and American chemist Charles James. Lutetium usually occurs in association with the element yttrium. It burns readily at 150 °C to form lutetium oxide. Lutetium dissolves readily in weak acids. Lutetium, derived from the Latin Lutetia. It is sometimes used in metal alloys. Lutetium has the highest Brinell hardness of any lanthanide. Lutetium has a concentration of around 0.8 to 1.7 ppm in the Earth’s crust.

It is estimated that nearly 0.03% of lutetium is present in monazite ores. It is used as catalysts in petroleum production and used in polymerization and alkylation. It is used for cracking hydrocarbons. It is used in detectors of positron emission topography that detects cellular activity of the body. It is used in cancer treatment. Lutetium aluminium garnet has been proposed for use as a lens material in high refractive index immersion lithography. It is also used in magnetic bubble memory devices and light-emitting diode light bulbs. Lutetium-177 used as a radionuclide in neuroendrocine tumor therapy and bone pain palliation. Lutetium is considered to be one of the toxic metals. Hence inhalation of this compound is very dangerous as it might lead to fatal conditions. Some skin disorders can occur if we contact with Lutetium.

  1. Zirconium

Zirconium chemical element Zr is extremely resistant to heat and corrosion. Gems that contain zirconium were known in ancient times as zircon. Zircon is a natural semi-precious gemstone found in a variety of colors. Zirconium is lighter than steel and its hardness is similar to copper. Zirconium does not dissolve in acids and alkalis.
Zirconium is a very strong, malleable, ductile, lustrous silver-gray metal. It is solid at room temperature. In powder form, zirconium is highly flammable, but the solid form is much less prone to ignition. The melting point of zirconium is 1855 °C (3371 °F), and the boiling point is 4371 °C (7900 °F).
Zirconium occurs in about 30 mineral species. More than 1.5 million tonnes of zircon are mined each year, mainly in Australia, South Africa and Sri Lanka . Most baddeleyite is mined in Brazil. In 1789, the German chemist, Martin Klaproth analysed a zircon and separated zirconium in the form of its ‘earth’ zirconia, which is the oxide ZrO2.

For the Ancient Egyptians the scarab beetle was a symbol of regeneration and creation, conveying ideas of transformation, renewal and resurrection. The Ancient Egyptians used zircon gemstones in jewellery. Zirconium does not absorb neutrons, making it an ideal material for use in nuclear power stations. Space and aeronautic industries use Zirconium to manufacture high-temperature parts like blades, combustors, and vanes in jet engines. In photographic flashbulbs and surgical instruments, to make the glass for television, in the removal of residual gases from electronic vacuum tubes, and as a hardening agent in alloys, especially steel.
It is extensively used by the chemical industry. Zirconium(IV) oxide is used in ultra-strong ceramics. Scissors and knives can be made from it. It is also used in antiperspirants, cosmetics, food packaging and to make microwave filters. With niobium, zirconium is superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconducting magnets. Baddeleyite and impure zirconium (zirconia) are used in lab crucibles.

  1. Osmium

Osmium chemical element Os is a shiny, silver metal that resists corrosion. It is the densest of all the elements and is twice as dense as lead. Of the platinum metals it has the highest melting point, so fusing and casting are difficult. Osmium is un effected by water and acids, but dissolves with molten alkalis.
Most osmium is obtained commercially from the wastes of nickel refining. Osmium is a rare element and found in the Earth’s crust. It is difficult to fabricate. In 1803AD, Osmium was discovered by Smithson Tennant when dissolving an impure sample of platinum in aqua regia, a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids.

It is also a member of the platinum group metals or PGMs (along with Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Iridium and Platinum) as well as being a transition metal. The name Osmium is derived from the Greek word Osme, which means odor. The largest known primary reserves of osmium include South Africa and Canada. It is added to platinum or indium to make them harder. It is used to produce very hard alloys for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, needles and electrical contacts. It is also used in the chemical industry as a catalyst. It is used in making high-quality pen nibs, compass needles, long-life gramophone needles and clock bearings. Osmium tetroxide, OsO4, is highly toxic. Concentrations in air as low as 10-7 g m-3 can cause lung congestion, skin damage, and severe eye damage.

10.Tantalum

Tantalum Ta appears as a shiny and silvery metal in its soft and pure form but Tantalum is in the form of hard, rare, blue-grey, lustrous metal. It is highly conductive of heat and electricity. It shows excellent resistance to all acids in normal temperature. This metal is corrosion resistant and is bound to chemical attack below 150 C. It has a high melting point of about 3017 °C and a boiling point of about 5458 °C. The chemical inertness of tantalum makes it a valuable substance for laboratory equipment, and as a substitute for platinum. Tantalum was discovered in Sweden in 1802 by Anders Ekeberg, in two mineral samples one from Sweden and the other from Finland. The name tantalum was derived from the name of the mythological Tantalus, the father of Niobe in Greek mythology. Tantalum carbide, TaC, like the more commonly used tungsten carbide, is a hard ceramic that is used in cutting tools.

Tantalum causes no immune response in mammals, so has found wide use in the making of surgical implants. It can replace bone, for example in skull plates; as foil or wire it connects torn nerves; and as woven gauze it binds abdominal muscle. Tantalum alloys can be used for turbine blades, rocket nozzles and nose caps for supersonic aircraft. It is employed in the manufacture of capacitors. Used as an alloy due to its high melting point and anti-corrosion. It is used mainly as an alloying medium as it is helpful for hardening metals. It is utilized in the chemical industries. It has a high number of medical as well as dental applications. Tantalum causes many health-related problems such as irritation of the skin and eye when inhaled, ingested or when it gets absorbed into the skin.

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THE 10 GREAT MOST PRECIOUS METALS IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT MOST PRECIOUS METALS IN THE WORLD

A Metal is any of a class of substances characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as by malleability, ductility, and high reflectivity of light. Approximately three-quarters of all known chemical elements are metals. The vast majority of metals are found in ores. Metals are usually crystalline solids. Metals have a relatively simple crystal structure distinguished by a close packing of atoms and a high degree of symmetry. Precious metals are metals that are rare and have a high economic value, due to various factors, including their scarcity, use in industrial processes, and role throughout history as a store of value. The single most popular precious metal for investment purposes is gold, followed by silver. Investors purchase precious metals mainly as a financial asset. The most popular precious metals with investors are gold, platinum, and silver. Here are the 10 most precious metals in the world.

  1. Rhodium

Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant chemical element . Rhodium is a member of the platinum group. Rhodium is one of the of the six platinum group metals: platinum, palladium, rhodium, osmium, iridium and ruthenium. It is chemically inert transition metal. It is one of the most valuable precious metals. It was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. Rhodium has both a higher melting point and lower density than platinum. Rhodium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth’s crust. It is mostly mined from Russia, South Africa and Canada. Rhodium it is unaffected by air and water up to 1,112 degrees Fahrenheit (600 degrees Celsius), according to Lenntech. It does not react to oxygen easily. It occurs up to one part per 200 million in the Earth’s crust, according to Chemistry Libretexts.

The primary use of this element is in automobiles as a catalytic converter, changing harmful unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxide exhaust emissions into less noxious gases. Pure rhodium is inert and harmless in elemental form. Rhodium detectors are used in nuclear reactors to measure the neutron flux level and used to form drug precursors and the processes for the production of acetic acid. It is used as an alloying agent for hardening and improving the corrosion resistance of platinum and palladium. It is used for its reflective surfaces in search lights, mirrors and jewellery finish, giving everything it touches a lovely shine. It is also used in electric connections and is alloyed with platinum for aircraft turbine engines.

  1. Platinum

Platinum is one of the rare elements in Earth’s crust. Platinum is a dense, malleable, ductile, element. This is highly unreactive, silverish-white transition metal. It is highly precious metal commodity and it is one of the least reactive metals. It occurs mostly in South Africa, which accounts for 80% of the world production. It occurs naturally in the alluvial sands of various rivers, it was first used by pre-Columbian South American natives to produce artifacts. Mostly used for a lot of weapons, aeronautics and dentist equipment due to its high level of resistance.

Platinum is used in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewelry. Compounds containing platinum, such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin, are applied in chemotherapy against certain types of cancer. Platinum is often found chemically uncombined as native platinum and as alloy with the other platinum-group metals and iron mostly. It has various applications in photography, zinc etchings, indelible ink, plating, mirrors, porcelain coloring. This highly malleable metal is incredibly resistant to corrosion and sought after for its metallic shine and lustrous look.

  1. Gold

Gold is one of the least reactive chemical elements and it occurs naturally. Gold is available in free elemental form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins, and in alluvial deposits. Gold is a chemical element with dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity. It was one of the first metals to attract human attention. Because of its unique qualities, gold has been the one material that is universally accepted in exchange for goods and services. Most mined gold is stored as bullion. The term ‘carat’ indicates the amount of gold present in an alloy. 24-carat is pure gold, but it is very soft. 18- and 9-carat gold alloys are commonly used because they are more durable. It is a bright, slightly reddish yellow in color. This color is determined by the frequency of plasma oscillations among the metal’s valence electrons. The world consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry. It has emotional, cultural and financial value and different people across the globe buy gold for different reasons.

Gold is a precious metal that has been used for coinage, jewelry, and other arts. Gold’s resistance to corrosion and also used in infrared shielding, colored-glass production, gold leafing, and tooth restoration. Certain gold salts are still used as anti-inflammatories in medicine. It is usually found in nature in a comparatively pure form. Gold is used in art, for decoration and as architectural ornament. This is used in gears for watches, artificial limb joints. It is ideal for protecting electrical copper components because it conducts electricity well. A gold compound is used to treat some cases of arthritis. The metal remains a highly regarded reserve asset, and approximately 45 percent of all the world’s gold is held by governments and central banks for this purpose. About 1500 tonnes of gold are mined each year. About two-thirds of this comes from South Africa and most of the rest from Russia. A total of 197,576 tonnes of gold exists above ground, as of 2019.

  1. Ruthenium

Natural ruthenium consists of a mixture of seven stable isotopes. It is a hard, white transition metal. Russian-born scientist of Baltic-German ancestry Karl Ernst Claus discovered this element in 1844 at Kazan State University. Ruthenium is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Silver-grey ruthenium metal looks like platinum but is rarer, harder, and more brittle. Ruthenium is a chemical element and is inert to most other chemicals. The composition of the mined platinum group metal (PGM) mixtures varies widely, depending on the geochemical formation. For example, the PGMs mined in South Africa contain on average 11% ruthenium while the PGMs mined in the former USSR contain only 2%. Ruthenium, like the other platinum group metals, is obtained commercially as a by-product from nickel, and copper, and platinum metals ore processing. Because of its high melting point, ruthenium is not easily cast; its brittleness, even at white heat, makes it very difficult to roll or draw into wires.

It is used in some jewellery as an alloy with platinum. Most ruthenium produced is used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors. During electro refining of copper and nickel, noble metals such as silver, gold, and the platinum group metals precipitate as anode mud, the feedstock for the extraction. Most is used in the electronics industry for chip resistors and electrical contacts. Ruthenium oxide is used in the chemical industry to coat the anodes of electrochemical cells for chlorine production. Ruthenium is also used in catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid production. Ruthenium compounds can be used in solar cells, which turn light energy into electrical energy. The industrial application of metallic ruthenium is restricted to use as an alloy for platinum and other metals of the platinum group. Roughly 30 tonnes of ruthenium are mined each year.

  1. Iridium

Iridium also has the highest density of all the elements. Iridium is not affected by acids, bases, or most other strong chemicals. Iridium is the most corrosion-resistant element even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C (on the Periodic Table of Elements). It is very rare and is used in platinum alloys. A precious, silver-white metal, iridium is hard and brittle, but it becomes ductile and can be worked at a white heat, from 1,200°. Iridium is found in meteorites in much higher abundance than in the Earth’s crust. It is one of the densest terrestrial substances. Iridium is considered to be the second-densest metal. Iridium’s modulus of elasticity is the second-highest among the metals. Iridium was discovered in 1803 among insoluble impurities in natural platinum. Smithson Tennant, the primary discoverer, named iridium.

Iridium is one of the rarest elements in Earth’s crust, with annual production and consumption of only three metric tons. The most important iridium compounds in use are the salts and acids it forms with chlorine, though iridium also forms a number of organo metallic compounds used in industrial catalysis, and in research. A member of the platinum group metals, iridium is white, resembling platinum, but with a slight yellowish cast. Because of its hardness, brittleness, and very high melting point, solid iridium is difficult to machine, form, or work. It is the only metal to maintain good mechanical properties in air at temperatures above 1,600 °C (2,910 °F). It used for pen tips and compass bearings. It was used in making the standard metre bar, which is an alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium. It is also used for the contacts in spark plugs because of its high melting point and low reactivity.

  1. Osmium

A gray-white metal, osmium is very hard, brittle, and difficult to work, even at high temperatures. It is the densest naturally occurring element. Pure osmium metal does not occur in nature. British chemist Smithson Tennant discovered osmium in 1803 in the residue left when crude platinum was dissolved by aqua regia. It is a bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. The element’s abundance in the Earth’s crust is among the rarest, with an abundance of only 50 ppt in the earth’s crust. It is approximately twice as dense as lead and slightly denser than iridium. It has a very low compressibility. Of the platinum metals it has the highest melting point, so fusing and casting are difficult. Osmium has seven naturally occurring isotopes, six of which are stable.

Osmium powder reacts slowly with the oxygen of the air and gives off detacteble amounts of osmium tetroxide vapour. Osmium is mainly found alloyed with other platinum metals, from which it is recovered commercially. The most important ores are either iridosmine and osmiridium. Iridosmine is a rare mineral found in Russia and in North and South America. It is used to produce very hard alloys for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, needles and electrical contacts. It is also used in the chemical industry as a catalyst. Osmium wires were used for filaments of early incandescent lamps before the introduction of tungsten. Osmium tetroxide, OsO4, is highly toxic concentrations in air as low as 10-7 g m-3 can cause lung congestion, skin damage, and severe eye damage.

  1. Palladium

Palladium is unique in its ability to absorb hydrogen and very malleable element. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGMs). They have similar chemical properties. Palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them. Palladium is a key component of fuel cells, which react hydrogen with oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water. Russia was the top producer with 82,000 kilograms, followed by South Africa, Canada and the U.S. Russia’s company Norilsk Nickel ranks first among the largest palladium producers globally, accounting for 39% of the world’s production. More than half the supply of palladium and its congener platinum is used in catalytic converters, which convert as much as 90% of the harmful gases in automobile exhaust into less noxious substances.

Palladium is also used in electronics, dentistry, medicine, hydrogen purification, chemical applications, groundwater treatment, and jewelry. Palladium is used in small amounts (about 0.5%) in some alloys of dental amalgam to decrease corrosion and increase the metallic lustre of the final restoration. Palladium heated to 800 °C will produce a layer of palladium(II) oxide (PdO). Palladium is also used watch making, blood sugar test strips, aircraft spark plugs, surgical instruments, and electrical contacts. Palladium is also used to make professional transverse flutes. Palladium can be used for component and connector plating in consumer electronics and in soldering materials. Unlike platinum, palladium may discolor at temperatures above 400 °C (752 °F) due to oxidation, making it more brittle and thus less suitable for use in jewelry.

  1. Rhenium

Rhenium is a silvery-white metal with one of the highest melting points of all elements, exceeded by only tungsten and carbon. It also has one of the highest boiling points of all elements, and the highest among stable elements. Rhenium is extremely hard and a heavy metal. Rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth’s crust. Rhenium has the third-highest melting point and second-highest boiling point of any stable element at 5903 K. Rhenium is expensive, with price reaching an all-time high. Rhenium has a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure. Rhenium does not occur free in nature or as a compound in any distinct mineral; instead it is widely distributed in small amounts in other minerals, usually in concentrations averaging about 0.001 parts per million. It resists wear and corrosion very well. Rhenium was discovered in 1908 and it is the second-last stable element to be discovered. The isolation of rhenium was finally achieved in May 1925 by Walter Noddack and Ida Tacke working in Berlin.

Rhenium was the second last-discovered of the elements that have a stable isotope. It is used in the combustion chambers, turbine blades, and exhaust nozzles of jet engines. These alloys contain up to 6% rhenium, making jet engine construction the largest single use for the element. The second-most important use is as a catalyst: rhenium is an excellent catalyst for hydrogenation and isomerization, and is used for example in catalytic reforming of naphtha for use in gasoline. These alloys are used for oven filaments and x-ray machines. It is also used as an electrical contact material as it resists wear and withstands arc corrosion. Rhenium catalysts are used for the hydrogenation of fine chemicals. Some rhenium is used in nickel alloys to make single-crystal turbine blades. It is used on filaments, electronic casings and often comes as by-product of copper mining.

  1. Silver

Silver is a relatively soft, shiny metal. It tarnishes slowly in air as sulfur compounds react with the surface forming black silver sulfide. Silver is a white, lustrous transition metal. It exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. Silver has long been valued as a precious metal. The metal is found in the Earth’s crust in the pure, free elemental form, as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining. It is probable that both gold and silver were used as money by 800 BCE in all countries between the Indus and the Nile. This metal constitutes 0.05 part per million of Earth’s crust. Silver is found generally in lead ores, copper ores, and cobalt arsenide ores and is also frequently associated with gold in nature. Silver also contain the important metals lead, copper, or zinc or a combination of the three. Alloys of silver with copper are harder, tougher, and more fusible than pure silver and are used for jewelry and coinage.

Silver has antibacterial properties and silver nanoparticles are used in clothing to prevent bacteria from digesting sweat and forming unpleasant odours. Silver is used in solar panels, water filtration, jewellery, ornaments, high-value tableware and utensils, in electrical contacts and conductors, in specialized mirrors, window coatings, in catalysis of chemical reactions, as a colorant in stained glass and in specialised confectionery. Its compounds are used in photographic and X-ray film. Silver also finds use as a catalyst for its unique ability to convert ethylene to ethylene oxide, which is a precursor of many organic compounds. Silver is used to make mirrors, as it is the best reflector of visible light known. It is also used in dental alloys, solder and brazing alloys, and batteries. Silver paints are used for making printed circuits. Silver threads are woven into the fingertips of gloves so that they can be used with touch screen phones.

  1. Indium

Indium is a soft, ductile, malleable, lustrous metallic metal with silvery white color which is used in the semiconductor industry, in low-melting- point metal alloys such as Lead-free solders. It is stable in air and water. Indium is named after the bright indigo line in its spectrum. Our Indium products include indium ingot, indium granules, indium foil, indium wire, indium coin, Indium Ribbon, indium oxide etc. It is not an alkali metal. It is a post-transition metal that makes up 0.21 parts per million of the Earth’s crust. Indium was discovered in 1863 by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter by spectroscopic methods. Indium is a minor component in zinc sulfide ores and is produced as a byproduct of zinc refinement. Indium is considered a technology-critical element. The density of indium, 7.31 g/cm3, is also greater than gallium, but lower than thallium. Indium Foil is made by pure Indium Ingot which is very soft and shapable metal. Indium foil has great thermal conductivity.

Indium is produced exclusively as a by-product during the processing of the ores of other metals. Its main source material are sulfidic zinc ores. Minor amounts are probably also extracted from sulfidic copper ores. The primary consumption of indium worldwide is LCD production. Popularity of LCD computer monitors and television sets, which now account for 50% of indium consumption. The first large-scale application for indium was coating bearings in high-performance aircraft engines to protect against damage and corrosion. Now it can be found in fusible alloys, solders, and electronics. Indium(III) oxide and indium tin oxide (ITO) are used as a transparent conductive coating on glass substrates in electroluminescent panels. Indium nitride, phosphide and antimonide are semiconductors used in transistors and microchips. An indium alloy has been used for fire-sprinkler systems in shops and warehouses because of its low melting point. People can be exposed to indium in the workplace by inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, and eye contact leads to lung disease.

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THE 10 GREAT MOST IMPORTANT CROPS IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT MOST IMPORTANT CROPS IN THE WORLD

A crop is cultivated plant that is grown on a large scale commercially, especially a cereal, fruit, or vegetable. A lot of something produced during a particular cycle. Most crops are harvested as food for humans or fodder for livestock. Some crops are gathered from the wild. 10 most important crops in the world are as follows.

1.Corn

yellow corn
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Corn is the most produced grain in the world. It’s the seed of a plant in the grass family, native to Central America but grown in countless varieties worldwide. It’s a staple food for the majority of sub-Saharan Africa, and is a great source of carbohydrates, protein, iron, vitamin B, and minerals. It’s rich in antioxidants. Corn is a starchy vegetable and cereal grain that has been eaten all over the world for centuries. Corn is also known as maize. It is being used more and more for ethanol. Corn is typically yellow but comes in a variety of other colors, such as red, orange, purple, blue, white, and black. A greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain, U.S. is the world’s largest maize producer. In the United States the colourful variegated strains known as Indian corn are traditionally used in autumn harvest decorations.

It is a starchy vegetable that comes as kernels on a cob, covered by a husk. Corn is primarily composed of carbs. Popcorn and sweet corn are popular varieties. Whole-grain foods may have several health benefits, including reduced risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure. Dietary intake of antioxidants, most notably carotenoids like zeaxanthin and lutein, may boost eye health. The fiber in whole grains can support healthy digestion in various ways. Some evidence suggests that whole grains can help reduce inflammation. Some health benefits linked to fiber may help lower your risk of cancer. 1-ounce (28-gram) serving of whole grains was linked to a 5% lower risk of death. The six major types of maize are dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, and sweet corn. It’s a key ingredient in baked goods, pastas, noodles, couscous, bulgur and semolina.

  1. Wheat
agriculture arable barley blur
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Wheat covers more of the earth than any other crop. It Grown all over the world, wheat covers more of the earth’s surface than any other cereal crop. It’s a resilient crop, growing in the dry and cold climates where rice and corn cannot. Botanically, the wheat kernel is a type of fruit called a caryopsis. Wheat is grown on more land area than any other food crop. Global demand for wheat is increasing due to the unique viscoelastic and adhesive properties of gluten proteins, which facilitate the production of processed foods, whose consumption is increasing as a result of the worldwide industrialization process and the westernization of the diet. Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food. As one of the first grains to be domesticated, modern wheat developed from cultivation starting in the middle East about 9-11,000 years ago in the fertile crescent of the middle east.

Wheat is one of the oldest and most important of the cereal crops. Whole-grain wheat can be a rich source of various antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. The health effects of starch mainly depend on its digestibility, which determines its effect on blood sugar levels. Wheat is the leading source of vegetable protein for humans worldwide. Enriched wheat flour may be a good source of iron, thiamine, niacin, calcium, and vitamin B6. Wheat is an important source of carbohydrates. It has a protein content of about 13%, which is relatively high compared to other major cereals but relatively low in protein quality for supplying essential amino acids. The most important are common wheat used to make bread; durum wheat used in making pasta such as spaghetti and macaroni; and club wheat , a softer type, used for cake, crackers, cookies, pastries, and flours. Additionally, some wheat is used by industry for the production of starch, paste, malt, dextrose, gluten, alcohol, and other products.

  1. Rice
rice field during golden hour
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Rice may be even more important than corn as a food crop, since corn is used for other purposes outside consumption. Rice is the staple food of over half the world’s population. It is the predominant dietary energy source for 17 countries in Asia and the Pacific, 9 countries in North and South America and 8 countries in Africa. Thus, rice is the source of more than 1/5th of all calories consumed by humans. It may also be the thirstiest crop. According to the U.N. farmers need at least 2,000 liters of water to make one kilogram of rice. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production. Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. A detailed analysis of nutrient content of rice suggests that the nutrition value of rice varies based on a number of factors. It depends on the strain of rice, such as white, brown, red, and black (or purple) varieties having different prevalence across world regions. It also depends on nutrient quality of the soil rice is grown in, whether and how the rice is polished or processed, the manner it is enriched, and how it is prepared before consumption.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the oldest cereal grains in the world, and people have grown it for at least 5,000 years. 90% of the world’s rice comes from Asia. Brown rice contains a higher amount of dietary fiber than white rice. However, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. The rice plant can grow to 1–1.8 m (3 ft 3 in–5 ft 11 in) tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility. The leaves are long and flattened and are borne on hollow stems. The fibrous root system is often broad and spreading. The panicle, or inflorescence , is made up of spikelets bearing flowers that produce the fruit, or grain. Rice yields vary considerably, ranging from 700 to 4,000 kilograms per hectare (600 to 3,500 pounds per acre). Rice provides 20% of the world’s dietary energy supply, while wheat supplies 19% and maize (corn) 5%. Types of rice are
1.Long grains have a slender kernel over four times as long as they are wide. When cooked, long grain rice stays separate and fluffy (e.g., Jasmine and Basmati rice).
2.Medium grains have a shorter, wider kernel, yielding a tender and semi-sticky consistency when cooked (e.g., Arborio rice).
3.Short grains have a kernel only twice as long as they are wide, and yield the stickiest texture when cooked (e.g., “sushi” rice).

  1. Potatoes
photo of pile of potatoes
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Potatoes are the number one non-grain food product. Potatoes are edible tubers, available worldwide and all year long. They are relatively cheap to grow, rich in nutrients, and they can make a delicious treat. Originally grown in the Andes, the Spanish introduced Europe to the potato in the 16th century and the starchy crop hasn’t looked back since. China is now the largest potato-producer worldwide. The potato is a root vegetable native to the Americas, a starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum. Wild potato species, originating in modern-day Peru, can be found throughout the Americas, from Canada to southern Chile. potatoes were domesticated approximately 7,000–10,000 years ago. There are now over 5,000 different types of potatoes. They are now the biggest vegetable crop in the United States (U.S.), where the average person eats 55 pounds, or 25 kilograms (kg) of potatoes every year. It remains an essential crop in Europe, especially Northern and Eastern Europe, where per capita production is still the highest in the world. Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that grow about 60 cm (24 in) high, depending on variety, with the leaves dying back after flowering, fruiting and tuber formation. There are about 5,000 potato varieties worldwide.

Dozens of potato cultivars have been selectively bred specifically for their skin or, more commonly, flesh color, including gold, red, and blue varieties. A raw potato is 79% water, 17% carbohydrates (88% is starch), 2% protein, and contains negligible fat. A raw potato provides 77 kilocalories. Potatoes might help reduce inflammation and constipation. Potatoes contain important nutrients, even when cooked, that can benefit human health in various ways. The iron, phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, and zinc in potatoes all help the body to build and maintain bone structure and strength. Potassium, calcium, and magnesium are all present in the potato. These have been found to decrease blood pressure naturally. A higher intake of potassium and a lower intake of sodium to a reduced risk of all-cause mortality and heart disease. Potatoes contain folate. Folate plays a role in DNA synthesis and repair, and so it prevents many types of cancer cells from forming due to mutations in the DNA. Dietary fibers are commonly recognized as important factors in weight management and weight loss. Vitamin C works as an antioxidant to help prevent damage caused by the sun, pollution, and smoke. Vitamin C also helps collagen smooth wrinkles and improve overall skin texture.

5.Cassava

Cassava is a root vegetable widely consumed in developing countries. Cassava also called manioc, mandioca, or yuca, tuberous edible plant of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) from the American tropics. It is a perennial plant, cassava is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. It provides some important nutrients and resistant starch. In the humid and sub-humid areas of tropical Africa, it is either a primary staple food or a secondary costaple. The most commonly consumed part of cassava is the root, which is very versatile. One important note is that cassava root must be cooked before it is eaten. Cassava’s importance in Africa and South America can not be overstated. As a drought-resistant crop that does well in poor soils, cassava is a starch-heavy lifesaver for low-income areas.

Cassava eaters know that the roots and leaves must be cooked in order to lose that toxic level of cyanogenic glucosides. Boiled cassava root also contains small amounts of iron, vitamin C and niacin. Consuming high-calorie foods on a regular basis is associated with weight gain and obesity. Cassava may be dangerous if consumed raw, in large amounts or when it is prepared improperly. This is because raw cassava contains chemicals called cyanogenic glycosides, which can release cyanide in the body when consumed. Many people in these countries suffer from protein deficiencies and depend on cassava as a major source of calories. It is used for food, animal feed, and industrial purposes. It is providing a basic diet for over half a billion people. Cassava is classified as either sweet or bitter.

  1. Soybeans

Soybeans are members of the pea (legume) family of vegetables. They are an important component of Asian diets and have been consumed for thousands of years. Today, they are mainly grown in Asia and South and North America. Soybeans are a globally important crop, providing oil and protein. The soybean is native to East Asia. Soybean products, such as textured vegetable protein (TVP), are ingredients in many meat and dairy substitutes. Soybeans are among the best sources of plant-based protein. Soy beans contain significant amounts of phytic acid, dietary minerals and B vitamins. 100 grams of raw soybeans supply 446 calories and are 9% water, 30% carbohydrates, 20% total fat and 36% protein (table). The protein content of soybeans is 36–56% of the dry weight. Soybeans are a rich source of essential nutrients, providing in a 100 gram serving high contents of the Daily Value (DV) especially for protein (36% DV), dietary fiber (37%), iron (121%), manganese (120%), phosphorus (101%) and several B vitamins, including folate (94%) (table). The fat content is approximately 18% of the dry weight mainly polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, with small amounts of saturated fat.

High contents also exist for vitamin K, magnesium, zinc and potassium (table). Soybeans contain antioxidants and phytonutrients that are linked to various health benefits. Consumption of soy protein has been linked with a modest decrease in cholesterol levels. Soy offers a ‘complete’ protein profile. Soybeans also contain high levels of protease inhibitors. The Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) of soy protein is the nutritional equivalent of meat, eggs, and casein for human growth and health. Soybeans are a good source of several vitamins and minerals, including vitamin K1, folate, copper, manganese, phosphorus, and thiamine. Soybeans and soy foods may reduce the risk of a range of health problems, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), some cancers as well as improving bone health. Adults who include at least 25g soy protein daily in a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol can reduce LDL cholesterol by about 3–4%.

  1. Sweet potatoes

Sweet potatoes are sweet, starchy root vegetables that are grown worldwide. They come in a variety of sizes and colors including orange, white, and purple. Sweet potatoes are another crop native to South America that is now majorly produced by China. They are only distantly related to regular potatoes. Sweet potatoes are a great source of protein, vitamins A and C, iron, fiber and calcium. They grow very harmoniously with the earth. Sweet potatoes contain two types of fiber: soluble and insoluble. These are rich in antioxidants that protect your body from free radical damage, and chronic disease. Purple sweet potatoes have been found to slow the growth of certain types of cancer cells in test-tube studies. Antioxidants may help reduce Trusted Source the risk of various types of cancer, including prostate and lung cancer.

Sweet potatoes are incredibly rich in beta-carotene, the antioxidant responsible for the vegetable’s bright orange color. Severe vitamin A deficiency is a concern in developing countries and can lead to a special type of blindness known as xerophthalmia. Eating foods rich in beta-carotene, such as orange-fleshed sweet potatoes, may help prevent this condition. Consuming purple sweet potatoes may improve brain function. Vitamin A is critical to a healthy immune system, and low blood levels have been linked to reduce immunity. White skinned sweet potato improved insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes.

  1. Sorghum

It is drought and heat tolerant and thus an important crop in arid regions where major cereals do not produce sufficient yields. Sorghum grain contains gluten free, high in resistant starch, and more abundant and diverse phenolic compounds compared to other major cereal crops. Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide. It is also known as great millet, durra, jowar, or milo, is a grass species cultivated for its grain, which is used for food for humans, animal feed, and ethanol production. Consumption of sorghum, however, has decreased considerably in many African countries, especially in urban areas. Arid regions love sorghum. Overall consumption of sorghum has gone down in many African countries. Sorghum bicolor is the name of the edible plant. It has other, wilder relatives that are grown as foliage.

Bicolor is typically an annual, but some cultivars are perennial. It grows in clumps that may reach over 4 m high. Sweet Sorghum is primarily grown for forage and syrup production. Sorghum is cultivated in many parts of the world today. In India, where it is commonly called jowar, sorghum is one of the staple sources of nutrition in Rajasthan and the Deccan plateau states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana. An Indian bread called bhakri, jowar roti is prepared from this grain. This grain is used for making liquor, animal feed, or bio-based ethanol. White sorghum is preferred for making tortillas. The starch and protein in sorghum is more difficult for animals to digest than the starches and protein in corn. In hogs, sorghum has been shown to be a more efficient feed choice than corn when both grains were processed in the same way.

  1. Yams

Yams are closely related to lilies and grasses. Most yams are produced in West and Central Africa, with Nigeria far and away the biggest producer in the world. Yam is the common name for some plant species in the genus Dioscorea that form edible tubers. It is cultivated for the consumption of their starchy tubers in many temperate and tropical regions, especially in Africa, South America and the Caribbean, Asia, and Oceania. Yam plants can grow up to 15 m (49 ft) in length and 7.6 to 15.2 cm (3 to 6 in) high. The tuber may grow into the soil up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) deep. They can get up to almost five feet in length. The plant disperses by seed. The substance ranges in color from white or yellow to purple or pink in mature yams.

Many cultivated species of Dioscorea yams are found throughout the humid tropics. Yam supplies 118 calories per 100 grams. Yams vary in size from that of a small potato to a record 130 pounds. There are over 600 varieties of yams and 95% of these crops are grown in Africa. Yams are consumed as cooked starchy vegetables. Yam flesh ranges in colour from white to yellow, pink, or purple and varies in taste from sweet to bitter to tasteless. Yams are the first harvested crop of the year, which marks the beginning of several Yams Festivals throughout Africa.

  1. Plantains

plantains are originally from Southeast Asia. Plantains are a staple food in the tropical regions of the world, ranking as the tenth most important staple food in the world. Many cooking bananas are referred to as plantains. They may be eaten ripe or unripe and are generally starchy. Cooking bananas are banana cultivars in the genus Musa whose fruits are generally used in cooking. The term “plantain” is used only for true plantains, while other starchy cultivars used for cooking are called “cooking bananas”. Plantains contain less sugar than dessert bananas, therefore they are usually cooked or otherwise processed before being eaten. Mature, yellow plantains can be peeled like typical dessert bananas. Despite its similar look to the banana, plantains differ from bananas in structure, feel, taste and use. They are a good source of potassium and dietary fiber. Plantains are very similar in their nutrition content, containing a variety of vitamins, minerals and fiber.

Plantains are lower in sugar than bananas, and they are cooked before eating. In Africa, plantains and bananas provide more than 25 percent of the caloric requirements for over 70 million people. An average plantain provides about 920 kilojoules (220 kilocalories) of food energy and is a good source of potassium and dietary fiber. They are now grown all over the world, including in India, Egypt, Indonesia and tropical regions of the America. It contains high levels of potassium, a mineral. Adequate potassium intake may help lower blood pressure and reduce heart disease risk. Overall worldwide production of plantains have been dropping since the 1970s. They also share potential health benefits. Eating more fiber from vegetables and fruits like bananas has repeatedly been linked to lower body weight and weight loss. Potassium is a mineral that is essential for heart health especially blood pressure control. Fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of dietary antioxidants. Potassium is essential for healthy kidney function.

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THE 10 GREAT BIGGEST FOOTBALL STADIUMS IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO THE CAPACITY

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT BIGGEST FOOTBALL STADIUMS IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO THE CAPACITY

Any of several games played between two teams on a usually rectangular field having goalposts or goals at each end and whose object is to get the ball over a goal line, into a goal, or between goalposts by running, passing, or kicking. A stadium where football games are held. athletic facility available here. The buzz of attending the most memorable sporting events on the planet has as much to do with the atmosphere in the stadium as it does the competing teams. There’s an importance in showcasing the national or team culture throughout a stadium. Each stadium preserves its own unique identity. For most stadiums though, their sheer size and capacity is what sets them apart and generates a truly epic experience. Predictably, the USA have solid representation in the top 10 biggest stadiums in the world.

1.RUNGRADO 1ST OF MAY STADIUM – 150,000

The Rungrado 1st of May Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium on Rungra Island, Pyongyang, North Korea. It opened on 1 May 1989. The site occupies an area of 20.7 hectares (51 acres). Officially the world’s largest by capacity, Pyongyang, North Korea’s Rungrado 1st of May Stadium takes top spot. The name of this stadium comes from Rungrado Islet in the Taedong River, upon which it is located, and May Day, the international labour day. Its crenated roof has 16 arches which are arranged in the shape of a ring, and it resembles a magnolia blossom. It has eight storeys in all and stands at an impressive height of more than 60 metres from the ground. The 60-metre long canopy is enough to cover the section of the stands. The mayflower shaped arena was built as a national symbol of power and size and accommodates 150,000 people.

The venue holds many events, from football to athletics but is largely used for parades and shows, most notably the annual Arirang Mass Games. The stadium has 80 exits and ten lifts. The stadium has many training halls, recreation rooms, an indoor swimming pool, an ultrasonic bath, a sauna, beds and many other modern facilities, which help the players in their training needs and make them feel comfortable. It also has many dining rooms, a broadcasting room and telex booths. As the world largest stadium it hosts the largest performance in the world, the Mass Games performance which involves over 100,000 performers. And this has been confirmed by the Guinness Book of World Records. As Ahmedabad inaugurates the world’s largest cricket stadium, here’s a look at the other sporting arenas that pack in crowds in the thousands.

2.MICHIGAN STADIUM – 113,065

From the time it opened in 1927 until today, Michigan Stadium has maintained its status of being one of the largest stadiums in college football. Prior to playing at Michigan Stadium the Wolverines played at Ferry Field since 1906 and continually had to expand the stadium as interest in the team grew. With growing support, a new stadium was needed to accommodate fans. One word describes Michigan Stadium is huge. Fielding Yost, coach of the team designed a new stadium and the University of Michigan approved construction in April 1926. Built at a cost of $950,000, It was modeled after the Yale Bowl and was built of steel and concrete. When completed the stadium seated nearly 72,000 fans.

Yost designed the stadium so it could be expanded to seat up to 200,000 fans. The Michigan Wolverines played their inaugural first game at Michigan Stadium on October 1, 1927 against Ohio Wesleyan. The entire single tier grandstand circles the playing field. The official capacity when Michigan Stadium opened was 84,401, an enormous number during this time and was the largest stadium in the nation in 1927. Today, Michigan Stadium is the largest college football stadium in the nation. It is nicknamed “The Big House” because of its enormous size. For over 200 games the Wolverines have attracted more than 100,000 fans and hosted 111,238 fans in a game against Michigan State on November 20, 1999. Michigan Stadium is the site of the University of Michigan’s main graduation ceremonies; renovations in April 2008 caused that year’s ceremony to be moved to the Diag.

3.BEAVER STADIUM – 106,572

Beaver Stadium is a venue that is widely considered one of the most intimidating venues for opposing teams in US Collegiate sports. Beaver Stadium has been the home of the Nittany Lions since 1960 and is one of the largest stadiums in college football. Throughout the past century the Nittany Lions have played at several facilities including a stadium also named Beaver Stadium. The original Beaver Stadium was located on the west side of campus and seated 30,000 fans. Named for James Beaver, President of the Board of Trustees, the Nittany Lions played at the original Beaver Stadium from 1909 until 1959. The university decided to disassemble the stadium and move it to its current location after the 1959 season. The team played its first game in the rebuilt stadium on September 17, 1960 against Boston University. Beaver Stadium’s horseshoe configuration enabled it to have a seating capacity of 46,284. In 1976, the bleachers in the south end zone were expanded.

By 1978 the capacity was 76,000 after the track was removed from the stadium and the stadium was cut into sections and raised, adding new seats where the track was located. Two years later, the capacity was increased to 83,770 and lights were installed in 1984. An upper deck was added in 1991, increasing the capacity by 10,000. Continued fan support has allowed PSU to continue to improve and expand Beaver Stadium. This project included the addition of a 10,000 seat upper deck, a new video/scoreboard, 60 luxury suites, 4,000 club seats and new restrooms and concessions. The latest upgrade to Beaver Stadium was completed before the 2014 season as both video/scoreboards were upgraded. Today, Beaver Stadium is currently the largest stadium in college football with a capacity of 107,282, behind Michigan Stadium’s 108,000 seating capacity. Because of its size, Beaver Stadium has been named one of the scariest place for opposing teams to play.

4.OHIO STADIUM – 104,944

Nestled along the banks of the Olentangy River, Ohio Stadium is one of the most recognized landmarks in college sports. As you cross over the Lane Avenue Bridge and look to the right in astonishment, it’s obvious to passerby’s that you are headed to Ohio Stadium, home of the Buckeyes. In fact, Ohio Stadium, also known as “the Shoe”, was added to the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service. With a seating capacity of 102,780, it’s the fourth largest football stadium in college football. The history of the stadium dates back to 1913 when the Buckeyes played at Ohio Field and a new stadium was needed because of growing support for the team. Ohio State wanted to build a stadium large enough to accommodate fans that were interested in the sport. It is one of the best college football stadiums in the nation. The university commissioned Howard D. Smith to design a double decked horseshoe stadium in 1918. After securing the funding to build the new stadium, construction began in August 1921.

Built of steel and concrete, the stadium was constructed at a cost of $1.3 million. At Ohio Stadium on October 7, the Buckeyes played their first game, 1922 against Ohio Wesleyan. When it opened Ohio Stadium had a seating capacity of 66,210 in a unique, double decked horseshoe configuration. In 1984, a new scoreboard was added, and in 1991, 5,000 seats were added in the south end zone. This expansion included the removal of the Jesse Owens Track and lowered the field by 14 feet. Lowering the field allowed for additional rows of seating to be added. Furthermore, a 40 foot tall shell was added on the east and west sides of the stadium to allow the rim to be raised for an additional 17 rows of seats to be installed. A new video/scoreboard, 76 luxury suites and 2,500 club seats were also a part of this massive expansion project. In 2013, Ohio State announced plans to add an additional 2,500 seats in the south end zone at Ohio Stadium.

5.KYLE FIELD – 102, 733

The history of Kyle Field dates to the mid 1920s when it was constructed in two phases, 1927 and 1929, and named after Edwin J. Kyle, the athletic council President and the Dean of Agriculture who led the way in getting a new facility built for the Aggies. The university was founded as a rural military and agricultural school. Although, military training is no longer required, the university still has respect for military traditions and values. These are just a few of the many traditions that have built the university and its student body into being one of the most enthusiastic, loudest stadium’s in college football. Originally with a single tier grandstand in a horseshoe configuration around the playing field, Kyle Field has grown enormously with a seating capacity of over 32,000. The next expansion was completed before the 1980 season, when the third decks were added. The original grass field was replaced by Astroturf in 1970 but reverted back to grass before the 1996 season.

A $32.9 million expansion and renovation project was completed before the 1999 season. The original stands on the north side that formed the horseshoe were removed and a new massive three tier grandstand was built. This section, known as “The Zone” houses luxury suites, club seats, and the Texas A&M sports museum. This increased the seating capacity to 82,600. In February 2013 Texas A&M unveiled plans to expand Kyle Field, making it one of the largest stadiums in the country. The $425 million expansion enclosed Kyle Field pushing the capacity to 102,512, making it the largest stadium in the SEC and one of the largest in college football. The two phases project was completed over two years. The first phase construction of the south end zone seating structure and the largest videoboard in sports at 47 feet tall by 163 feet wide. Construction of Kyle Field Phase two was completed by the 2015 season. The home of the Aggies is now one of the most intimidating stadiums in the country.

6.NEYLAND STADIUM USA – 102, 455

Neyland Stadium was born of humble beginnings. In 1919, W.S. Shields, a University of Tennessee trustee and President of the local bank, provided the money for a new stadium for the football program. The stadium and its fans are also a powerful recruiting tool as Tennessee has produced some of the finest athletes in the NFL today and the Volunteers plan to continue this trend long into the future. Completed in 1921, the stadium was originally known as Shields-Watkins Field, after Shields and his wife Alice Watkins. The Volunteers played their inaugural first game at the stadium on September 24, 1921 against Emory and Henry. The first of 16 expansions of the stadium began in 1926, when a grandstand that could seat 3,600 was constructed. The same year, famous Vols head coach, Robert R. Neyland, began his tenure as head of the football program. Expansions to the stadium have continued over the years. Shields Watkins Stadium was renamed Neyland Stadium in 1962, after the famous Vols head coach. Seating increasing the capacity at Neyland Stadium to 91,249. In 1987, 42 luxury suites were added to the stadium and an additional 78 were added prior to the 2000 season. The Neyland Stadium was completed after bringing the capacity to 104,544.

Artificial turf was at the stadium from the 1968 season until 1993, when it was replaced with grass. In 2004, the University of Tennessee approved a $200 million master plan to expand and renovate Neyland Stadium in five phases. The first phase included renovating the east side in 2006 by adding new club seats. This decreased the seating capacity to just over 102,000. The next phase was completed on the west side before the 2009 season as skyboxes, the pressbox and club areas were renovated. The concourses were also revamped and expanded with new restrooms and concession areas. Also included in this renovation project was the installation of a 4,000 square foot HD video/scoreboard. It includes the Tennessee Terrace, a 1,800 club seat area, the Gate 21 plaza and a new brick facade. Today the capacity of Neyland Stadium is 102,455. Today, Neyland Stadium is one of the most well known stadiums in the sport. It is one of the loudest stadiums in football with two decks of seats enclosing the playing field. Expansions over the years have been worth it, as Neyland Stadium is consistently voted as one of the best college football stadiums.

7.TIGER STADIUM – 102, 321

Perhaps one of the most popular stadiums in baseball history, Tiger Stadium was the home of
the Detroit Tigers for nearly a century. Located at the corner of Michigan and Trumbull Avenues, it was a mecca for generations of Tiger fans. Baseball was first played at this location in 1896 when Detroit owner Arthur Van Der Beck bought the club. A new ballpark of steel and concrete was constructed on the same site after demolishing of wood. Homeplate was moved from right field to the location where it was until Tiger Stadium closed. On April 20, 1912 the Detroit Tigers played their first game at their new ballpark, named Navin Field after the club’s owner, Frank Navin. A press box was added on top of the roof. The 1930s expansion project gave Tiger Stadium its look that it retained for 70 years. In 1935, Navin Field was renamed Briggs Stadium after owner Walter O. Briggs. Construction was completed by April 1937 and Briggs Stadium could seat 36,000 fans. After expansion, Briggs Stadium was now enclosed and had a capacity of 54,500, making it one of baseballs largest stadiums. Dimensions were 340 ft. (left), 440 ft. (center), and 325 ft. (right).

Night baseball came to Briggs Stadium on June 15, 1948. During the same year, the press box was extended around the third deck. In 1961, Briggs Stadium was renamed Tiger Stadium when the team was bought by John Fetzer. Tiger fans became outraged in 1972. Then original green seats with new orange and blue seats, a new video/scoreboard replaced the old hand operated one in centerfield, a new press box with two luxury suites were hung. Concessions and restrooms were updated, and new blue and white siding was added to the facade of the stadium. A food court called the Tiger Plaza was completed. From the green grass to the green seats and eventually the blue and orange seats, Tiger Stadium reminded fans what baseball was like in 1914. By the early 1990s the owner of the Tigers wanted a new luxurious ballpark for team. A new ballpark for the Tigers was built in downtown Detroit, and the club moved to Comerica Park after the 1999 season. The last game at Tiger Stadium was on September 27, 1999.

8.BRYANT-DENNY STADIUM – 101, 821

Situated in the heart of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Bryant-Denny Stadium is home to the University of Alabama NCAA College football team. Nearly 100,077 fans hanging in the Bryant-Denny Stadium, home of the Alabama Crimson Tide since 1929. The recording of former coach Bear Bryant’s voice is broadcast throughout the stadium. Today Bryant Denny Stadium is one of the largest stadiums in the nation; however it took hard work and multiple expansions to finally reach this point. The University of Alabama has played football for over a century, but it took nearly four decades before they began to play at Bryant Denny Stadium. George Hutchenson Denny Stadium was built on September 28, 1929. By 1946, bleachers were at both end zones of the stadium and the capacity reached 31,000. A new press box and 12,000 seats were added. Five years later the capacity increased to 60,000. In 1975, State Legislature renamed George Hutchenson Denny Stadium, Bryant-Denny Stadium, after legendary Alabama football coach, Paul “Bear” Bryant. The seating capacity of Bryant Denny Stadium increased again in 1988 when the upper deck was added on the west side, increasing the capacity to 70,123.

In 1998, the east side upper deck was constructed, bumping the capacity to 83,000. This project included 81 new skyboxes, a scoreboard on the south end, new lights, an east side entrance tower and a brick façade for the facility. Before the 2006 season, a $50 million expansion project increased the seating capacity to over 92,000, with new seats and skyboxes. The area was named the “Walk of Champions.” In November 2008, Alabama announced plans to expand Bryant Denny Stadium to seat 101,821 fans. This $65.6 million expansion was completed by the start of the 2010 season. It includes a 8,500 seat upper deck, 34 luxury seats, 1,700 club seats, a 1,500 seat stadium club and two new corner video boards, all on the south side of the stadium. This multi-phase project was completed in phases following the 2019 season. Included in this project are replacing the existing video boards will new larger ones, a new elevator bank on the west side of the stadium, reconfiguration of the Alabama locker room, expanding the recruiting room and a 10,000-square foot social area for students. Additionally the press box will be relocated to the east side of the stadium, replaced by 10 new luxury suites. This project reduced the overall seating capacity to just above 100,000.

9.DARRELL K ROYAL-TEXAS MEMORIAL STADIUM – 100,119

The Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium at Joe Jamail Field is home to the University of Texas at Austin Longhorns football team. As The University of Texas continues at the forefront of the college football landscape, Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium at Joe Jamail Field remains a state-of-the-art facility since 1924. Stadium has delivered a great home field advantage with the team’s home record through the 2014 season being 359–105–10 (76.8%). The current official stadium seating capacity of 100,119. The South End Zone Addition will complete our Stadium bowl by replacing the existing bleachers at the south end of the Stadium. It is the ninth largest stadium in the world.

The addition will include new suites, clubs, loge boxes, sponsor amenities, new fan seating, an upgraded video scoreboard, and new coaches’ offices as well as upgrading the existing Moncrief-Neuhaus Athletic Center with the latest Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Services technologies. This expansion on the south end zone will provide enhanced game day experience for our fans and create additional revenue for Texas Athletics along with further supporting our student athlete services, recruitment, retention, and help keep football revenues at a high level. This construction made the stadium the largest in the Big 12 Conference, the eighth largest stadium in the United States.

10.MELBOURNE CRICKET GROUND (MCG) – 100,024

The Melbourne Cricket Ground is regarded as Australia’s premier sporting venue. For over one hundred years, it has played host to many of the country’s biggest cricket and Australian Rules Football matches, and many other significant sporting contests besides. It was, in fact, even the centrepiece of the Olympic Games of 1956. Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC) founded in November 1838. The Melbourne is an Australian sports stadium located in Yarra Park, Melbourne, Victoria built in 1853. It is the largest stadium in the Southern Hemisphere. It is adjacent to Melbourne Park and is part of the Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct. The total seating capacity brought to 100,024.

Prior to a series of developments in the 1980s and 1990s, it possessed a capacity of around 125,000; since that time, the extension of individual seating to virtually all of its reaches has reduced that figure to somewhere closer to 97,000. In short, it is an imposing stadium: the three-tiered Great Southern Stand bounds the perimeter of one half of the ground and holds close to 50,000 people; there are also vast banks of seating in the Ponsford Stand, Olympic Stand and Members’ Reserve. It is also replete with a Gallery of Sport, two giant electronic scoreboards, and a vast array of corporate and media facilities. The club’s first game was against a military team at the Old Mint site, at the corner of William and Latrobe Streets.

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THE GREAT 10 BEST GAME APPS FOR ANDROID MOBILE

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE GREAT 10 BEST GAME APPS FOR ANDROID MOBILE

Mobile game apps are a weird culture right now. Some refer to them as games and many others as mobile games. Some even call them game apps. We already have a list for the best Android games and best free Android games. All of these games take excellent advantage of things only phones have. No other gaming platform has a touch screen and an accelerometer as well as Bluetooth, GPS, and the ability to play in two different orientations. It boosts problem solving skills. It reduces stress. Many mobile games are essentially brain-training tools that allow players to work through problems and improve their ability to think critically. Taking a few moments to think about something other than work, it allows your brain to recharge, refocus, and find nonlinear approaches to find work solutions. Brain-training benefits improve problem-solving, mobile games provide new stimuli that can get creative juices flowing, and gives your non-conscious brain a turn at the wheel.

Generally Game is an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment. Game is usually governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve to ensure fair competition, and allow consistent adjudication of the winner. Games kept societies fit and healthy while building strong communities and boosting morale. One of the best reasons for kids and adults to play Game is for the incredible health benefits. The Game tends to involve vigorous exercise.
Here are the best game apps for Android.

1.Halfbrick Studios games

Halfbrick Studios is a developer on Google Play. Halfbrick Studios Pty Ltd is an Australian video game developer based in Brisbane founded in 2001. They have some of the most popular and fun mobile game apps out there. Their collection includes classics like Fruit Ninja, Fish Out of Water and Jetpack Joyride along with others like Dan the Man and Raskulls. Fruit Ninja Nation is a new, fun-filled playlist made up of anything and everything that celebrates the phenomenon that is Fruit Ninja. In Fruit Ninja by Halfbrick, you are a ninja that is tasked with slicing as much fruit as you can while avoiding obstacles such as bombs.

These games represent some of the most popular. Fruit Ninja is classic arcade and Jetpack Joyride is classic infinite runner. Dan the Man is a decent mobile runner or fighter as well. These games all have simple, quick mechanics and serve as excellent time killers. Their newest game, Booster Raiders, is still under construction but it looks like it’s going to fit right into Halfbrick’s lineup. Halfbrick has been on the forefront of the Australian game development industry for many years.

2.Monument Valley 1 and 2

Sequel to the award-winning Monument Valley, Monument Valley 2 presents a brand new adventure set in a beautiful and impossible world. Monument Valley is one of the most iconic mobile game app franchises. The first turned heads with its M.C. Escher style puzzles, simple mechanics, and fun graphics. The second continues that tradition. Both games feature the same basic game play. You twist and move levels around to open new paths. Both games are a little short.

Both are also single-pay games with no in-app purchases or advertisements. The first Monument Valley does have some DLC, though. The lead designer of these games also did Florence, an interesting slice-of-life game. Mekorama is another excellent mobile game in this genre. This one is also available to Google Play Pass subscribers for free. Guide a mother and her child as they embark on a journey through magical architecture, discovering illusionary pathways and delightful puzzles as you learn the secrets of the Sacred Geometry.

  1. Nintendo games

Nintendo is one of the wealthiest and most valuable companies in the Japanese market. The name Nintendo means ‘leave luck to heaven. Nintendo hit the ground running in the mobile space in a big way. They have a few noteworthy mobile game titles. They include Fire Emblem Heroes, Animal Crossing: Pocket Camp, and Super Mario Run. Animal Crossing and Fire Emblem are freemium titles. Super Mario Run is a premium title with a $9.99 price tag. It’s a lot better than its lackluster rating would have you believe and it is definitely among the best mobile platformers available. Fire Emblem Heroes and Animal Crossing: Pocket Camp are among the top in their respective genres as well.

Dragalia Lost was launched in September 2018 as well and it’s pretty good. We’re legitimately excited to see what Nintendo does next on mobile. Nintendo Co., Ltd. is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto. The company was founded in 1889 as Nintendo Karuta by craftsman Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards. It distributed its first video game console, the Color TV-Game, in 1977. It gained international recognition with the release of the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1985. British Academy Games Awards and Emmy Awards for Technology & Engineering, Game Developers Choice Awards achieved by this company.

  1. Noodlecake Studios

Noodlecake Studios is a small game studio based in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Founded in early 2011, Noodlecake found success with its first game, Super Stickman Golf, and has since expanded into publishing, releasing games on multiple platforms. Noodlecake Studios is a mobile game developer on Google Play. They have a ton of games. That includes fun puzzlers like Lumino City and FRAMED 1 and 2 along with shooters like Island Delta, arcade sports games like their Super Stickman Golf series and their Pumped: BMX series, and many others. Let’s not forget Alto’s Adventure and Alto’s Odyssey, their most popular games along with Farm Punks, the studio’s newest title.

Noodecake Studios games are generally fairly interesting and unique, even among games in the same genre. Things dip our toes into Android development. The games are NUTS, Motorball, Slash Quest, Summer Catchers, Papa Luizi’s Pizza, GIG GOG, Nood Climbrs, Possessions, Towaga, The Enchanted World, Stomped, Trail Boxss BMS ect. Motorball is latest online multi player game. mobile app downloads for Noodlecake Studios was 1m, including 200k iOS app downloads and 1m Android app downloads. Noodlecake Studios has a total of 438 apps, including 245 iOS apps, and 193 Android apps.

  1. Pokemon Go and Harry Potter: Wizard’s Unite

Pokemon Go (and similar games) is a uniquely mobile game. It requires your GPS for in-game navigation, your camera for the capture sequences, and Bluetooth if you buy the optional accessory. You basically roam the real world to capture Pokémon, overtake Gyms, conduct raid battles with other trainers, and collect Poke Stops. This isn’t a game you can experience on any other platform aside from mobile unless you cheat the game a lot.

From the makers of Pokemon GO, Harry Potter: Wizards Unite is the real-world augmented reality (AR) game that allows you to interact with the wizarding world in a new way. Take on dark wizards as an Auror, tame fantastic beasts as a Magizoologist or master spells for any occasion as a Professor. There are also other game apps in the real-world AR genre, including Jurassic World Alive and The Walking Dead: Our World. Niantic also recently launched Harry Potter Wizard’s Unite, a game similar to Pokemon Go but set in the Harry Potter universe.

6.Rayark rhythm games

Rayark is a gaming company located in Taipei ; Taiwan, working hard at developing original IPs for players to enjoy. We hope our insistence on the highest of standards and the layers of experience we provide are able to convey the rich and enticing values the gaming industry has to offer, as well as touch our players on a deep level. It was founded in September 2011 and has a branch in Tokyo ,Japan. Rayark is a developer on Google Play with arguably the best rhythm games on any mobile device. Its collection includes Cytus, Cytus II, Sdorica, Deemo, Voez, and Mandora. The latest game is Cytus II. “Cytus II” is a music rhythm game created by Rayark Games. It’s our fourth rhythm game title, following the footsteps of three global successes, “Cytus”, “DEEMO” and “VOEZ”.

This sequel to “Cytus” brings back the original staff and is a product of hardwork and devotion. In the future, humans have redefined internet development and connections. We can now easily sync the real world with the internet world, changing life as we have known for thousands of years. The games include smooth, colorful, and competently done rhythm game controls with catchy songs and plenty of free content. Many of them include permanent DLC as in-app purchases with more songs in case you run through the story line too quickly. Rayark is basically the whole rhythm genre on mobile with few good competitors. Rayark also released Soul of Eden, a mobile online combat game. It’s not a rhythm game but it’s still pretty good.

7.The Room series

The Room was one of the first truly good mobile puzzle games. The Room: Old Sins, launched in 2018, showed us that the devleopers still had their chops. These are gorgeous games with fun puzzles, easy controls, and a little bit of the arcane. Most of the games include Google Play Games support, a bunch of puzzles, excellent graphics, and later installments include multiple endings. There are four games total in the series. They range from $1.99 for The Room to $4.99 for The Room: Old Sins. None of them have ads or any additional in-app purchases. The Room helped make mobile gaming better and it still does, even today.

Welcome to The Room, a physical puzzler, wrapped in a mystery game, inside a beautifully tactile 3D world. Begin a mind-bending journey filled with beauty, peril and mystery in equal measure. Be transported into a unique space that blends spellbinding visuals with intriguing problems to solve. We’ve teamed up with Team 17 & are excited to announce that The Room has been beautifully rebuilt and remastered for Nintendo Switch and is now available from the eShop. A mysterious invitation leads to the attic of an abandoned house. In the room is a cast-iron safe laced with strange carvings and on top, a note from your distant companion. It promises something ancient and astonishing concealed in the iron chamber

8.Square Enix games

Square Enix dove into the mobile landscape long before most of their competitors. They ported a bunch of their old console classics, but also launched a variety of made-for-mobile games that are truly outstanding. Some of the titles include Final Fantasy Brave Exvius, Heavenstrike Rivals, Dissidia Final Fantasy Opera Omnia, and many others. They also have a healthy number of game ports from other consoles, like most early Final Fantasy games as well as newer titles like Life is Strange. We also still really like Bethesda’s Fallout Shelter and Blizzard’s Hearthstone, despite their age.

Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd. is a Japanese video game holding company and entertainment conglomerate, best known for its Final Fantasy, Dragon Quest, and Kingdom Hearts role-playing video game franchises, among numerous others. The Square Enix is headquartered in the Shinjuku Eastside Square Building in Shinjuku, Tokyo. The original Square Enix Co., Ltd. was formed in April 2003 as the result of a merger between Square and Enix, with the latter as the surviving company. some retail games where Square Enix was the developer or primary publisher after its formation. Square Enix Games Final Fantasy Origins, Dragon Warrior, Final Fantasy Chronicles, Torneko The Last Hope, Parasite eve, Valkyrie, Chrono Cross, Thread of Fate, Legend of Mana, Front Mission 3, Saga Frontier 2 etc.

9.Supercell games

Supercell Oy is a Finnish mobile game development company based in Helsinki, Finland. Founded on May 16, 2010, the company’s debut game was the browser game Gunshine.net, and after its release in 2011, Supercell started developing games for mobile devices. Our launch in 2010, we’ve brought five games to the global market – Hay Day, Clash of Clans, Boom Beach, Clash Royale and Brawl Stars. Supercell opened additional offices in Tokyo, Shanghai, San Francisco, and Seoul. Supercell is another developer of some very popular mobile game apps. Their titles include Clash Royale, Clash of Clans, Brawl Stars, and Boom Beach. They have other titles, such as Brawl Stars, as well. These games are light, fluffy, simple, and addicting. You can play them for years if you have the patience for it.

Clash of Clans and Boom Beach are kingdom builders with real-time strategy elements. Clash Royale is a card dueling game like Blizzard’s Hearthstone, and Brawl Stars is a mix between a fighter and a MOBA. They’re all freemium games and they all have tons of active players for multiplayer activities. Supercell focuses on the development of free-to-play games that yield profits through the in-game micropayments. The company’s objective is to focus on the successful games that stay popular for years.

10.Zynga’s With Friends games

Zynga has a series of online multiplayer games with simple themes. They include Words With Friends (similar to Scrabble), Chess With Friends, Crosswords With Friends, and Draw Something (similar to charades). These games take classic board or party games. Most people know how to play these already. The mechanics are simple and games use turns and not real time. Thus, someone can send a move and you can get to it when you want instead of paying attention all of the time.

They are freemium games, but they’re usually pretty fun. Zynga with Friends is a video game developer founded in 2008 by brothers Paul Bettner and David Bettner, and their cousin Michael Chow. In November 2008, Newtoy, Inc. released its first game for the iPhone and iPod touch, Chess with Friends, an asynchronous multiplayer game released for the Apple App Store. It released its second game for iPhone and iPod touch, Words with Friends and Zynga with Friends released its third game, Hanging with Friends, on June 9, 2011.

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THE GREAT 10 MOST SPOKEN LANGUAGES IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE GREAT 10 MOST SPOKEN LANGUAGES IN THE WORLD

A language is a structured system of communication used by humans consisting of speech and gestures. Approximately 6,500 languages are spoken in the world today. Each and every one of them make the world a diverse and beautiful place, but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli for example, in writing, whistling, signing, or braille. Almost half of the world’s population claims one of only 10 languages as their mother tongue. Determining what are the most spoken languages in the world is a more difficult task. In today’s increasingly globalized world, having a shared means of communication or an international language, rather it is more important than ever. A spoken language is a language produced by articulate sounds, as opposed to a written language. The relationship between spoken language and written language is complex. This is an approximate list of languages by the total number of speakers. Top 10 languages of the world are as follows.

1.English

text on shelf
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English is an Indo-European language and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. English is still the most-spoken language around the world, not due to its native speakers alone, but because many others learn it as a second language. It is a part of the West Germanic language family and is present in six of seven continents as an official language. While English and Mandarin Chinese come close when looking at their total number of speakers, English has a wider geographical distribution. English is classified as an official language in 67 different countries worldwide. With over 1.1 billion speakers worldwide, English is currently the closest we’ve come to a lingua franca, a common language that connects people from different backgrounds.

The relative ease with which English can be picked up and the pervasive soft power of US culture means that English will continue to dominate the world stage for the foreseeable future. English is the majority native language in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland, an official and the main language of Singapore, and it is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean, Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. English speakers are called “Anglophones”. It is also an official language of India, the Philippines, Singapore, and many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including South Africa. English language, which is comprised of over 1,000,000 words. a common language that connects people from different backgrounds.

  1. Mandarin Chinese

The second most spoken language in the world is Mandarin Chinese. Mandarin Chinese is spoken in 13 countries. 1,117 million people will speak Mandarin Chinese in the world. Mandarin Chinese is recognized as an official language in just five regions. It has the largest number of native speakers of any language and is spoken by 70% of all Chinese speakers. Many people fear learning Mandarin due to its 50,000 different characters, but 2,500 characters would be enough to understood. Mandarin originated in North China and most Mandarin languages and dialects are found in the north. It is used as one of the working languages of the United Nations. It is also one of the most frequently used varieties of Chinese among Chinese diaspora communities internationally and the most commonly taught Chinese variety.

The English word “mandarin” originally meant an official of the Ming and Qing empires. Traditionally, seven major groups of dialects have been recognized. Aside from Mandarin, the other six are Wu, Gan and Xiang in central China and Min, Hakka and Yue on the southeast coast. It is the native language of two-thirds of the population. Mandarin is the dominant form of Chinese in China. There is an estimated 100,000 Chinese characters. Mandarin has four tones and an additional neutral tone. Mandarin Chinese is not the official language in Hong Kong nor in Macau. Mandarin is the official language in 3 countries. It’s Considered One of the Hardest Languages to Learn. Chinese Has Different Calligraphy Styles .

  1. Hindi

Hindi is an Indo-European language. Hindi became the official language of India in 1965. Hindi and Urdu are almost completely mutually intelligible, so they are sometimes classified as one language, Hindustani, instead of two separate languages. Totally 615 million people will speak Hindi in the world. India has 23 official languages, with Hindi/Urdu chief among them. Mainly in northern India and parts of Pakistan, Hindi uses devnagri script, while Urdu uses Persian notation. At the time of writing, the debate about its role in Indian education and society has once again flared up: Prime Minister Narendra Modi, a Hindu nationalist, is seeking to have Hindi displace English in the southern Indian states as the primary language of official communication and education, a strategy that has been met with resistance.

Each letter of the Hindi alphabet has its own independent and distinct sound. India’s Hindi-speaking regions celebrate Hindi Day annually on 14th September. The word Hindi got its name from the Persian word ”Hind” which means “land of the Indus River”. Devnagari is written from left to right and consists of 11 vowels and 33 consonants. The alphabetical table of Hindi is called ‘Varnmala’ meaning ‘garland of letters’. Approximately 77% of Indians can read, write, speak or understand Hindi. The interesting fact about Hindi is it is taught in 176 of the world’s universities out of which 45 alone are in America. Hindi is one of the seven languages that are used to make web addresses.

  1. Spanish

Spanish is also the official language of a country in Central Africa, Equatorial Guinea. It has also seen an incredible development in its number of speakers due to its growing cultural influence. Totally 534 million people will speak Spanish in the world. Spanish only falls in second place behind Chinese, which is spoken by over a billion people and far outranks any other language. There are 21 countries that have Spanish as the official language. For many people in these 21 countries, it’s the only way to communicate and all official correspondence and documents are in Spanish. It is one of the easiest languages to learn. Spanish and English Share Large Vocabulary.

Spanish speakers often refer to their language as espanol as well as castellano, which is the Spanish word for “Castilian.” The earliest Spanish texts were written over 1000 years ago. The demand of learning Spanish is increasing. It is the official language or the de facto language of Spain, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Like most languages, Spanish has its own very unique words which can’t be translated in other languages.

  1. French

French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. In 1635, the French Academy was established, and it was the first organization ever to rule over a language. Totally 280 million people will speak French in the world. French is an official language in 29 countries, such as France, Belgium, Canada, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Congo, Mali, Senegal, and it is spoken on every continent. Along with English, French remains an influential language in the diplomatic world. Out of all the countries in the world, France is the most visited, boasting over 75 million tourists every year. Over 1.5 million Americans are native French speakers. Kinshasa is the world’s second largest French speaking city, after Paris, and before Montreal and Brussels. French is still a working language of the UN, the EU, and dozens of international organizations including the International Red Cross committee, International Labor Organization, Amnesty International, and Doctors without Borders.

New York, California and Florida have joined Louisiana and New England as the main centers of French in United States. French Popularity is Increasing. 29% of English Vocabulary Comes From French. French is Easier to Learn. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is also one of six official languages used in the United Nations. It is spoken as a first language in France; Canada ; Belgium ; western Switzerland ; Monaco; parts of Luxembourg; parts of the United States; northwestern Italy; and various communities elsewhere. Homephones are words sharing the same pronunciation but with different spellings and meanings. French has a great number of homophones.

  1. Standard Arabic

Arabic, like Chinese, is so vastly different in its respective dialects as to be effectively a number of languages, grouped as one for the sake of convenience. Totally 274 million people will speak Standard Arabic in the world. Modern Standard Arabic is a primarily written form, closely related to the Classical Arabic of the Quran. Arabic is the official language of the 26 countries that form the Arab League. As in other Semitic languages, Arabic has a complex and unusual method of constructing words from a basic root. IT IS AT LEAST 1,500 YEARS OLD. THE WORDS ARE WRITTEN FROM RIGHT TO LEFT; NUMBERS ARE WRITTEN FROM LEFT TO RIGHT. Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government and the media. Arabic has influenced many other languages around the globe throughout its history.

Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Hindustani , Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Malay , Maldivian, Pashto, Punjabi, Albanian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Sicilian, Spanish, Greek, Bulgarian, Tagalog, Sindhi, Odia and Hausa and some languages in parts of Africa. it is one of the six official languages of the UN, the others being English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese. Most of the countries that use Arabic as their official language are in the Middle East. Arabic is the sixth most-spoken language worldwide. The Arabic alphabet does not include capital letters. In the family tree of languages, Arabic belongs to the Afroasiatic family which is spread across the Middle East and a large part of Africa, consisting of 6 branches and around 300 living languages.

  1. Bengali

Bengali is the only language in the world to be also known for its language movements and people sacrificing their life for their mother language. Totally 265 million people will speak Bengali in the world. West Bengal, now part of India, from its counterpart East Bengal, now Bangladesh. It is the most widely spoken language of Bangladesh and the second most widely spoken of the 22 scheduled languages of India, after Hindi. It is the language of Kolkata. Bengali is the fifth most-spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by total number of speakers in the world. It is spoken by significant populations in other states including Arunachal Pradesh, Delhi, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Uttarakhand. There are two standard styles in Bengali: the Sadhubhasa and the Chaltibhasa.

The four main dialects roughly approximate the divisions of the Bengali-speaking world, known as Radha (West Bengalproper); Pundra, or Varendra (the northern parts of West Bengal and Bangladesh); Kamrupa (northeastern Bangladesh); and Bangla (the dialects of the rest of Bangladesh). Both the national anthems of Bangladesh (Amar Sonar Bangla) and India (Jana Gana Mana) were composed in Bengali. Bengali, also called Bangala, Bangla, Bangla-Bhasa, belongs to the Eastern group of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family. It is spoken in West Bengal; Tripura; Jharkhand, Dhanbad, Manbhum, Singhbhum, and Santal Parganas; Odisha, Mayar and Bales; Bihar; Assam, and Goalpara district (Ethnologue). Bengali has 29 consonants and it has 7 oral vowel phonemes.

  1. Russian

Russian is an East Slavic language native to the Russians in Eastern Europe. Russian is also the second-most widespread language on the Internet, after English. Russian shares strong similarities with Belorussian and Ukrainian. Russian is the 8th most-spoken language in the world. A few English words are of Russian origin. Totally 258 million people will speak Russian in the world. Famed for its inscrutable grammar and quite lovely Cyrillic script, it remains one of the six languages spoken in the UN. The Cyrillic alphabet has 33 letters; 10 vowels, 21 consonants, and 2 that have no sound. There are only about 200,000 words in the Russian language. Approximately 110 million Internet users speak Russian. If you want to be an astronaut, you have to learn Russian. Russian speakers outperform English speakers at distinguishing shades of blue. Word for German in Russian is nemetski, which means “those who can’t speak”. English speakers only understand 10% of the Russian language.

9.Portuguese

The fastest-growing European language after English is Portuguese. Totally 234 million people will speak Portuguese in the world. It is also the second-most spoken language, after Spanish, in Latin America. Portuguese was officially declared a language in 1290. avid Portuguese traders and conquerors brought their language to Africa, Asia and the Americas. The spread of Portuguese may have initially been tied to European colonization, but the colonized countries developed their own vibrant cultures that transformed the language forever. Today, Portuguese is spoken by 220 million native speakers in countries like Brazil, Goa, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bisseau, Sao Tome and Príncipe, and Macau. It’s also the language of Machado de Assis, Bossa Nova, Mia Couto, Fernando Pessoa, and Agualusa. Portuguese language, Portuguese Português, Romance language that is spoken in Portugal, Brazil, and other Portuguese colonial and formerly colonial territories.

Standard Portuguese was developed in the 16th century, basically from the dialects spoken from Lisbon to Coimbra. In 2008 the Portuguese parliament passed an act mandating the use of a standardized orthography based on Brazilian forms. It also has a presence on almost all of the continents. In fact, it is the official language in nine different countries: Portugal, Brazil, Mozambique, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Timor-Leste, Equatorial Guinea, Cape Verde, and São Tomé and Principe. There are over 5 million native Portuguese speakers in Africa. According to UNESCO, the language has high growth potential as an “international communication language in Southern Africa and South America.” Portuguese and Spanish are not mutually intelligible. It is the fastest-growing European language in the world – behind English.

10.Indonesian

Indonesia is the official language of Indonesia. Indonesian is a polite language. Totally 200 million people will speak French in the world. While Indonesians speak a variety of indigenous languages at home, the official language for formal education, governance, judiciary, administration, national mass media and several forms of communication is Bahasa Indonesia. It is easy to learn. Indonesia is rich in natural resources, such as gold, copper, tin, natural gas and crude oil. It has made a name for itself as a manufacturing center. Several of the major countries in the world are trade partners of Indonesia. Indonesian is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Bahasa Indonesia is a standardized dialect of Malay which had been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries, and which achieved the status of an official language with the declaration of independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands in 1945. The two languages are very similar in their sound system, grammar, and vocabulary.

Besides Indonesia, the language is also spoken in the Netherlands, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and the U.S. Standard Indonesian is based on the formal variety of the language spoken in Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia. Indonesian has been widely spoken in Southern Asia. It is spoken as a mother tongue by only 7% of the population of Indonesia, but altogether more than 200 million people speak it, with varying degrees of proficiency. The main purpose of loaning words from the Indonesian language is to describe things which are uniquely Indonesian like flora and fauna of the country, known as Cockatoo and Komodo. Both these English words have Indonesian roots. Indonesia is one of the richest countries in the world when it comes to the supply of natural resources like natural gas, crude oil, gold and copper. This is why more and more businesses are investing in Indonesian translation, in order to expand their business at the said location. It became the official language of Indonesia in 1945.

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