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THE GREAT 10 LARGEST NAVIES IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF SHIPS, AIRCRAFT CARRIERS, SUBMARINES

by Sree DivyaUncategorized

A Navy is the part of a country’s armed forces that is trained to operate at sea and it is a branch of a nation’s armed forces. A Country’s Navy recruits, trains, organize and arm up combat-ready maritime forces to win possible naval and amphibious conflicts while maintaining the security in the territorial waters of that country.  Every powerful country has its own navy force to defend itself on coastlines. The list will be based on number of ships, aircraft careers, submarines etc. This list is not based on the skills of navy persons or accomplishments of the navy.  The ranking is based on how much equipment a navy has and not based on how much capable they are.  Aircraft carriers have a full length flight deck, capable of carrying, deploying and even recovering aircraft, thereby merging two arms of the military. This excellent idea has enabled navies with aircraft carriers to position the ship in open waters, which do not fall under the jurisdiction of any sovereign nation, and deploy aircraft without requiring permission, reducing the distance that the aircraft has to travel allowing it to engage in combat longer. This is why the aircraft carrier is undisputedly the crown jewel of a navy fleet. Here are the great Largest 10 Navies in the World.

1.United States Navy

The most powerful navy in the world is United States Navy. The U.S. Navy is the world’s largest in terms of manpower and it also maintains an impressive fleet. It was founded on 13 October 1775. The U.S. Navy operates in nearly every major body of water around the globe: the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans, as well as the Mediterranean Sea, the Persian Gulf and the Horn of Africa. Navy SEALS are members of a Naval Special Warfare unit that are rigorously trained for unconventional warfare in any setting: on land, in the air, or at sea. As such, “SEAL” stands for “Sea, Air and Land”.  The Seabees are members of the United States Naval Construction Forces (NCF). Founded in 1942, the Seabees play an incredibly important role for the U.S. military.

The United States Navy currently has around 336,978 active-duty personnel, 279,471 civilian employees and 101,583 ready reserve personnel. The US Navy has over 490 total ships in its inventory.

The US Navy currently operates around 3900+ manned aircraft of which around 1200 are helicopters. At present, Stealth F-35 Lightning II and F-18 Super Hornet are the main fighter jets of the US Navy. The US Navy currently has 11 nuclear-powered aircraft carriers with 5th generation technology fighter jets and currently 10 helicopter carriers in the Nimitz class or assault ships. In addition to this, the US Navy currently has 66 nuclear-powered submarines, 91 destroyers, 19 corvettes, 13 patrols, 11 mine warfares and 0 frigates.

2. People’s Liberation Army Navy

China recently commissioned its first indigenous aircraft carrier and took another step toward altering the military balance of power. It was formed in September 1950. According to the PLA Daily, the Chinese navy has several hundred troops stationed on mountainous islands in the sea. Combat ships are out in the water for nearly two-thirds of the year. Every day, thousands of naval soldiers and officers go to work on hundreds of ships, and every single one of them is expertly trained to fight, should the need arise.  Blue-water training has become a regular practice for the Chinese navy. To enhance the nation’s convoy and combat capability, China has stepped up training away from home.  Every year, several hundred navy patrol trips are made to enhance the security of waters under Chinese jurisdiction. Beijing’s early modernization efforts primarily will benefit the People’s Liberation Army Navy and People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) over the next five years.

The Chinese Navy at present has around 255,000 active naval personnel and has over 750 naval ships. The Chinese Navy currently has approximately 690+ naval aircraft of which around 200 are helicopters. Su-30 J-10, J-11 and J-15 are the main fighter jets of the Chinese Navy. In addition to this, the Chinese Navy has 2 aircraft carriers, 74 submarines from which 20+ are nuclear-powered, 36 destroyers, 52 frigates, 50 Corvettes. 220 patrols and 29 mine warfares. The construction of new advanced warships is growing rapidly. It is expected that about 5 to 6 guidance missile cruisers of Type 055 destroyer are about to becompleted by this year. People’s Liberation Army Navy quickly arose as one of the world’s powerful maritime forces.

3. Russian Navy

Russian Navy has existed in various forms since 1696. The Russian navy is divided into four fleets: the Baltic, Black Sea, Northern, and Pacific, each with its own fleet air force, plus the Caspian Sea Flotilla. Sea power served to defend Russia’s expansive borders from expeditionary naval powers like Britain or the United States, and to support the Russian Army’s campaigns.  The modern Russian Navy retains legacy missions from the Cold War, but has taken on new roles in line with the General Staff’s evolved thinking on nuclear escalation, while adapting to the inexorable march of technological change that shapes military affairs. The Russian Navy has four principal missions: 1) defense of Russian maritime approaches and littorals; 2) executing long-range precision strikes with conventional or non-strategic nuclear weapons; 3) nuclear deterrence by maintaining a survivable second-strike capability at sea aboard Russian nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs); and 4) naval diplomacy, or what may be considered to be status projection.  The naval forces include shore-based troops, naval aviation units, four fleets, and one flotilla. The shore-based forces and naval aviation forces were operationally subordinate to the fleets. Soviet submarines were among the most feared weapons delivery systems in the Soviet arsenal.  The Soviet Union produced the world’s largest submarines—29,211-displaced ton, 562-foot-long typhoon class vessels— and the world’s fastest submarines—Alpha class nuclear powered vessels, which attained 40 knots.

The present iteration was formed in January 1992 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Russian Navy has approximately 150,000 active naval personnel and over 600 ships. The Russian Navy currently maintains around 360 naval aircraft of which around 120 to 160 are helicopters. Su-27, Su-33, Su-30 and MiG-29 are the main fighter jets of the Russian Navy. At present, it has 1 aircraft carrier, 62 submarines of which around 40 are nuclear power, 16 destroyers, 79 Corvettes, 10 frigates, 41 patrols and 48 mine warfares.

  1. Indian Navy

Indian Navy is also known by the name of Bharatiya Nau Sena. The headquarters of Navy is located in New Delhi. The Navy works under three commands: Western Command in Mumbai, Eastern Command in Vishakhapatnam and Southern Command in Cochin. All these commands are headed by a Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief. Naval persons constant serve the nation and sheer dedication are commendable. Ezhimala Naval Academy in Kerala is the largest naval academy in the whole of Asia. The crucial naval bases of Indian Navy are located in Mumbai, Kochi, Visakhapatnam, Goa, Chennai, Pune, Coimbatore, Chilka and Port Blair. Indian Navy was the first navy in the world to send a submariner to an expedition to Mt. Everest. The expedition was led by Lt. Cdr. M.S. Kohli in 1965. The most powerful navy in the world is India Navy. The Indian Navy pursues its origins back to the East India Company’s Marine which was founded in 1612. When India became a republic in 1950, it was named the Indian Navy.

The Indian Navy currently has around 70,000 active naval personnel and around 285 ships. Now coming to the size of naval aircraft the Indian Navy has approximately 250 aircraft of which around 100 are helicopters. Currently, MiG-29 and HAL Tejas are the main fighter jets of the Indian navy. It has 1 aircraft carrier, 10 destroyers, 16 submarines of which 3 are nuclear-powered, 19 corvettes, 13 frigates, 139 patrols and only 3 mine warfares.

  1. Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force

As the balance of power in Asia swings towards China, Japan is building one of the most modern and powerful naval forces in the world. Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force can be named as Japanese Navy in short. It was founded on 1 July 1954; 65 years ago. The maritime cooperation has significantly increased between the two sides with focus on information sharing and Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and Indo-Pacific.
As far as the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) is concerned, the white paper identifies three key points:
The JMSDF will maintain reinforced destroyer units including a new type of destroyers (FFM), minesweeper units, and embarked patrol helicopter units, and will organize surface units. The JMSDF will establish patrol ship units to enable enhanced steady-state ISR in the waters around Japan.
In order to conduct underwater ISR, and to engage in patrols and defense in the waters around Japan, the JMSDF will maintain reinforced submarine units.
In order to conduct wide-area airborne ISR, and to effectively engage in patrols and defense in the waters around Japan, the JMSDF will maintain fixed-wing patrol aircraft units.

Japanese Navy has 50,800 active naval personnel and around 155 ships. The Japanese Navy is one of the largest navies in the world. It currently has around 345 naval aircraft of which around 145 are helicopters. F-35 Lightning II is going to be the main fighter jets of the Japanese Navy in the future. At present, it has 4 helicopter carriers, 40 destroyers, 20 submarines, 0 frigates, 6 Corvettes, 6 patrols and 25 mine warfares.

  1. French Navy

The French Navy is one of the world’s oldest naval forces and was founded in 1624. On 10November 2020, the multi-mission frigate Bretagne successfully carried out a naval cruise missile (MdCN) firing drill. Training its crews in an operational situation allows the Navy to be ready to intervene in a combat situation. The MdCN allows the Marine Nationale to conduct land attack operations from the open sea and from the depths of the sea using multi-mission frigates and Suffren-class submarines. Bretagne is the fifth of six anti-submarine warfare FREMM frigates ordered for the French Navy. Built at Naval Group shipyard in Lorient, Bretagne was launched in September 2016 and was delivered to the French Navy on July 18 2018.

The French Navy has around 36,000 active naval personnel and 2800 civilians (2014). The French Navy has nearly 180 ships. Currently, besides the US Navy, the French Navy is the only navy to operating nuclear-powered aircraft carrier.
The French Navy currently operates around 178 aircraft of which 70+ are helicopters. Dassault Rafal is the main fighter jet of the French Navy. At the moment it has 1 nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, 3 helicopter carriers, 11 destroyers, 9 nuclear-powered submarines, 11 frigates, 17 patrols, 17 mine warfares and 0 corvettes.

  1. Royal Navy

Royal Navy, naval military organization of the United Kingdom, charged with the national defense at sea, protection of shipping, and fulfillment of international military agreements. The Royal Navy was the first branch of the British armed forces created and thus known as the “Senior Service”. It has distinguished itself amongst its contemporaries across the globe, winning battles across the high seas and turning its sailors into national heroes. Organized sea power was first used in England by Alfred the Great of Wessex, who launched ships to repel a Viking invasion. Naval activity continued to be local, defensive, and temporary until the 13th century, when Normandy was lost to France and trade was extended to Spain and Portugal. Ships were then used to transport soldiers to battles on land. After World War II the Royal Navy was second in size only to the U.S. Navy and continued to be a world leader in maritime, and especially antisubmarine, operations.

Royal Navy which is own by the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1546; 474 years ago. The Royal Navy currently has around 33,280 Regular active personnel, 3,040 Maritime Reserve and 7,960 Royal Fleet Reserve. The Royal Navy has currently 80 commissioned ships. It operates around aircraft of which around 80 are helicopters. The F-35 Lightning II is the main fighter jets of the Royal Navy. At present, the Royal Navy has 2 aircraft carriers, 6 destroyers, 10 nuclear-powered submarines, 13 frigates, 22 patrols and 13 mine warfares. It doesn’t have any corvette in its fleet.

  1. Republic of Korea Navy

The ROK Navy is the oldest branch of the South Korean armed forces, and celebrated its 65th anniversary in 2010. Since the Korean War, the ROK Navy concentrated its efforts to build naval forces to counteract the North Korean navy, which has littoral naval capabilities. As South Korea’s economy grew, the ROK Navy was able to build larger and better equipped fleets to deter aggression, to protect national maritime rights and to support the nation’s foreign policies. The mission of the navy during peacetime is not only to deter war, but also to protect national and maritime sovereignty, and perform activities that support national foreign policies and enhance national prestige. Its mission during war is to guarantee the safety of activities at sea by protecting the sea lines of communications (SLOCs), the life line of the country, and exercising control over the sea. At the same time, it must prevent enemy activities at sea, and carry out surprise amphibious operations against the enemy’s side and rear areas.

Powerful navy in the world is the Republic of Korea Navy also known as South Korea Navy and not the North Korean Navy. It was founded on November 11, 1945; 74 years ago. The South Korean navy currently has approximately 70,000 active naval personnel including 29,000 marines. The Republic of Korea Navy has around 234 ships. The South Korean navy currently operates around 70 naval aircraft of which 46 are helicopters. In the future F-35 Lightning II is going to be the main fighter jets of the South Korean navy. It currently has 2 helicopter carriers, 12 destroyers, 22 submarines, 18 frigates, 12 corvettes, 111 patrol boats and 11 mine warfares.

  1. Italian Navy

It is one of the four branches of Italian Armed Forces and it was formed in 1946 from what remained of the Regia Marina after World War II. The Italian Navy is a key player in international and national operations aimed at ensuring a global maritime security and providing emergency response. At international level, the ITN supports Dialogue and Cooperation conducting multinational joint operations under the aegis of UN, NATO, EU and on the basis of bilateral agreements. At home, ITN is engaged in large scale missions ranging from the safeguard of the underwater archaeological heritage, protection of marine environment to humanitarian assistance in case of disaster relief operations and evacuation of fellow citizens from areas at risk. The interagency operations are conducted on the basis of agreements with the Ministry for the Cultural Heritage, the Ministry of Environment, the Department of Civil Protection and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The Italian Navy currently has around 31,000 naval personnel and has around 250 ships. Italian Navy is one of the largest naval forces in Europe.
The Italian Navy currently operates around 100+ aircraft of which around 78 are helicopters. F-35 Lightning II is the main fighter jets of the Italian Navy. At present, the Italian Navy currently operates 2 aircraft carriers, 4 destroyers, 8 submarines, 12 frigates, 16 patrols and 10 mine warfares. It doesn’t have any corvettes.

  1. Turkish Naval Force

It was established as the Directorate of Naval Affairs during the Turkish War of Independence. The service has been officially known as the Turkish Naval Forces since July 1949. The Turkish Naval Forces or Turkish Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. It is one of the most powerful navy in the world is the Turkish Naval Force. In the 21st century, the modernization of Turkey’s Navy has become a focus of the country’s defense industry. A key element of this effort has been the MILGEM or National Ship program, under which the nation has produced frigates and corvettes equipped with advanced electronics and weapons systems. As part of the program, shipbuilders such as Yonca-Onuk, Ares, Dearsan and RMK Marine also produce patrol boats, which are a main element of Turkey’s export capability. The design diversity shows Turkey’s determination to design, develop and produce all kinds of modern and highly capable warships.” The country has exported more than 130 military ships to nations that include Malaysia, Georgia, Egypt, Indonesia, Qatar and Turkmenistan. “The MİLGEM project has been developed to perform reconnaissance and surveillance, target detection, identification and recognition, early warning missions and base and port defense, anti-submarine warfare, surface warfare, amphibious operations and patrol duties for Turkish Naval Forces.”

The Turkish Naval Force currently has around 48,600 active naval personnel and operates around 150 ships. It currently operates around 51 naval aircraft of which around 37 are helicopters. The Turkish Naval Force doesn’t have any aircraft carrier or destroyer. At present, the Turkish Naval Force has 12 submarines, 16 frigates, 10 corvettes, 35 patrols and 11 mine warfares.

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THE GREAT 10 LARGEST ARMIES IN THE WORLD BASED ON TROOP SIZE

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE GREAT 10 LARGEST ARMIES IN THE WORLD BASED ON TROOP SIZE

The army serves as a critical component of the military forces of many nations worldwide, comprising almost solely of land forces. Army is a unit capable of independent action and consisting of a headquarters, two or more corps, and auxiliary troops. It is an organized military force equipped for fighting on land.
Although peace is what the world is trying to promote in the modern era, each country still has their own military forces to back up the country. The mission of a military is to support the nation and bring peace to the nationwide citizen.

1.People’s Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF), China

The People’s Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF) of China is established in August 1927. PLAGF of China is the world’s biggest army, with an estimated 1.6 million troops. The PLAGF is one of the major military divisions of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA). The People’s Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF) is the land-based military service branch of the People’s Liberation Army and it is the oldest branch of the entire Chinese armed forces. The People’s Liberation Army Ground Force maintains close relationships with several paramilitary organizations within China.
Primarily the People’s Armed Police and the People’s Liberation Army Milita (PLA Milita), Both of these paramilitary organisations act as a reserve force for the PLAGF during a time of national emergency such as war or natural disaster. The Chinese military divides its units into two categories, Category A and Category B. Category A covers “full-training units” with complete armaments and full establishment. They have modern armaments, and undergo full-time, high-intensity military training. Category B units are “non-full-training units” which have out-of-date armaments, are under-manned, have low budgets, receive less training, often participate in productive labor, and have to have their weapons replaced and receive basic training before they can go into battle. The PLA operates under the command of the Central Military Commission. The active ground forces of the army are deployed across seven military regions in the country.

  1. Indian Army

The Indian Army Constists of 1.2 million troops and it is equipped with T-72 and Arjun tanks, BMP series infantry fighting vehicles, anti-tank guided missiles, Apache helicopters, fast reconnaissance vehicles, modern individual weapons, self-propelled artillery and air defence missiles. The Indian Army is the land-based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces. The Indian Army originated from the armies of the East India Company, which eventually became the British Indian Army, and the armies of the princely states, which were merged into the national army after independence. The primary mission of the Indian Army is to ensure national security and national unity, to defend the nation from external aggression and internal threats, and to maintain peace and security within its borders. It conducts humanitarian rescue operations during natural calamities and other disturbances, such as Operation Surya Hope, and can also be requisitioned by the government to cope with internal threats.
Top military sources said the “game-changing” proposal is being examined by top commanders of the Army and that its main aim is to bring people closer to the 13 lakh-strong force by giving them an opportunity to experience military life. Approximately 50 per cent to 60 per cent of the Short Service Commissioned Officers are granted permanent commission, the cost of their retention till attaining 54 years of age is too high. India’s military has been in the process of operationalising cyber and space commands for several years now. The mighty Indian military is one of the top five powers in the world – though growing civilian unrest is shifting the focus within. The Indian Army is commanded by the Chief of Army Staff (COAS). It employs a regimental system divided into mountain, infantry, and armoured and mechanised divisions.

  1. US Army

The US Army is one of the three military departments (army, navy and air force) working under the Department of Defence. It is mainly composed of active and reserve components. The US Army employs more than one million active-duty, reserve and National Guard members. The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution. The modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed 14 June 1775 to fight the American Revolutionary War. The mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation’s wars, by providing prompt, sustained land dominance, across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict. The United States Army is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. The US Army utilizes modern weaponry including tanks, armoured fighting vehicles, self-propelled and towed artillery, as well as missiles and rocket-launching systems.

4.Korean People’s Army Ground Force (KPAGF)

The Korean People’s Army Ground Force (KPAGF) is the major army of North Korea’s Korean People’s Army. Established in August 1947, the KPAGF is estimated to have a current strength of 950,000 troops. Korean People’s Military Land Group is the main branch of the Korean People’s Army, responsible for land-based military operations. South Korea could modernize its forces, which in turn alerted North Korea and resulted in the expansion of the North Korean armed forces. The weaker of the two Koreas has main branch of the Korean People’s Army responsible for land-based military operations. The North Korean ground force holds the arsenal of 4,300 tanks, 2,500 armoured vehicles, 8,600 field artillery systems and 5,500 multiple rocket launchers, according to latest estimates. Most of the artillery and missile systems are positioned close to the Demilitarised Zone (DMZ) dividing North and South Korea.
In 1960, the KPAGF may have totaled fewer than 400,000 personnel and probably did not rise much above that figure before 1972; the force then massively expanded over the next two decades. In 1992, there were 950,000 personnel. Before this expansion of the North Korean ground forces, the South Korean army outnumbered the KPAGF. From the 1970s on, South Korea started exceeding North Korea in terms of economics. Thus, South Korea could modernize its forces, which in turn alerted North Korea and resulted in the expansion of the North Korean armed forces. Korean People’s Army Ground Forces has six categories of ranks; marshals, general officers, senior officers, junior officers, Non-commissioned Officers, and Soldiers.

5.Pakistan Army

The Pakistan Army was formed in 1947 after independence from the British Empire. It is one of the world’s biggest armed forces. According to the estimation provided by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) in 2020, the Pakistan Army had approximately 560,000 active-duty personnel, supported by the Army Reserve and National Guard. The Pakistan Army’s primary objective and constitutional mission is to ensure the national security and national unity of Pakistan by defending it against external aggression or the threat of war. It can also be requisitioned by the federal government to respond to internal threats by maintaining peace and security within its land borders. The Pakistan Army, which is a major component of the Pakistani military alongside the Pakistan Navy and Pakistan Air Force, is a volunteer force which has seen extensive combat during three major wars with neighbouring India and several border skirmishes on its porous border with Afghanistan.

The Pakistan Army is commanded by the Chief of Army Staff, who is by statute a four-star ranking general and a senior member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan and subsequently affirmed by the President of Pakistan. Pakistan is purchasing over 20 weapon systems from China at low prices. The Pakistan Army engaged in three major wars against India. Most of the weapons used by the armed forces are of Chinese, European or American origin. The inventory mainly comprises small arms, armoured vehicles, artillery, helicopters and air defence systems.

6.Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army)

The South Korean Army was formed in 1948 after Korea divided into two nations. The Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) is the ground-based force of the South Korean armed forces. With the strength of 464,000 troops, the ROK Army is the largest of three divisions. The army has been going through rapid modernization, resulting in the induction of a range of advanced weapons and military technologies. The inventory of land forces is believed to comprise 2,300 tanks, 2,700 armoured vehicles, as well as more than 5,800 artillery pieces and multiple rocket launching systems. The South Korean army is structured to operate in both the mountainous terrain native to the Korean Peninsula and in North Korea with its 950,000 strong Korean People’s Army Ground Force, two-thirds of which is permanently garrisoned in the frontline near the DMZ.
The ROK Army was formerly organized into 3 armies: the First Army (FROKA), Third Army (TROKA) and Second Operational Command. Each with its own headquarters, corps, and divisions. Many experienced military seniors from the ROK Independence Force, Japanese Force, Manchurian Force and civilians from North and South Korea joined the ROK National Armed Force. The ROK Army makes up the core of Korea’s national defense. Its mission in peace time is to deter war with the help of the Navy and the Air Force; its wartime mission is to bring all ground combat to victory. Organized into the ROK Army Headquarters, three Field Army Commands, the Aviation Operations Command, the Special Warfare Command, and units to support these commands. Each field army, corps command, and division have its own artillery unit that provides effective fire support for the maneuver forces under it. These artillery units possess various sorts of artillery, targeting equipment, fire-control systems, and high-tech weapons that make them capable of timely and sustained fire support.

7.Ground Forces of the Russian Federation

The Ground Forces of the Russian Federation, also known as the Russian Army, is the major component of the Russian Armed Forces. The Russian Army was established in May 1992 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The ground force is controlled by the Ministry of Defence (MoD). The Ground Forces withdrew a large number of troops aboard the former Soviet garrisons and also simplified the command and control structures. The Ground Forces of the Russian Federation currently deploys 350,000 to 400,000 troops. The Ground Forces must be able to achieve these goals both in nuclear war and non-nuclear war, especially without the use of weapons of mass destruction. Furthermore, they must be capable of protecting the national interests of Russia within the framework of its international obligations.
The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces is the President of Russia. It is the most powerful military in Europe. Armed forces under the Ministry of Defence are divided into: 1. The three “branches of Armed Forces” the Ground Forces, Aerospace Forces, and Navy. 2. The two “separate troop branches” the Strategic Missile Forces and Airborne Forces. 3. The “special forces of Armed Forces”: the Special Operations Forces. 4. The Logistical Support, which has a separate status of its own. The Russian Armed Forces now have a totally new set of objectives that could be broken down into the following four major dimensions: 1.Deterring the military and political threats to the security or interests of the Russian Federation. 2. Supporting economic and political interests of the Russian Federation. 3. Mounting other-than-war enforcement operations. 4. Using military force.

8.Egyptian Army

The Egyptian Army is the largest service within the Egyptian Armed Forces, with 350,000 troops deployed in Operation Desert Storm. The Egyptian Army is largely equipped with US-made weapons and holds an inventory of Soviet-era arms and Chinese weapons, as well as indigenous combat systems. Egypt receives $1.6bn in military aid from the US each year, making it the second largest recipient of military aid after Israel. Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the northern reaches of the Nile River in Egypt. They consist of the Egyptian Army, Egyptian Navy, Egyptian Air Force and Egyptian Air Defense Forces. The President of the Republic serves as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. The armament of the Egyptian armed forces varies between eastern and western sources through weapons deliveries by several countries, led by the United States, Russia, France, China, Italy, Ukraine and Britain. Many of the equipment is manufactured locally at Egyptian factories.
The Egyptian armed forces celebrate their anniversary on October 6 each year to commemorate the Crossing of the Suez during the October War of 1973. All branches, forces, armies, regions, bodies, organs and departments of the Armed Forces are under the command of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, who is at the same time the Minister of Defense. Radaa-2020, carried out by units from the Egyptian Central Military Region with the participation of the branches of the Egyptian Armed Forces, is underway. The drills include training in the preparation and organization of battle, moving and conquering and then pushing the main force to attack the front border of the hostile defenses, and completing the attack to achieve the planned tasks using the MILES simulation. The Egyptian and Russian navies are conducting joint exercises in the Black Sea until the end of this year.

9.Turkish Army

The Turkish Army, also known as the Turkish Land Forces, is organised into the Western Army, Eastern Army, 3rd Army and Aegean Army. The land forces of Turkey reportedly employs 350,000 personnel. The Turkish armed forces saw a massive modernisation after joining the Nato in 1952. Altay tank, T-LORAMIDS air-defence missile system, T-70 utility helicopter and T129 attack helicopter are some of the modern combat platforms being inducted into the Turkish military. Turkish Armed Forces consist of the General Staff, the Land Forces, the Naval Forces and the Air Forces. The Chief of the General Staff is the Commander of the Armed Forces.
At the time of war, the Chief of the General Staff acts as the Commander-in-Chief on behalf of the President, who represents the Supreme Military Command of the TAF on behalf of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. Excellence in discipline, organization, education, and armament has always been the most common attributes of the Turkish armies. Today, the Turkish Army has gained the capacity of launching operations under all kinds of weather conditions with its cross-border operational capabilities in launching defense against terrorism, level of technology it has gained, superiority of knowledge and education, and with its reliance mainly on national war industry.

10.Islamic Republic of Iran Army (IRIA) Ground Forces

The Islamic Republic of Iranian Army (IRIA) was established in 1925. The Iranian Army Ground Forces are currently estimated to field 350,000 active personnel. The IRIA relied on US weapons until the Islamic Revolution in 1979. Iran manufactured a range of weapons and combat systems since 1979. The current inventory constitutes tanks such as the locally produced Zulfiqar, armoured personnel carriers and motorised and towed artillery pieces. It is the largest armoured force globally and possesses the biggest Army Aviation fleet in the Middle East. A national army of sorts has existed in Iran since the establishment of the Persian Empire. The army is tasked to protect the territorial integrity of the Iranian state from external and internal threats and to project power.
Artesh has its own Joint Staff which coordinates its four separate service branches: Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy and the newly established Air Defense Force. From 1972 to 1976, Iranian troops were sent to Oman to fight with the Royal Army of Oman against the Dhofar Rebellion. In 1976, a contingent was sent to Pakistan to assist the Pakistan Army against the Insurgency in Balochistan. The army serves as a critical component of the military forces of many nations worldwide, comprising almost solely of land forces. As Iran approaches the fortieth anniversary of the Iran-Iraq War, the debate over the role of Artesh has been intensifying. Reviewing facts and events on the ground has highlighted the role of the IRIAF and the Artesh by extension. The Iranian public is growing increasingly interested in the unofficial version of the war, eager to learn what the American-trained pilots and officers of Artesh did.

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THE 10 GREAT BIGGEST HOUSES IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT BIGGEST HOUSES IN THE WORLD

A house is a building that people, usually one family live in. For most people a decent sized house is more than enough. Homes are definitely the most cherished possessions of a human being. Houses ensure a comfortable life and partly because they are the main ways to show the social status of their inhabitants. In modern and competitive world, status is important for some people of today’s high society. Some of the world’s biggest houses are owned by royal families, while others are privately owned. Grand, stylish and full of tech, these are The Top 10 Biggest Houses in The World now.

  1. Istana Nurul Iman Palace(Brunei 2.15 million square feet)
golden temple in night city
Photo by Nav Photography on Pexels.com

The Istana Nurul Iman is the official residence of the Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, and the seat of the Brunei government. This palace is located on a leafy, riverside sprawl of hills on the banks of the Brunei River, a few kilometres southwest of Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei’s capital city. The name “Istana Nurul Iman” is taken from Malay Istana and Arabic Nur-ol Imaan and means Palace of the Light of Faith. The official residence of the Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, Istana Nurul Iman Palace is by far the world’s biggest home with its 2.15 million square feet of space. This palace has more than 1,788 rooms and 257 bathrooms, a 110 car garage, horse stables, banquet hall, swimming pools and even a mosque that can gather 1,500 people, the palace is sure to impress a lot of people. It was designed in 1984 by Leandro V. Locsin and constructed by the Filipino firm, Ayala International. The cost of such a mesmerizing home is $1.4 billion.

The construction was handled by Ayala Abbott and Butters, a UK construction firm, and completed in 1984. The palace is also used for all the state functions of the government of Brunei. The palace is not open to the public except on the annual Islamic celebration of Eid-ul-Fitr (the festival at the end of the Muslim fasting month) when the palace receives about 110,000 visitors over a three-day period. Curved roofs of the buildings and the huge golden dome of the palace mosque rise over green trees. Istana Nurul Iman was included in the Guinness Book of Records as the world’s largest living residence of a state head.

  1. Antilia(Mumbai, India 400,000 square feet)

Antilia is the second largest house in the world. The Indian pharmaceutical magnate Mukesh Ambani is the owner of Antilla, a 27 story 550 foot tall building in the heart of Mumbai, India. Mukesh Ambani moved to this house with his family in 2012. It has a 168-car garage, a ballroom, a 50-seat theatre, terrace gardens, 9 high speed elevators, swimming pool, spa, health centre, a temple, an ice-cream parlour, and a snow room that spits out snowflakes from the walls, the skyscraper-mansion is one of world’s largest and most elaborate private homes. Mukesh Ambani’s Antilia was designed by Chicago-based architects Perkins and Will, with the Australian-based construction company Leighton Holdings has taken charge of its construction. Antilia can survive an earthquake of 8 on the Richter scale. The architectural design of Antilia has been fashioned along the lines of the lotus and the sun. Antilia Has 6 Floors for Car Parking.

A total surface of 400,000 sq ft, it’s the second largest private residence in the world right now and took over $1- 2 billion to be constructed. But that probably wasn’t too much for the owner, who is India’s richest man after all, with a net worth exceeding $30 billion. The building boasts a unique architecture, with each floor designed differently and using different materials. The entire building was constructed with Vastu shastra as the central philosophy in mind, which is a traditional Hindu art of building houses. Every floor has its own purpose, from car garages to gym’s and indoor pools and even a 3 helipads on top. It is deemed to be the world’s second most valuable residential property, after British crown property Buckingham Palace, and the world’s most valuable private residence in 2020.

  1. Biltmore Estate – Asheville(North Carolina 178,926 square feet)
palace of westminster and big ben london england
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George Vanderbilt first visits Asheville, North Carolina in 1887. He considers the area as a possible location for his country home. A second visit to the Blue Ridge Mountains with his mother in 1888 continues to spark Vanderbilt’s imagination. He begins purchasing land for what will become Biltmore. Vanderbilt’s 250-room French Renaissance chateau is a true marvel, the largest undertaking in residential architecture. Over a six-year period, an entire community of craftsmen comes together to create America’s premier home and the environmental wonderland that surrounds it. The finished home contains over four acres of floor space, including more than 250 rooms, 35 bedrooms, 43 bathrooms, and 65 fireplaces.

It also includes a bowling alley, a 23,000 book library and a huge indoor swimming pool and all the modern amenities you can dream of and you’ve got one of the best houses in the world. In 1895, its architecture completes the beauty of the mountainous landscape in the area. Cornelia and John Cecil open Biltmore House to the public. Cecil responded to requests to increase area tourism during the depression, and to generate income to preserve the estate. William Amherst Vanderbilt Cecil returns to Biltmore. 1930, it was open to the public, offering accommodation in its Village Hotel or the property’s four star Inn, plus gourmet foods etc. Owned by the railroad and shipping magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, Biltmore Estate’s main house has a chateau-like charm.

  1. Safra Mansion(Sao Paulo, Brazil 117,000 square feet)
spacious living room with comfy couch and armchair decorated with christmas tree
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Joseph Safra is the richest banker in the world and incidentally, the name Safra means yellow, or gold, in Arabic. Joseph Safra became the world’s richest banker by transforming a Brazilian lender into a global multibillion-dollar empire. Safra Mansion is built by Lily Safra and her husband Edmund. Both of them were well-known bankers who died in a suspected fire in their mansion in Monaco in 1999. Located in Sao Paulo, Brazil, the Safra Mansion reminds a little bit of the Villa Leopolda in the French Riviera. The Safra Mansion is an enormous 117,000 sq ft estate boasting more than 130 rooms, indoor and outdoor pools and it’s surrounded by a high wall.

The Safras held large parties at the villa. Notorious for their stable yet clandestine banking operations, the mysterious Safra family continues today as a fortress of banking successes. Safra’s importance in the financial system is smaller today than it once was. Other banks outgrew it,” said Rafael Schiozer, a professor of Finance at Fundacao Getulio Vargas. What’s inside Mansion is not known to many, because the Safra family members like to keep to themselves. They are known to have several super expensive properties around the world.

  1. Witanhurst(London, England 90,000 square feet)

The 90,000 sq ft estate comprises of all the modern amenities one could wish for, such as a swimming pool with sauna room and gym, a movie theater, massage parlor and plenty of parking space. Owner is the Russian billionaire Andrey Guryev, who bought it in 2008 for nearly $64 million. It was built between 1913 and 1920. The mansion has 65 rooms spread across three floors, including 25 bedrooms. One of the largest is the ballroom, measuring 70 feet (21 m) long with a height of 20 feet (6.1 m). It was designed by architect George Hubbard, incorporating part of the former Parkfield estate that stood on the massive property.

Some rooms are the Drawing Room, Study, Entrance Hall and staircase, and most of the bedrooms are all in an opulent classical style. Other richly decorated rooms include the Dining Room, Chinese Room, Billiard Room, and the Gallery hallway. Witanhurst was bought by the family of the Russian billionaire Andrey Guryev through an offshore company called Safran Holdings, located in the tax haven of the British Virgin Islands for £50 million in 2008. Witanhurst is the second largest residential estate in London after the Buckingham Palace. Witanhurst is a large Grade 2 listed 1930s Georgian Revival mansion located on 5 acres (2.0 ha) in Highgate, north London.

  1. Modern Versailles(Windermere, Florida 90,000 square feet)

Versailles is an 85,000 square-foot house belonging to Westgate Resorts founder David Siegel and his wife Jackie Siegel. Versailles situated in Orange County, Florida, the Versailles mega mansion belongs to Jaqueline and David Siegel. The huge estate was so long under construction that at some point, the couple went close to losing the immense house. Construction began in 2004 and stalled in 2009 with 60% completed as Siegel’s company encountered financial difficulties. The house was subsequently listed for sale at $65 million. With Westgate Resorts’ improved finances as of 2013, Siegel owned the property outright and construction has resumed and completion date was 2019. It was constructed on a man-made hill on 10 acres of lakefront property.

With a 8,000 sq ft master bedroom and over 30 bathrooms, 15 bedrooms, a ballroom with a 500 to a 1,000 person capacity, 11 kitchens, a two-story movie theater with a balcony inspired by the Paris Opera House, a 20,000-bottle wine cellar, an exotic-fish aquarium two tennis courts, two lane commercial grade bowling alley, a baseball diamond, a formal outdoor garden, and an elevator in the master bedroom closet and 6 swimming pools, the behemoth drew a lot of attention and was featured on several documentaries, the most famous one being The Queen of Versailles. Doors and windows are constructed using some of the last remaining, legal Brazilian mahogany at a cost of $4 million.

  1. La Reverie – Palm Beach(Florida 84,626 square feet)

La Reverie is the seventh largest house in the world. Purchased for a modest $4.5 million back in 1995, La Reverie is the largest celebrity residence in Palm Beach, Florida. It looks a bit like a house rendering, it’s pretty massive. La Reverie was built by Sydell Miller, the owner of Matrix Essentials hair product company. The location couldn’t have been better, since Palm Beach attracts all the rich and famous. At $105 million, the sale is likely the highest-dollar single-buyer/single seller residential deal ever to close in Florida and the most expensive ever in Palm Beach County.

Beyond comfortable living, its current owners also use it also to host charity events and concerts. Hedge fund billionaire Steven Schonfeld and his wife bought a sprawling Palm Beach estate for $111 million. The 6-acre estate, sold by hair-care mogul Sydell Miller, has more than 70,000 square feet of living space, with 11 bedrooms, 22 bathrooms, a bowling alley, salon, spa, ice cream stand and candy parlor. La Reverie stretches from the ocean to the Intracoastal Waterway, with 350 feet of beachfront and 233 feet on the waterway.

  1. Villa Leopolda(The French Riviera 80,000 square feet)

Constructed between 1929 and 1931 by the American architect Ogden Codman Jr. and belonging to the Brazilian billionaire Lily Safra until 2008 when she finally sold it to a Russian oligarch, Villa Leopolda is a history book in itself. Situated in the French Riviera, it first belonged to King Leopold II of Belgium who built it as a gift for his mistress Blanche Zélia Joséphine Delacroix. The 80,000 sq ft property was even used as a military hospital during the arduous World War I. Now a days, the huge villa is thought to be among the most expensive Europe homes, evaluated at around a little more than $500 million. The property boasts two guest houses with a total of 11 bedrooms and 14 bathrooms, immense gardens and probably the best beach front on the whole continent.

The villa has had several notable owners including Gianni and Marella Agnelli, Izaak and Dorothy J. Killam, and, since 1987. Leopold had made the previous estate a present for his mistress Blanche Zélia Joséphine Delacroix, also known as Caroline Lacroix, and it derives its name from him. Codman’s extensive designs and construction gave the estate, once a series of unrelated buildings, its current appearance. His neo-Palladian vision, coupled with his in-depth knowledge of historical precedent, resulted in the construction of a spectacular villa with extensive gardens and landscaping. Floor plans, letters, records, and stereo glass-plate views of the newly completed property still exist in the collections of the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities.

  1. The One – Bel-Air(California 74,000 square feet)

Imagined and built by film producer and real estate developer Nile Niami, the 74,000 sq ft property in Bel Air, California, nicknamed “The One”, will. When it was finished it was the most expensive house in America. New Modern Masterpiece that raises the bar for ultimate luxury, located through the Bel Air West Gate. The panoramic windows of this architectural home offer commanding views of the Bel Air golf course & the City beyond. Lavish designer kitchen with an attached chef kitchen plus a 5,600 sq ft master suite including a spa, 12 bedroom suites, 23 baths within this 31,000 sq ft home with another 40,000 sq ft of covered patios. 5 fully appointed bars, two lane bowling alley, theater, wine cellar, game room, private staff quarters, sports court, pavilion, pool cabana, infinity pool waterfall spa, putting green with 50 ft fire feature, motor ct 60 car parking and 14 car custom garage.

It is fully automated Creston system in 2018. The most expensive residential sale in the United Kingdom when Hong Kong real estate developer Cheung Chung Kiu purchased a mansion in London for a whopping $262 million. A sale that high had never taken place in the UK nor the United States prior to this. “The One” is a mega mansion in Bel-Air, California, that is just about ready to go on the market for $500 million, reports Bloomberg. This property has been in the making for the last seven years by ex-movie producer turned mega mansion developer, Nile Niami. Not only will “The One” break history for its lofty price tag, but also for its size. “The One” is America’s largest private residence. This 100,000 square foot estate has a movie theater with 36 seats, a bowling alley, an auto gallery that can fit 30 cars. It boasts 20 bedrooms, 30 bathrooms, and five swimming pools. The property is currently being represented by The Society Group agency.

  1. Pensmore – Highlandville(Missouri 72,215 square feet)

Steven Huff is an astrophysicist and former CIA officer and his planned for the huge mansion that to proved that a house can be with a difference than most would expect. Pensmore is one of the largest homes in the United States located in the Ozark Mountains near Highlandville, Missouri, that spreaded more than 72,000 square feet (6,700 m2), reached five stories, contains 14 baths, 13 bedrooms, has exterior walls 12 inches thick, and was designed to survive earthquakes, tornadoes, and bomb blasts. Steven T. Huff, telling The Kansas City Star, in 2015, that “the house should stand for 2,000 years”.

In 2008, the Steven T. Huff Family insulated concrete form structure designed to showcase sustainable construction techniques on a large scale, with it being designed to be earthquake resistant, bullet proof, blast proof, capable of withstanding an EF5 tornado, bug resistant, and fire resistant and whose construction was completed in 2016. While most people build huge houses to boost their social status or show off with their purchase power and their extravagant tastes in terms of design and aesthetics, this one guy named Steven Huff decided to build one for proving something else. The latest news are that the owner wanted it demolish and rebuilt from scratch because it’s not as strong as he wished it, blamed the construction company for that.

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THE 10 GREAT LARGEST BIRD SPECIES IN THE WORLD BY BODY WEIGHT OF SPECIES

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT LARGEST BIRD SPECIES IN THE WORLD BY BODY WEIGHT OF SPECIES

Bird is a warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrate animal distinguished by the possession of feathers, wings, a beak, and typically by being able to fly. Birds are from one of six basic animal groups, with the others being amphibians, fish, invertebrates, mammals, and reptiles. Most Birds can fly, using powerful muscles to flap their wings, but few bird species do not have strong enough wings to fly, so these birds are flightless. The fossil record indicates that birds are the last surviving group of dinosaurs. Birds have wings whose development varies according to species. Birds are social, communicating with visual signals, calls, and songs, and participating in such behaviours as cooperative breeding and hunting, flocking, and mobbing of predators. Birds range in size and weight from the 5 cm (2 in) and 1.6-2 grams bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) and 104-156 kg ostrich. They are endothermic vertebrates, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Most of the largest birds in the world are flightless which allows them to have denser bones and heavier bodies. Many species of birds are economically important as food for human consumption and raw material in manufacturing, with domesticated and undomesticated birds being important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. Recreational bird watching is an important part of the ecotourism industry. Here are the top 10 largest bird species in the world (by body weight).

1.Ostrich

Ostrich is so unique and different to any other animal including members of their own family that is Ratitae Family. The flightless ostrich is the world’s largest bird. Ostriches have an average mass of 104 kg and average length of 210 cm. Male Ostrich has black feathers and the female has grey feathers. It is also thought that Ostrich has the largest eyes of any land vertebrate at 50 mm in diameter. The size of their eyes helps them to easily see predators like lions from a long distance. They have brilliant eye-sight which means they can see an object as far away as 3,5km during the day time. Ostrich is the fast runner of any bird or other two-legged animal and can sprint at over 70 km/hr, covering up to 5m in a single stride. All of the herd’s hens place their eggs in the dominant hen’s 3m-wide nest, though her own are given the prominent centre place; each female can determine her own eggs amongst others. The giant eggs are the largest of any living bird at 15cm long and weighing as much as two dozen chicken eggs, though they are actually the smallest eggs relative to the size of the adult bird.

Eggs hatch after 35–45 days incubation, and the male usually defends the chicks and teaches them to feed, although mums and dads cooperate in rearing the young. When threatened ostriches run although their powerful, long legs can be formidable weapons, capable of killing a human or a potential predator like a lion with a forward kick. Ostriches have inspired cultures and civilizations for 5,000 years in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Ostrich has three stomachs. Ostriches are native to Africa but are farmed all over the world, particularly for their feathers, skin which is used in leather products, and meat. Lacking teeth, ostriches swallow pebbles to grind their food. An adult ostrich carries about 1kg of stones at any one time. One Ostrich Egg can take up to 1, 5 hours to boil. Ostriches can go without drinking for several days, using metabolic water and moisture in ingested roots, seeds and insects, but they enjoy liquid water and frequently take baths where it is available. The ostrich brain weighs about 40 grams. Natural life span is 50 – 60 years. Territorial fights between males for a harem of two to seven females usually last just minutes, but they can easily cause death through slamming their heads into opponents.

2.Cassowary

Cassowary is the largest native vertebrate in Australian rainforests. It is the second heaviest bird in the world to the ostrich. It is the third tallest bird in the world. Cassowary looks like an odd combination of ostriches and turkeys. It has large body covered in black feathers, bluish skin of the head and reddish neck. Upper parts of the legs are blue while lower parts are grey in color. Cassowary has a helmet like crest on the head. It is usually 6 inches long and reaches 6.7 inches in height. Cassowary reaches between 55 and 129 pounds in weight. Females are larger than males. The cassowary egg is the third largest of all birds at about 584g. Cassowary is an omnivore (eats both plants and animals). It usually eats different types of fruit, seeds, shoots, fungi, small invertebrates and insects. There is no chewing in the eating process. Cassowary has excellent eyesight and sense of hearing. They can easily detect low-pitched sounds. Males build nests where females lay between 3 and 8 eggs. Eggs are greenish-blue in color. Female can use several different nests to deposit her eggs. Females are not responsible for the survival of eggs or young birds. Males are in charge for the incubation of the eggs that lasts 50 days. Young cassowaries are brown and covered in stripes. Also, males take care of the chicks until they reach the age of one year. Cassowaries are also excellent swimmers that can swim long distances.

Cassowary is look like a ‘giant prehistoric turkey’, but they are in fact descendants of dinosaurs. Cassowary is referred as the ‘most dangerous bird on Earth’. They will not attack for no reason. Like the emu and the ostrich, the cassowary is another flightless bird. Although they cannot fly, they can surely put up a fight, jumping as high as two metres from the ground, and they can run at a speed of up to 50 kilometres per hour. They use their casque and claw in self-defence. They attack up to 200 people every year. Of these 200, 70% of attacks occur due to people trying to get up close to the cassowary, wanting to feed them, causing the cassowary to feel threatened. The southern cassowary, also known as the double – wattled cassowary, Australian cassowary or two-wattled cassowary have an average weight of 45 kg and are around 155 cm long. Southern cassowaries are found in north-eastern Australia, Indonesia and New Guinea. Northern cassowaries also known as the single – wattled cassowary or golden-necked cassowary, are slightly smaller with an average weight of 44 kg and average length of 149 cm. They are endemic to northern New Guinea. As the Cassowary roams the rainforest they disperse the seeds into a new area of the rainforest in their own special fertilizer formula. Cassowary can survive 12-19 years in the wild and between 40 and 50 in captivity.

3.Emu

The emu belongs to a group of flightless running birds known as ratites, the most primitive of the modern bird families. Emus are endemic to Australia, where they are the largest native bird. It lives throughout most of the continent, ranging from coastal regions to high in the Snowy Mountains. It is the second tallest living birds in the world that can reach up to 190 cm tall. Emus are omnivores. They eat seeds, fruit, bark, nuts and stems. They also eat insects, small reptiles, amphibians and other small animals that they can handle. They require a large amount of water, drinking 9-18 litres daily. Emus are soft-feathered birds with long necks and legs. They weigh an average of 33 kg. Female emus are usually slightly larger than the males and have significantly wider rumps. Emus Have Big Bodies and Tiny Wings. They Are the Only Birds with Calf Muscles. They’re Fast Runners, High Jumpers, and Strong Swimmers. On top of the sheer size of their legs, a few special features help boost their strength.

Emus also have an impressive vertical leap, which can quickly carry the large birds up to 6.8 feet off the ground all without the help of wings. They only have 3 toes and a reduced number of bones. The female lays a clutch of eggs in the male’s nest over several days. Males Incubate the Eggs for 56 days and raise the Chicks. They store lots of fat when food is plentiful, providing fuel for leaner times, and also seem to have a sixth sense for finding water, sometimes trekking hundreds of miles to get it. Emu migrations are based on rainfall, according to the SCBI, which notes they mainly rely on the sight of rain-bearing clouds, but may also use other clues like the sound of thunder or the scent of wet ground. Emus are not very social. They have vestigial wings, which they flap when they run to stabilize themselves. They Can Be Helpful to Farmers. The lifespan is 10 to 20 years in the wild and up to 35 years in captivity.

  1. Penguin

Penguins are amazing birds. Most penguins live in the Southern Hemisphere. Large penguin populations can be found in countries such as New Zealand, Australia, Chile, Argentina and South Africa. Emperor penguins are endemic to Antarctica and are the tallest and heaviest of all living penguins weighing an average of 31.5 kg and measuring 114 cm in height. King Penguins are the second largest penguin species. King penguins weigh 13.6 kg on average and are 92 cm in length. Little Blue Penguins are the smallest type of penguin, averaging around 33 cm (13 in) in height. The fastest species is the Gentoo Penguin, which can reach swimming speeds up to 22 mph. There are 17–20 species of penguins alive today. Penguins live in many locations and habitats. Penguin feet are adapted to walk long distances. According to some animal experts, the penguin is one of the most streamlined animals in the world. Penguins spend around half their time in water and the other half on land. Most birds have hollow, air-filled bones to help them stay light for flight. Penguins adapted with solid bones instead. Penguins have adapted flippers to help them swim in the water. Penguins eat a range of fish and other sea life that they catch underwater.

Penguins ingest a lot of seawater while hunting for fish, but a special gland behind their eyes, the supraorbital gland filters out the saltwater from their blood stream. Like other birds, penguins don’t have teeth. Instead, they have backward-facing fleshy spines that line the inside of their mouths. These help them guide their fishy meals down their throat. Penguins have excellent hearing skills. Many male penguins gift female penguins with rocks in order to woo them. Penguin parents both male and female care for their young for several months until the chicks are strong enough to hunt for food on their own. Penguins are very social animals. Like all penguins, Emperor penguins are flightless but they have adapted to the harsh conditions of their environment which is the coldest for any breeding bird. Feathers provide up to 90% of their insulation and they are able to thermo regulate their core body temperature without altering their metabolisms. A group of penguins in the water is called a raft but on land they’re called a waddle.

5.Rhea

Greater rheas are flightless birds native to South America. Rhea can be found in open grasslands, pampas and woodlands of Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay, Chile, Peru and Brazil. There are two species of rheas: Greater or American Rhea and Darwin’s Rhea. The greater rhea is the largest of all South American birds and is related to ostriches and emus. Greater rheas have an average mass of 23 kg and an average length of 134 cm. A small population of greater rheas has established itself in Germany. Lesser rheas, also known as Darwin’s rhea, are found in South America. It weighs on average 13.5 kg and has an average length of 96 cm. Body of rhea is covered with grey-brown plumage with dark patches on the neck and back. Abdomen and thighs are covered with white feathers. Rhea has strong legs with three toes that are designed for running. Although it is unable to fly, rhea can run very fast and reach the speed of up to 40 miles per hour. Wings provide stability during running.

Rhea is an Omnivore, it consumes both meat and plants. Different kind of seeds, fruits, roots, plants, lizards, insects, reptiles and rodents are normal part of rhea’s diet. Rheas also like to consume agricultural crops. These flightless birds use their long, powerful legs to outrun trouble. Females lay their eggs one every other day for a week or ten days in a ground nest of the male’s design. The male rhea incubates the eggs of all its mates for six weeks and cares for the newly hatched young. They aggressively guard their young during this period. Unlike other animals, males are fully responsible for building of the nest and care of the eggs and chicks after hatching. Rheas live in big flocks except during the breeding season. Sometimes they live with deer and other animals. Farmers often considered them as pests. Rhea eggs are collected for food and many people eat their meat. Their skins are used in the manufacture of leather. Maximum lifespan of the rhea in the wild is 15 years.

6.Turkey

The wild turkey is the largest species of bird that is able to fly. They weigh on average 13.5 kg and have an average length of 124 cm. Turkeys are quiet agile fliers staying close to the ground and flying for no more than 400 m at a time. Domestic turkeys are unable to fly as they are too fat. Individual turkeys have unique voices, this is how turkeys recognize each other. Turkeys are intelligent and sensitive animals that are highly social. They create lasting social bonds with each other and are very affectionate; rather similar to dogs. Turkeys have the ability to learn the precise details of an area over 1,000 acres in size. Like peacocks, male turkeys puff up their bodies and spread their elaborate feathers to attract a mate. The male is substantially larger than the female, and his feathers have areas of red, purple, green, copper, bronze, and gold iridescence. Female feathers are duller overall, in shades of brown and grey. The long fleshy object over a male’s beak is called a snood. Turkeys have 5000 to 6000 feathers. A turkey’s gender can be determined from its droppings, males produce spiral-shaped poop and females’ poop is shaped like the letter J. It can run at speeds of up to 25 miles per hour and fly as fast as 55 miles per hour.

There are six subspecies of wild turkey, all native to North America. Male turkeys are called “gobblers,” after the “gobble” call they make to announce themselves to females (which are called “hens”) and compete with other males. Wild turkeys are the same species as the domesticated turkey. They are native to North America but got their name from the domestic turkey which was misidentified as an unrelated species imported into Europe by Turkish merchants. The turkey is believed to have been sacred in ancient Mexican cultures. The Mayans, Aztecs and Toltecs referred to the turkey as the ‘Great Xolotl’, viewing them as ‘jewelled birds’. They can change the colors. Wild turkeys sleep in trees. A Female Turkey lays about 10 to 12 eggs, one egg per day, over a period of about two weeks. The eggs will incubate for about 28 days before hatching. Baby turkeys, called poults, eat berries, seeds and insects, while adults have a more varied diet that can include acorns and even small reptiles. There is one other species of turkey, the ocellated turkey, which can be found on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. The meat from domesticated turkeys is widely eaten by people across the world.

7.Swan

This majestic and beautiful animal is well-known for being graceful and quite peaceful to look at. Swans are birds of the family Anatidae within the genus Cygnus. Often seen gliding across lakes, the swan has long represented elegance and refinement. A swan will mate for life. There are six to seven species of swan called the Black-necked Swan, Black Swan, Mute Swan, Trumpeter Swan, Tundra swan which includes the Bewick’s Swan and Whistling Swan, and the Whooper Swan. Mute swans (Cygnus olor) are the heaviest of all waterfowl weighing an average of 11.87 kg. They average 100-130 cm in length. Trumpeter swans weigh slightly less at 11.6 kg but are longer at 138-165 cm. Swans live in the flooded grassland, lakes and ponds, rivers and streams and wetlands habitats. The swans are generally found in temperate environments, rarely occurring in the tropics. Black swans are native to Australia. The black swans of Australia and New Zealand, which have been introduced to North America and Europe. Swans can fly as fast as 60 miles per hour. They are found in Australia, New Zealand, and South America. The swans are close relatives with geese and ducks. Swans are herbivores. Swans feed primarily on aquatic vegetation, with their long necks allowing them to feed on plants growing on river beds. They also eat small fish, frogs and worms. A Polish mute swan cob (Cygnus immutabilis), a morph of the mute swan, and a pure white version with pink legs instead of the usual black colour, has been verified as the largest bird to take flight weighing in at 23 kg. Swans have elongated, curved necks.

Swans have streamlined bodies, and their feet are webbed. Swans have beaks with saw like edges that appear like they have teeth. They have very strong wings with a wingspan of 3 meters or 10 feet. The swan has about 25,000 feathers in its body. Their calls consist of a loud, deep, sonorous, trumpet-like honking sounds, as well as peeps, hisses and gurgles. Swans build their nests on land out of twigs and leaves, and the female swan lays between 3 and 9 eggs. Swan eggs take between 35 and 42 days to hatch. The baby swans hatch out of their eggs after an incubation of just over a month. Swans couple will guard their baby swans furiously from predators. The swan’s main predator is the human, who hunts the swan for it’s meat and it’s feathers. A baby swan is called a cygnet. A male swan is called a cob, and a female swan is called a pen. A group of swans is called a bevy or a wedge in flight. The swan song is a metaphorical phrase for a final gesture, effort, or performance given just before death or retirement. The phrase refers to an ancient belief that swans sing a beautiful song in the moment just before death, having been silent during most of their lifetime. Several species are migratory. Some migratory swans travel to Iceland, Greenland, Scandinavia, Russia, Central Asia, China, and Japan. Swans live for approximately 20 to 30 years. It can live for up to 40 years in the wild.

8.Bustard

Great bustards (Otis tarda) weigh on average 10.6 kg and are 115 cm in length. Bustard gives an ostrich like appearance. These large creatures are rather shy, behavior varies from bird to bird. They breed in open grassland in Southern and Central Europe and Asia with 60% of the population resident in Spain and Portugal. The Arabian bustard, which lives across Southwestern Arabia and the Sahel region of Africa. They weigh between 4.5 and 11 kg and are therefore quite large, yet smaller than the kori. Kori bustard is large terrestrial bird that belongs to the family of bustards. The Kori bustard (Ardeotis kori) is Africa’s largest flying bird and a contender for the heaviest flying living bird weighing an average of 11.4 kg and measuring 150 cm in length. Kori Male Bustards are two times bigger than female Kori Bustards. The kori makes barking sounds to intimidate their potential attackers. The Kori bustard has a very impressive wingspan. The male bird has a wingspan of 230 to 275 cm. The female, considerably smaller, spans 80 cm across its wings on average. Kori bustards are omnivores. Their diet is mostly based on insects, snakes, lizards and small mammals. They occasionally consume berries and seeds. Kori bustards are covered with white, black, grey and brown feathers.

Kori bustards have black crest on the top of a head. Kori bustards have long necks and short bills. Their legs and feet are elongated and end with three fingers. Kori bustards are able to fly, but they spend most of the time on the ground. Kori bustards often walk near the zebras, antelopes and other animals that are gathered in herds to find food. Kori bustards are not migratory birds. They will leave their home ground only when water and food sources become scarce. Kori bustards can survive up to 30 years in the captivity. Kori bustards similarly help other animals. Carmine bee-eaters ride on their back and take full advantage of how the kori bustards stride through the grass. Insects get dislodged from their grassy perches and are quickly picked up by these opportunistic birds. People hunt kori bustards because of their meat. The great Indian bustard is a large ground bird with a height of about one metre, you can find them in India and Pakistan. The Australian bustard, as suggested by its name, you can encounter this bird all across Australia and southern New Guinea. Female lays 1 – 2 eggs in a shallow depression in the ground. Females take care of the eggs and young chicks. Incubation lasts 23 to 24 days. Five weeks after hatching, young birds are ready for independent life.

9.Albatross

Albatrosses are large seabirds which belong to the biological family Diomedeidae. They live in the region of the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean. Albatross of the biological family Diomedeidae has 22 species. Out of 22 albatross species, 19 are officially endangered. There are four main species of albatross: Great Albatrosses, North Pacific Albatrosses, Mollymawks and Sooty Albatrosses. Great Albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds. Albatrosses are very large and spend much of their life in the air. Albatross can fly as fast as 60 mph. However, because of their long wings do not have strong muscles, they cannot flap while they fly. Wandering albatrosses spend most of their life in flight and can remain in the air without flapping for several hours at a time. Albatrosses have some of the longest ranges of all birds and some individual wandering albatrosses have been known to circumnavigate the Southern Ocean three times in one year. The wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) is also known as the snowy albatross, the white-winged albatross and the goonie. It weighs an average 11.9 kg and is up to 135 cm in length. It has the longest wingspan of any living bird ranging from 2.5 m to 3.5 m and unverified reports put the largest wingspans at 4.22 m and 5.3 m. They can coast for several miles in just a single flap. Albatross sleep in flight. The albatrosses ate and found their food at the surface of the sea. The bill is large, strong and sharp. This bill is made of horny plates. Along the sides are the two “tubes”. They are actually long nostrils.

The tubes of all albatrosses are on the sides of the bill. They help the albatrosses develop their sense of smell a lot. The feet have no last toe and the three other toes are all webbed. Their legs are quite strong, and they can walk well on land. All birds have a large gland at the top part of their bill, above their eyes. Albatrosses use them to help take out saltwater, it makes a liquid that makes the saltwater drip out of their nose. The adult albatrosses usually have a dark upper-wing and back, and white undersides when they are getting ready to take flight. They eat squid, fish and krill. Sometimes, they may also eat carrion and or other kinds of zooplankton. Albatrosses come ashore to make their nests, mostly on islands, and usually near the nests of other birds. They have the longest incubation period of any bird. Albatross lay just one single egg every 2 years. The male and female take turns feeding and guarding their chicks until it is large enough to care for itself. Albatross are known to live well into their sixties, even reaching up to seventy years old. Scientists were baffled to discover a 63 year old bird that was still laying eggs and raising chicks. They can live to be over 60 years old. They spend 80% of their lives at sea.

10.Pelican

Pelican is an amazing bird that can be found in all continents except on the Antarctica. The Pelican family is at least 30 million years old. There are eight species of pelicans. The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is the largest member of the pelican family and perhaps the largest freshwater bird in the world in length and weight by swans. Dalmatian pelicans are found in lakes, rivers and estuaries in south east Europe, Russia, India and China. They weigh on average 11.5 kg and are 183 cm in length. It has a wingspan similar in size to the great albatrosses and is one of only 4 species of birds having verified wingspans of over 350 cm, the others being the wandering albatross, the southern royal albatross and the great white pelican. The American White Pelican grows a temporary “Horn”. Pelican has the largest bill of all birds. It can reach 18 inches in length. Pelicans technically have nasal openings. However, in all eight species, the nostrils are sealed off, buried under the beak’s horny sheath. Pelicans predominantly breathe through their mouths. Underneath the bill, pelicans have throat pouch that can hold 3 gallons of water.

Pouch is mainly used for feeding. They don’t store food in the Pouch on their Bills. Some males have colorful feathers while others have ability to change the color of the pouch, neck and bill into bright colors during courtship. Pelican is easily recognized by its large body, short legs with webbed feet. Webbed feet are used for swimming and diving. They can fly to the height of 10 000 feet using the warm wind currents. It can eat 4 pounds of fish per day. Main food of Pelicans is fish, they can also eat turtles, crustaceans and tadpoles. Very hungry pelicans will even attack and eat seagulls. While diving for fish, pelicans can end up in fishing nets. Brown Pelicans are on the list of endangered species. Both males and females are in charge of the building of the nests that are usually located on the trees near the water. Nests are built using the feathers, leaves and sticks. Female lays 1 to 3 eggs. Incubation period lasts between 28 and 36 days. Young pelicans eat by scooping the food from the bills of their parents. Pelicans can survive between 10 and 30 years in the wild. Pelicans are very social birds. They live in large colonies composed of several hundreds of birds.

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THE GREAT LARGEST 10 AIR FORCES IN THE WORLD

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Air force is the military branch of the country that conducts aerial warfare, and its functions are different from Army, Navy and marine corps. The important part of any country, Air Force plays an important role in maintaining the security of the country like other forces, but the Air Forces consist of a combination of bombers, helicopters, fighter planes, transport planes, and other aircraft. Moreover, Air forces are majorly responsible for operations of the military space, ICBM Intercontinental ballistic missiles and communications. Every country has their Air Force, which helps them in creating deterrence to other nations, as youngest of all the services Air forces, In its more than 65 years of existence, has become the world’s premier aerospace force. Its mission simply put is to defend the nation through the control and exploitation of air and space. Therefore, here we have the top 10 strongest Air Forces of the world.

1.United States Air Force

United States Air Force founded on 11 September 1947, with the motto No One Comes Close. It operates more than 5,638 aircraft, 450 ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missile) and 63 satellites. It has a $140 billion budget with 332,854 active duty, 185,522 civilian, 71,400 Air Force Reserve, and 106,700 Air National Guard personnel. United States Air Force is most technologically advanced air forces in the world. Capt. Jonathan Lewenthal and Capt. Eric Scheibe, AV-8B Harrier pilots with Marine Attack Squadron 231, Marine Aircraft Group 14, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing, fly over southern Helmand province, Afghanistan. The mission of the United States Air Force is to fly, fight and win in air, space and cyberspace. Our rich history and our vision guide our Airmen as we pursue our mission with excellence and integrity to become leaders, innovators and warriors. The USAF is the youngest of the five branches of the United States Armed Forces, it’s also the largest and most technologically advanced in the world. The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority, global integrated intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, rapid global mobility, global strike, and command and control.
The United States Air Force is all about securing the air, space, and cyberspace arenas for America. USAF is the main aerial and space warfare service branch. It globally present with bases that span three continents. Here 219 careers are available. The USAF has taken to the skies to protect the United States of America. The USAF keeps our country safe by watching the world from the skies and space. The USAF has equipment that involves a lot more than airplanes. From flight helmets to oxygen masks to the AGM-130 missiles, the USAF has high-powered, expensive equipment that’s primed and ready for members to use at a moment’s notice. The Air Force through the Department of the Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation. North Dakota was home to so many USAF nuclear weapons that if it seceded from the Union, it would have been the third largest nuclear power in the world. The U.S. and the Soviet Union fought one pitched battle — a dogfight during WWII over the Serbian town of Nis. The Air Force’s official song is titled, fittingly, “The U.S. Air Force,” and includes the familiar line, “Off we go Into the wild blue yonder.” The Air Force’s colors are ultramarine blue and yellow. It means blue for the sky, and yellow for the sun and the excellence required of personnel. Only 4 percent of all Air Force personnel are pilots.
The USAF offers more than just active duty opportunities.
Four different options:
• Air Force Active Duty
• Air National Guard
• Air Force Reserve
• Air Force Civilian Service

  1. Russian Air Force

Russian Air Force Founded after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991-92. It has 148,000 personnel and 4,163 aircraft. Sukhoi and MiGs are their most popular and successful fighter jets. It has extensive fighting experience fighting in First Chechen War, War of Dagestan, Second Chechen War, Russo-Georgian War and Syrian Civil War. It is essential to combine the Army, Navy, Marine Corp and Air Force under the Secretary of Defense’s authority. On Armed Forces Day military exercises are held at sea, in the air, and on land as a means to honor their members and to show the U.S. civilian population their state-of-the-art equipment. Other countries that celebrate an all-in-one Armed Forces Day include Armenia, Australia and New Zealand, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Burma, Canada, Chile, China, Cuba, Egypt, Finland, France, Georgia, Guatemala, Hungary, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Lebanon, Mali, Malaysia, Mauritania, Mexico, North Korea, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Thailand, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Venezuela, and Vietnam. By March 1, 1998 the Administration of the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force and the Main Staff of the Air Force were formed on the base of control bodies of the Air Defence Force and the Air Force, and the Air Defence Force and the Air Force were merged into a new Service of the Russian Armed Forces – the Air Force.
The Air Force of the Russian Federation is designed for:
• repulsing aggression in the aerospace sphere and protecting from air attacks the control points of the highest state and military control, administrative-and-political centres, industrial-and-economic areas, the most important economic facilities, the country’s infrastructure and the groups of troops;
• destruction of enemy objects and troops using both conventional and nuclear ordnance;
• providing combat troops of other armies and armed services for air support.
The Air Force includes: the Aviation, Antiaircraft Missile and Radio-Technical Troops, which are the Arms of the Air Force, as well as the Special Forces, the units, subdivisions of military control bodies’ guarding, the medical and other organizations. According to its mission and tasks the Air Force’s Aviation is divided into the long-range, front-line, military transport and army aviation, which in turn can be composed of the bomber, attack, fighter, reconnaissance, transport and special aircraft units. The basis of the Air Force’s combat strength is presented with air bases and brigades of the Aerospace Defence. The US Air Force B-52 bombers flew from Minot Air Force Base in North Dakota to over 30 NATO countries in a single day. While crossing the Black Sea, Russian air force Su-27 fighters tailed the B-52 that rattled the American crew.

  1. Israeli Air Force

The Israeli Air Force “Air and Space Arm”, commonly known as “Air Corps”. It was founded on 28 May 1948. It consists of 34,000 active personnel 55,000 reserve personnel 684 aircraft. The Israelis have had a good air force. The airframes are American designs, but the Israelis have installed their own electronics on the F-15I and F-16I planes that are now the backbone of their military. It has a very large fleet of modern aircrafts – many of which are specially designed to meet the requirements of IAF. It had always remained alert and have been ready for any possible attacks. The Israeli Air Force, “Kheil HaAvir” in Hebrew, is universally recognized to be among the world’s most powerful aerial fighting forces. Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the Air Force has played a major role in securing the country’s numerous military victories. Today, the IAF remains a central pillar of the Israel Defense Forces, deterring terrorist threats and ensuring Israel’s strategic advantage in wartime. The IAF is best known for its distinguished staff of pilots, which ranks among the most elite in the world. During the War of Independence, the IAF intercepted enemy aircraft, supported ground forces, and went on attack sorties in Cairo, Damascus, and Amman.
After the war, most of the foreign volunteers were released, and the IAF, which now relied on Israeli pilots only, began organizing its air bases. In 1956, the IAF performed multiple roles in Operation Kadesh; dropping paratroopers over Sinai, destroying Egyptian communication lines, conducting rescue missions, supporting ground forces, and launching aerial attacks. In the early 2000s, the IAF was heavily involved in various operations in Judea and Samaria and the Gaza Strip, destroying strategic terrorist targets and intelligence missions. During Operation Cast Lead in December 2008, the IAF launched with a broad aerial attack on Hamas infrastructure in the Gaza Strip. Throughout the operation, the IAF provided ongoing support to ground forces, gathered intelligence, evacuated the wounded, and targeted terrorist rocket launch pads. On November 14, 2012, in response to incessant rocket attacks in the Gaza Strip, the IDF launched Operation Pillar of Defense, a widespread campaign against terror targets in Gaza. During the operation, the IAF surgically targeted terror targets throughout the Gaza Strip, resulting in significant damage to Hamas infrastructure. Hamas significantly increased rocket fire on Southern Israel in June 2014. In response, the IDF launched Operation Protective Edge. The IAF carried out numerous air attacks aimed at Hamas arms caches, launch ramps, and terrorist infrastructures.

  1. Indian Air Force

Indian Air Force was officially established on October 8, 1932. The fourth largest air force in the world with 139,576 active personnel 140,000 reserve personnel Approx. 1,748+ aircraft. Military Schools and Sainik Schools were founded to broaden the recruitment base of the Defence Forces. Indian Air Force is one among the most professional and well equipped air force across the world. It first saw action during second world war as a part of British empire, again during Bangladesh Liberation War (1971), provided close air support Kargil war and more recently in Balakot airstrike and the following incident with Pakistan in 2019. It has developed some of their own planes in the past and present. Having the second-best carrier aviation arm doesn’t hurt. An Indian MiG-29K purchased from Russia. The Indian Air Force (IAF) is the air arm of the Indian Armed Forces. Its primary mission is to secure Indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during armed conflict. India will celebrate its Air Force Day on October 8. IAF has proved its mettle numerous times and fulfilled its duty of providing aerial security to the hilt. The President of India holds the rank of Supreme Commander of the IAF. The four-star officer with the rank of Air Chief Marshal leads the force. After Independence of India in 1947, Indian Air Force was named Royal Indian Air Force. However, when India turned Republic in 1950, the prefix Royal was removed. IAF’s Hindon Air Force Station, situated near Ghaziabad is the largest in Asia and 8th largest in the world.

The highest Air Force Station is Siachen Glacier AFS situated at a height of 22,000 ft. IAF flag is blue in colour and contains the National Flag in the first quadrant and a roundel of the Tricolour. IAF has one Air Marshal at a time and Padmavathy Bandopadhyay is the first woman Air Marshal of the Indian Air Force. Also, she was the second woman in the Indian armed forces who was promoted to three-star rank. The IAF created a world record by airlifting around 20,000 civilians in ‘Raahat’ mission during floods in Uttarakhand. According to Flight International, there to be around 1,721 aircraft including Su-30MKI, Jaguars, Mirage-2000, Apache and Chinook in service with the Indian Air Force. The Garud Commando Force is renowned for its skills and rescue operations. IAF destroyed more than 29 Pakistani tanks, 40 APCs and a railway train during the Battle of Longewala in the 1971 Indo-Pak War besides a number of critical installations. IAF created a world record by performing the highest landing of a C-130J at the Daulat Beg Oldi airstrip in Ladakh at the height of 16614 feet (5065 meters). India is building the 5th generation Sukhoi PAK FA in collaboration with Russia. The Air Force has over 60 air bases spread all over India. The IAF is the only air force that operates C-17 Globemaster III, C-130J Super Hercules, and Il-76 – the three largest transport aircrafts.

  1. Royal Air Force (Great Britain)

Royal Air Force Founded on 1 April 1918, by the unification of the Royal Naval Air Services and Royal Flying Corps. 32,940 active personnel, 3,200 reserve personnel and 832 operational aircraft, making it the largest air force in the European Union . RAF is the oldest air force of the world and one of the most technologically sophisticated and capable air forces in the world. It Played a significant role in the British Military History in the Second World War. Motto “Through Adversity to the Stars”. Royal Air Force (RAF), youngest of the three British armed services, charged with the air defense of the United Kingdom and the fulfillment of international defense commitments. At the time it was formed, it was the largest air force in the world. It expanded even more during World War II and today is still one of the world’s leading air powers. The British Army was formed as a standing army in 1660. The Gloster Meteor was the first jet fighter used by the RAF. It first flew in March 1943 and was introduced into the war in July 1944, though it saw limited action.
The RAF was instrumental in the Berlin Airlift during the Cold War. Soviet forces in East Berlin and East Germany had the part of the city controlled by the Allies surrounded, hoping to convince the rest of Berlin to surrender. The RAF delivered 1,340 tons of supplies per day until the Soviets relented in October 1949. The RAF had 1,000 of its own planes shot down during the battle while the Germans lost 1,800. The first female jet pilot in the RAF was Flight Lieutenant Jo Salter in 1994, flying a Panavia Tornado. Now it is a common sight for both men and women to take to the skies for Britain. In addition, since the United Kingdom was the main base for operations against the Axis forces and was itself under constant threat of air attack, flying training became virtually impossible there, and great numbers of aircrew pupils were sent to Canada, South Africa, and Southern Rhodesia to receive their training at schools specially established for the purpose. From June 1941 (six months before the United States entered the war) until the end of hostilities, British aircrew were also trained at civilian-operated schools in the United States.

  1. Peoples Liberation Army Air Force (China)

Peoples Liberation Army Air Force founded on November 11, 1949. It has more than 330,000 personnel and 2500+ aircrafts. It has largest air force in Asia, and is better known for comprising some of self-reliant combat aircrafts. After the fall of USSR, Russia became China’s principal arm suppliers. Today, many of the planes are from the “Flanker family,” including home-grown versions like the J-11, J-11B, J-15, and J-16. China also has the indigenous J-10 and JH-7, while also flying two fifth-generation designs. People’s Liberation Army, Unified organization of China’s land, sea, and air forces. Initially called the Red Army. It is composed of 5 branches which are aviation, anti-aircraft artillery, surface-to-air missiles, radar and Airborne Corps. As of 2014, the PLAAF has a strength of around 398,000 personnel and is the largest air force in Asia. After World War II the communist forces, renamed the People’s Liberation Army, defeated the Nationalists, making possible the formation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. The Air Force reportedly had four branches: air defense, ground attack, bombing, and independent air regiments. The air corps consists of fighter plane units, bomber units, attack plane units, reconnaissance plane units and air transport units. In peacetime the Air Force Directorate, under the supervision of the PLA General Staff Department, controls the Air Force through Air Army headquarters located with, or in communication with, each of the seven military region headquarters. By the end of the 1980’s, the radars used by the Air Force’s radar corps contained over 20 varieties.

As of 1996 there were 600 air defense missile battalions, equipped with HQ-2 air defense missiles; HQ-3 air defense missiles; HQ-61 air defense missiles; HQ-7 air defense missiles; LY-60 air defense missiles; PL-9 air defense missiles; HY-5 shoulder-launched air defense missiles; QW-1 shoulder-launched air defense missiles; and three sets of advanced Russian-made C-300 missiles. Whatever the facts, the appearance of the J-20 was visible evidence China is building an air force Chinese military leaders have indicated is intended to be commensurate with their nation’s emerging status as a world power—and the equal of any other air force on the globe. The People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) must build its strategic capabilities to enter the top tier of airpower nations. It has deployed airborne early warning and control aircraft, third-generation combat aircraft, and other advanced weaponry. “China’s air force is in the midst of a transformation. A decade ago, it was an antiquated service equipped almost exclusively with weapons based on 1950s-era Soviet designs.” “Like the rest of the Chinese armed forces, change in the PLAAF is happening across a wide front, and in myriad endeavors: in operational matters, in institutional affairs, and in the acquisition of new capabilities.

  1. Armee de lAir (France) In the post-World War 2 era, the French made a successful effort to develop the domestic aircraft industry. In 1933, it was made an independent military arm. The Mirage demonstrated its abilities in the Gulf War, becoming one of the most popular jet fighters of its day. It employs a total of 41,160 regular personnel and 5,187 personnel of the operational reserve. It has 225 combat aircraft in service, with the majority being 117 Dassault Mirage 2000 and 108 Dassault Rafale. Its awaiting the A 400M military transport aircraft which is said to be in the developmental stages. The number of aircraft in service with the French Air Force varies depending on source. The French took active interest in developing the air force from 1909 and had the first World War I fighter pilots. During the interwar years, however, particularly in the 1930s, the quality fell after they compared with the Luftwaffe, which crushed the French during the Battle of France. In the post–World War II era, the French made a successful effort to develop a domestic aircraft industry. Dassault Aviation led the way mainly with delta-wing designs, which formed the basis for the Mirage series of jet fighters. The Mirage demonstrated its abilities in the Six-Day War, Yom Kippur War, the Falklands War and the Gulf War, becoming one of the most popular jet fighters of its day, with a high quantity of sales.

The French Air Force participated in several protracted colonial wars in Africa and Indochina after WWII, and continues to employ its air power in Africa. From January 1964, the French political leadership, now prioritising nuclear deterrence, put in train a complete reorganisation of the Air Force, with the creation of four air regions and seven major specialised commands, among which was the Strategic Air Forces Command. In 1985, the Air Force had four major flying commands, the Strategic Air Forces Command, the Tactical Air Forces Command, the Military Air Transport Command, and the Commandement Air des Forces de Defense Aerienne. In 1994 the Commandement des Fusiliers Commandos de l’Air was established. Currently, the French Air Force is expanding and replacing aircraft inventory. The French are awaiting the A400M military transport aircraft, which is still in developmental stages, and the integration of the new Dassault Rafale multi-role jet fighter, whose first squadron of 20 aircraft became operational in 2006 at Saint-Dizier. France has also been a lead nation, alongside the United States, Great Britain and Italy in implementing the UN sponsored no-fly zone in Libya (NATO ‘Odyessy Dawn’, deploying 20 fighter aircraft to Benghazi in defense of rebel held positions and the civilian population.

  1. Luftwaffe (Germany)

Luftwaffe (Germany) was established in 1935, after violating the Treaty of Versailles. In the modern era, the United States Government still lends nuclear weapons to Luftwaffe under the NATO nuclear sharing agreement. It has more than 3,400,000 Personnel & 119,871 aircraft during World War II. 465 Aircraft and 27,620 personnel as on April 2020. Most advanced and most battle-experienced air forces in the world at the time of World War II. In 2005 and 2008, F-4 Phantom fighter planes took part in the Baltic Air Policing operation of NATO. Most of the pilots of Luftwaffe are trained either in United States or in Canada. Hermann Goring was commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe. About 70 people volunteered to be suicide pilots for the force. The Women Who Flew for Hitler author Clare Mulley says letters show Reitsch speaking of von Stauffenberg’s “racial burden” and that the two women absolutely loathed each other. Hanna Reitsch and Melitta von Stauffenberg were both pilots at the top of their game and both had a strong sense of honour and duty. But despite these similarities, the two women didn’t get on and had very different perspectives regarding the Nazi regime. A Luftwaffe detachment supported rebel forces in the Spanish Civil War. Many of Luftwaffe pilots and personnel trained in the Soviet Union.
Originally, the German military high command, for their air warfare forces, decided to use an organizational structure similar to the army and navy, treating the aviation branch as a strategic weapon of war. Initial plans were for long-term growth of the Luftwaffe over a period of five years with the intention of using the Luftwaffe as a strategic force. These plans were changed several times, especially after the June 1936 death of Walter Wever and the succession of Ernst Udet. The focus and role of the Luftwaffe became one of ground support for the German Army during its Lightning War campaigns. The Luftwaffe one of the most powerful air forces in Europe during its initial years. Partly due to its ground support role, the Luftwaffe was reorganized in a fashion similar to the army units, with one unit controlling a specific area. Each Luftwaffe unit was self-contained and had complete control over all aspects of Luftwaffe forces in that area. Unlike the other two forces, air power did not have past experience to draw upon. This resulted in the air force having to learn from experience rather than the classroom.
The Luftwaffe was configured to serve as a crucial part of the German blitzkrieg, or “lightning war”–the deadly military strategy developed by General Heinz Guderian. As German panzer divisions burst deep into enemy territory, lethal Luftwaffe dive-bombers would decimate the enemy’s supply and communication lines and cause panic. By the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the Luftwaffe had an operational force of 1,000 fighters and 1,050 bombers. First Poland and then Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, and France fell to the blitzkrieg. After the surrender of France, Germany turned the Luftwaffe against Britain, hoping to destroy the RAF in preparation for a proposed German landing. However, in the epic air battle known as the Battle of Britain, the outnumbered RAF fliers successfully resisted the Luftwaffe, relying on radar technology, their new, highly maneuverable Spitfire aircraft, bravery, and luck. For every British plane shot down, two German warplanes were destroyed. In the face of British resistance, Hitler changed strategy in the Battle of Britain, abandoning his invasion plans and attempting to bomb London into submission. However, in this campaign, the Luftwaffe was hampered by its lack of strategic, long-range bombers, and in early 1941 the Battle of Britain ended in failure. Britain had handed the Luftwaffe its first defeat. Later that year, Hitler ordered an invasion of the USSR, which after initial triumphs turned into an unqualified disaster. As Hitler stubbornly fought to overcome Russia’s bitter resistance, the depleted Luftwaffe steadily lost air superiority over Europe in the face of increasing British and American air attacks. By the time of the D-Day invasion of Normandy in June 1944, the Luftwaffe air fleet was a skeleton of its former self.

  1. Royal Australian Air Force

RAAF was created in March 31, 1921. It has majorly participated in some of the deadliest conflicts of 20th century, including World War 2. It has 13,991 Active personnel, 4,316 Reserve personnel and 309 aircrafts. The motto of RAAF is “Through Struggle to the Stars.” It is credited for immediately implementing the kinetic and non-kinetic air. The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) operates the majority of the ADF’s fixed wing aircraft, although both the Australian Army and Royal Australian Navy also operate aircraft in various roles. The RAAF provides support across a spectrum of operations such as air superiority, precision strikes, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, air mobility, space surveillance, and humanitarian support. On 20 December 2001, the Chief of Air Force formally standardized the Royal Australian Air Force’s public ‘signature’ logo format. The logo is a combination of the Air Force Roundel as the ‘O’, within the customized logo and the text of Air Force in Air Force blue colour.

It is used on a variety of general promotional material, publications and displays. Military aviation was first pioneered during the First World War. During that war, both the armies and the navies of all the major combatants operated aircraft. Late in the war, however, when it was realized that aerial fighting was a distinct form of warfare and not just an adjunct to land or sea operations, some nations formed specialist air forces. Combining the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps, Great Britain formed the Royal Air Force in 1918. The four squadrons of the Australian Flying Corps (AFC) remained part of the AIF. In 1920, the remnants of the AFC became the Australian Air Corps, which in turn became the Royal Australian Air Force. RAAF personnel, however, can be classified into two broad categories: air crew and ground staff and within these categories are found a variety of occupations, known in the air force as “musterings”.
Aircrew are the personnel who are responsible for the operation of an aircraft and its weapons. They are:
• Pilots who actually fly the aircraft
• Navigators who plan the aircraft’s flight path and then guide the pilot
• Bombardiers/Weapons System Operators who aim and then drop or fire the aircraft’s main weapons
• Air Gunners who operate the weapons used for the aircraft’s self-defence
• Observers who observe and report activity outside the aircraft, usually on the ground or sea
• Radio Operators/Communications Operators who operate the aircraft’s communications equipment
• Loadmasters who ensure the safe and efficient stowage of cargo and passengers aboard the aircraft
• Engineers who monitor the aircraft’s engines and other mechanical systems
• Tactical Systems Operators who operate an aircraft’s electronic equipment, such as radar, sonar buoys, passive defensive systems etc.

10.Japan Air Self-Defense Force

JASDF was established on July 1, 1954. One of the sharpest tool, made for the defense-oriented policy of Japan. After World War 2, Japan did not have a separate air force. It carries out combat air patrols around Japan, while also maintaining an extensive network of ground and air early warning radar systems. In 2005, it had an estimate of 45,000 personnel.
As of 2010, the JASDF operates 805 aircrafts, 424 being fighter aircraft. The Imperial Japanese Army and Navy were dissolved and replaced by the JSDF with the passing of the 1954 Self Defense Forces Law, with the JASDF as the aviation branch. They are stretching the boundaries, the lack of real ground-attack capabilities but they have very good air-to-air capabilities. With four “helicopter destroyers” that are really small carriers, Japan could vault up very quickly. Japan has a long configuration from the north to the south with its population and industrial centers concentrated in particular regions. In order to defend the life and the property of the Japanese people from invading aircraft and missiles under Japan’s geographical characteristics and defense-oriented policy, the Air Self-Defense Force should detect invading aircrafts and missiles as soon as possible and destroy them as far from Japan as possible. So the ASDF should have capability for vigilance and surveillance and for a quick counterattack to fight against invading aircrafts and missiles.
The Flight Support Command is responsible for direct support of operational forces in rescue, transportation, control, weather monitoring, and inspection. The Flying Training Command is responsible for basic flying and technical training. The Air Developing and Proving Command, in addition to overseeing equipment research and development, is also responsible for research and development in such areas as flight medicine. The Air Defense Command has northern, central, and western regional headquarters located at Misawa, Iruma, and Kasuga, respectively, and the Southwestern Composite Air Division based at Naha on Okinawa. All four regional headquarters control surface-to-air missile units of both the ASDF and the GSDF located in their respective areas. The Oct. 29 U.S. approval of Japan’s request for a major upgrade to its F-15J fighter aircraft that will see 98 of the jets equipped with advanced radar and the ability to fire cruise missiles marks a critical step in Japan’s move away from its post-World War II pacifist stance. But in an increasingly complex threat environment including an expanding Chinese military and a declining Japanese aerospace defense industry, Japan will have its work cut out for it when it comes to national defense.

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THE 10 GREAT BIGGEST FOOTBALL STADIUMS IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO THE CAPACITY

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT BIGGEST FOOTBALL STADIUMS IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO THE CAPACITY

Any of several games played between two teams on a usually rectangular field having goalposts or goals at each end and whose object is to get the ball over a goal line, into a goal, or between goalposts by running, passing, or kicking. A stadium where football games are held. athletic facility available here. The buzz of attending the most memorable sporting events on the planet has as much to do with the atmosphere in the stadium as it does the competing teams. There’s an importance in showcasing the national or team culture throughout a stadium. Each stadium preserves its own unique identity. For most stadiums though, their sheer size and capacity is what sets them apart and generates a truly epic experience. Predictably, the USA have solid representation in the top 10 biggest stadiums in the world.

1.RUNGRADO 1ST OF MAY STADIUM – 150,000

The Rungrado 1st of May Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium on Rungra Island, Pyongyang, North Korea. It opened on 1 May 1989. The site occupies an area of 20.7 hectares (51 acres). Officially the world’s largest by capacity, Pyongyang, North Korea’s Rungrado 1st of May Stadium takes top spot. The name of this stadium comes from Rungrado Islet in the Taedong River, upon which it is located, and May Day, the international labour day. Its crenated roof has 16 arches which are arranged in the shape of a ring, and it resembles a magnolia blossom. It has eight storeys in all and stands at an impressive height of more than 60 metres from the ground. The 60-metre long canopy is enough to cover the section of the stands. The mayflower shaped arena was built as a national symbol of power and size and accommodates 150,000 people.

The venue holds many events, from football to athletics but is largely used for parades and shows, most notably the annual Arirang Mass Games. The stadium has 80 exits and ten lifts. The stadium has many training halls, recreation rooms, an indoor swimming pool, an ultrasonic bath, a sauna, beds and many other modern facilities, which help the players in their training needs and make them feel comfortable. It also has many dining rooms, a broadcasting room and telex booths. As the world largest stadium it hosts the largest performance in the world, the Mass Games performance which involves over 100,000 performers. And this has been confirmed by the Guinness Book of World Records. As Ahmedabad inaugurates the world’s largest cricket stadium, here’s a look at the other sporting arenas that pack in crowds in the thousands.

2.MICHIGAN STADIUM – 113,065

From the time it opened in 1927 until today, Michigan Stadium has maintained its status of being one of the largest stadiums in college football. Prior to playing at Michigan Stadium the Wolverines played at Ferry Field since 1906 and continually had to expand the stadium as interest in the team grew. With growing support, a new stadium was needed to accommodate fans. One word describes Michigan Stadium is huge. Fielding Yost, coach of the team designed a new stadium and the University of Michigan approved construction in April 1926. Built at a cost of $950,000, It was modeled after the Yale Bowl and was built of steel and concrete. When completed the stadium seated nearly 72,000 fans.

Yost designed the stadium so it could be expanded to seat up to 200,000 fans. The Michigan Wolverines played their inaugural first game at Michigan Stadium on October 1, 1927 against Ohio Wesleyan. The entire single tier grandstand circles the playing field. The official capacity when Michigan Stadium opened was 84,401, an enormous number during this time and was the largest stadium in the nation in 1927. Today, Michigan Stadium is the largest college football stadium in the nation. It is nicknamed “The Big House” because of its enormous size. For over 200 games the Wolverines have attracted more than 100,000 fans and hosted 111,238 fans in a game against Michigan State on November 20, 1999. Michigan Stadium is the site of the University of Michigan’s main graduation ceremonies; renovations in April 2008 caused that year’s ceremony to be moved to the Diag.

3.BEAVER STADIUM – 106,572

Beaver Stadium is a venue that is widely considered one of the most intimidating venues for opposing teams in US Collegiate sports. Beaver Stadium has been the home of the Nittany Lions since 1960 and is one of the largest stadiums in college football. Throughout the past century the Nittany Lions have played at several facilities including a stadium also named Beaver Stadium. The original Beaver Stadium was located on the west side of campus and seated 30,000 fans. Named for James Beaver, President of the Board of Trustees, the Nittany Lions played at the original Beaver Stadium from 1909 until 1959. The university decided to disassemble the stadium and move it to its current location after the 1959 season. The team played its first game in the rebuilt stadium on September 17, 1960 against Boston University. Beaver Stadium’s horseshoe configuration enabled it to have a seating capacity of 46,284. In 1976, the bleachers in the south end zone were expanded.

By 1978 the capacity was 76,000 after the track was removed from the stadium and the stadium was cut into sections and raised, adding new seats where the track was located. Two years later, the capacity was increased to 83,770 and lights were installed in 1984. An upper deck was added in 1991, increasing the capacity by 10,000. Continued fan support has allowed PSU to continue to improve and expand Beaver Stadium. This project included the addition of a 10,000 seat upper deck, a new video/scoreboard, 60 luxury suites, 4,000 club seats and new restrooms and concessions. The latest upgrade to Beaver Stadium was completed before the 2014 season as both video/scoreboards were upgraded. Today, Beaver Stadium is currently the largest stadium in college football with a capacity of 107,282, behind Michigan Stadium’s 108,000 seating capacity. Because of its size, Beaver Stadium has been named one of the scariest place for opposing teams to play.

4.OHIO STADIUM – 104,944

Nestled along the banks of the Olentangy River, Ohio Stadium is one of the most recognized landmarks in college sports. As you cross over the Lane Avenue Bridge and look to the right in astonishment, it’s obvious to passerby’s that you are headed to Ohio Stadium, home of the Buckeyes. In fact, Ohio Stadium, also known as “the Shoe”, was added to the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service. With a seating capacity of 102,780, it’s the fourth largest football stadium in college football. The history of the stadium dates back to 1913 when the Buckeyes played at Ohio Field and a new stadium was needed because of growing support for the team. Ohio State wanted to build a stadium large enough to accommodate fans that were interested in the sport. It is one of the best college football stadiums in the nation. The university commissioned Howard D. Smith to design a double decked horseshoe stadium in 1918. After securing the funding to build the new stadium, construction began in August 1921.

Built of steel and concrete, the stadium was constructed at a cost of $1.3 million. At Ohio Stadium on October 7, the Buckeyes played their first game, 1922 against Ohio Wesleyan. When it opened Ohio Stadium had a seating capacity of 66,210 in a unique, double decked horseshoe configuration. In 1984, a new scoreboard was added, and in 1991, 5,000 seats were added in the south end zone. This expansion included the removal of the Jesse Owens Track and lowered the field by 14 feet. Lowering the field allowed for additional rows of seating to be added. Furthermore, a 40 foot tall shell was added on the east and west sides of the stadium to allow the rim to be raised for an additional 17 rows of seats to be installed. A new video/scoreboard, 76 luxury suites and 2,500 club seats were also a part of this massive expansion project. In 2013, Ohio State announced plans to add an additional 2,500 seats in the south end zone at Ohio Stadium.

5.KYLE FIELD – 102, 733

The history of Kyle Field dates to the mid 1920s when it was constructed in two phases, 1927 and 1929, and named after Edwin J. Kyle, the athletic council President and the Dean of Agriculture who led the way in getting a new facility built for the Aggies. The university was founded as a rural military and agricultural school. Although, military training is no longer required, the university still has respect for military traditions and values. These are just a few of the many traditions that have built the university and its student body into being one of the most enthusiastic, loudest stadium’s in college football. Originally with a single tier grandstand in a horseshoe configuration around the playing field, Kyle Field has grown enormously with a seating capacity of over 32,000. The next expansion was completed before the 1980 season, when the third decks were added. The original grass field was replaced by Astroturf in 1970 but reverted back to grass before the 1996 season.

A $32.9 million expansion and renovation project was completed before the 1999 season. The original stands on the north side that formed the horseshoe were removed and a new massive three tier grandstand was built. This section, known as “The Zone” houses luxury suites, club seats, and the Texas A&M sports museum. This increased the seating capacity to 82,600. In February 2013 Texas A&M unveiled plans to expand Kyle Field, making it one of the largest stadiums in the country. The $425 million expansion enclosed Kyle Field pushing the capacity to 102,512, making it the largest stadium in the SEC and one of the largest in college football. The two phases project was completed over two years. The first phase construction of the south end zone seating structure and the largest videoboard in sports at 47 feet tall by 163 feet wide. Construction of Kyle Field Phase two was completed by the 2015 season. The home of the Aggies is now one of the most intimidating stadiums in the country.

6.NEYLAND STADIUM USA – 102, 455

Neyland Stadium was born of humble beginnings. In 1919, W.S. Shields, a University of Tennessee trustee and President of the local bank, provided the money for a new stadium for the football program. The stadium and its fans are also a powerful recruiting tool as Tennessee has produced some of the finest athletes in the NFL today and the Volunteers plan to continue this trend long into the future. Completed in 1921, the stadium was originally known as Shields-Watkins Field, after Shields and his wife Alice Watkins. The Volunteers played their inaugural first game at the stadium on September 24, 1921 against Emory and Henry. The first of 16 expansions of the stadium began in 1926, when a grandstand that could seat 3,600 was constructed. The same year, famous Vols head coach, Robert R. Neyland, began his tenure as head of the football program. Expansions to the stadium have continued over the years. Shields Watkins Stadium was renamed Neyland Stadium in 1962, after the famous Vols head coach. Seating increasing the capacity at Neyland Stadium to 91,249. In 1987, 42 luxury suites were added to the stadium and an additional 78 were added prior to the 2000 season. The Neyland Stadium was completed after bringing the capacity to 104,544.

Artificial turf was at the stadium from the 1968 season until 1993, when it was replaced with grass. In 2004, the University of Tennessee approved a $200 million master plan to expand and renovate Neyland Stadium in five phases. The first phase included renovating the east side in 2006 by adding new club seats. This decreased the seating capacity to just over 102,000. The next phase was completed on the west side before the 2009 season as skyboxes, the pressbox and club areas were renovated. The concourses were also revamped and expanded with new restrooms and concession areas. Also included in this renovation project was the installation of a 4,000 square foot HD video/scoreboard. It includes the Tennessee Terrace, a 1,800 club seat area, the Gate 21 plaza and a new brick facade. Today the capacity of Neyland Stadium is 102,455. Today, Neyland Stadium is one of the most well known stadiums in the sport. It is one of the loudest stadiums in football with two decks of seats enclosing the playing field. Expansions over the years have been worth it, as Neyland Stadium is consistently voted as one of the best college football stadiums.

7.TIGER STADIUM – 102, 321

Perhaps one of the most popular stadiums in baseball history, Tiger Stadium was the home of
the Detroit Tigers for nearly a century. Located at the corner of Michigan and Trumbull Avenues, it was a mecca for generations of Tiger fans. Baseball was first played at this location in 1896 when Detroit owner Arthur Van Der Beck bought the club. A new ballpark of steel and concrete was constructed on the same site after demolishing of wood. Homeplate was moved from right field to the location where it was until Tiger Stadium closed. On April 20, 1912 the Detroit Tigers played their first game at their new ballpark, named Navin Field after the club’s owner, Frank Navin. A press box was added on top of the roof. The 1930s expansion project gave Tiger Stadium its look that it retained for 70 years. In 1935, Navin Field was renamed Briggs Stadium after owner Walter O. Briggs. Construction was completed by April 1937 and Briggs Stadium could seat 36,000 fans. After expansion, Briggs Stadium was now enclosed and had a capacity of 54,500, making it one of baseballs largest stadiums. Dimensions were 340 ft. (left), 440 ft. (center), and 325 ft. (right).

Night baseball came to Briggs Stadium on June 15, 1948. During the same year, the press box was extended around the third deck. In 1961, Briggs Stadium was renamed Tiger Stadium when the team was bought by John Fetzer. Tiger fans became outraged in 1972. Then original green seats with new orange and blue seats, a new video/scoreboard replaced the old hand operated one in centerfield, a new press box with two luxury suites were hung. Concessions and restrooms were updated, and new blue and white siding was added to the facade of the stadium. A food court called the Tiger Plaza was completed. From the green grass to the green seats and eventually the blue and orange seats, Tiger Stadium reminded fans what baseball was like in 1914. By the early 1990s the owner of the Tigers wanted a new luxurious ballpark for team. A new ballpark for the Tigers was built in downtown Detroit, and the club moved to Comerica Park after the 1999 season. The last game at Tiger Stadium was on September 27, 1999.

8.BRYANT-DENNY STADIUM – 101, 821

Situated in the heart of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Bryant-Denny Stadium is home to the University of Alabama NCAA College football team. Nearly 100,077 fans hanging in the Bryant-Denny Stadium, home of the Alabama Crimson Tide since 1929. The recording of former coach Bear Bryant’s voice is broadcast throughout the stadium. Today Bryant Denny Stadium is one of the largest stadiums in the nation; however it took hard work and multiple expansions to finally reach this point. The University of Alabama has played football for over a century, but it took nearly four decades before they began to play at Bryant Denny Stadium. George Hutchenson Denny Stadium was built on September 28, 1929. By 1946, bleachers were at both end zones of the stadium and the capacity reached 31,000. A new press box and 12,000 seats were added. Five years later the capacity increased to 60,000. In 1975, State Legislature renamed George Hutchenson Denny Stadium, Bryant-Denny Stadium, after legendary Alabama football coach, Paul “Bear” Bryant. The seating capacity of Bryant Denny Stadium increased again in 1988 when the upper deck was added on the west side, increasing the capacity to 70,123.

In 1998, the east side upper deck was constructed, bumping the capacity to 83,000. This project included 81 new skyboxes, a scoreboard on the south end, new lights, an east side entrance tower and a brick façade for the facility. Before the 2006 season, a $50 million expansion project increased the seating capacity to over 92,000, with new seats and skyboxes. The area was named the “Walk of Champions.” In November 2008, Alabama announced plans to expand Bryant Denny Stadium to seat 101,821 fans. This $65.6 million expansion was completed by the start of the 2010 season. It includes a 8,500 seat upper deck, 34 luxury seats, 1,700 club seats, a 1,500 seat stadium club and two new corner video boards, all on the south side of the stadium. This multi-phase project was completed in phases following the 2019 season. Included in this project are replacing the existing video boards will new larger ones, a new elevator bank on the west side of the stadium, reconfiguration of the Alabama locker room, expanding the recruiting room and a 10,000-square foot social area for students. Additionally the press box will be relocated to the east side of the stadium, replaced by 10 new luxury suites. This project reduced the overall seating capacity to just above 100,000.

9.DARRELL K ROYAL-TEXAS MEMORIAL STADIUM – 100,119

The Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium at Joe Jamail Field is home to the University of Texas at Austin Longhorns football team. As The University of Texas continues at the forefront of the college football landscape, Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium at Joe Jamail Field remains a state-of-the-art facility since 1924. Stadium has delivered a great home field advantage with the team’s home record through the 2014 season being 359–105–10 (76.8%). The current official stadium seating capacity of 100,119. The South End Zone Addition will complete our Stadium bowl by replacing the existing bleachers at the south end of the Stadium. It is the ninth largest stadium in the world.

The addition will include new suites, clubs, loge boxes, sponsor amenities, new fan seating, an upgraded video scoreboard, and new coaches’ offices as well as upgrading the existing Moncrief-Neuhaus Athletic Center with the latest Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Services technologies. This expansion on the south end zone will provide enhanced game day experience for our fans and create additional revenue for Texas Athletics along with further supporting our student athlete services, recruitment, retention, and help keep football revenues at a high level. This construction made the stadium the largest in the Big 12 Conference, the eighth largest stadium in the United States.

10.MELBOURNE CRICKET GROUND (MCG) – 100,024

The Melbourne Cricket Ground is regarded as Australia’s premier sporting venue. For over one hundred years, it has played host to many of the country’s biggest cricket and Australian Rules Football matches, and many other significant sporting contests besides. It was, in fact, even the centrepiece of the Olympic Games of 1956. Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC) founded in November 1838. The Melbourne is an Australian sports stadium located in Yarra Park, Melbourne, Victoria built in 1853. It is the largest stadium in the Southern Hemisphere. It is adjacent to Melbourne Park and is part of the Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct. The total seating capacity brought to 100,024.

Prior to a series of developments in the 1980s and 1990s, it possessed a capacity of around 125,000; since that time, the extension of individual seating to virtually all of its reaches has reduced that figure to somewhere closer to 97,000. In short, it is an imposing stadium: the three-tiered Great Southern Stand bounds the perimeter of one half of the ground and holds close to 50,000 people; there are also vast banks of seating in the Ponsford Stand, Olympic Stand and Members’ Reserve. It is also replete with a Gallery of Sport, two giant electronic scoreboards, and a vast array of corporate and media facilities. The club’s first game was against a military team at the Old Mint site, at the corner of William and Latrobe Streets.

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THE GREAT 10 LARGEST MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN THE WORLD BASED ON THE REVENUE

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE GREAT 10 LARGEST MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN THE WORLD BASED ON THE REVENUE

A manufacturer is a person or company that produces finished goods from raw materials by using various tools, equipment, and processes, and then sells the goods to consumers, wholesalers, distributors, retailers, or to other manufacturers for the production of more complex goods. Manufacturers are considered a significant part of the economy. The typical manufacturer was a single skilled artisan with assistants. Each artisan kept the secrets of the production and transferred the knowledge only to apprentices. The Industrial Revolution was the introduction of new technologies that enabled the mechanization of production, which increased the volume of the goods produced. Technological advancements enable the mechanization of production processes, as well as improve overall efficiency and productivity. Great 10 Largest Manufacturing leading Companies in the World in the year 2020 based on the Revenue are as follows.

1.Volkswagen Group

Volkswagen is the first largest company in the world. It is German multinational automotive manufacturing company. The company has operations in approximately 153 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries. The Volkswagen Group brings in annual revenues of USD 282.9 billion. The company’s products offerings include automobiles, commercial vehicles, internal combustion engines, motorcycles, and turbomachinery. Volkswagen Group Headquarters is in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. This company designs, manufactures and distributes the products to passengers. In Volkswagen Group Number of Employees are 671,205. The Austrian automotive engineer Ferdinand Porsche, who was responsible for the original design of the car, was hired by the German Labour Front in 1934. It is founded by the German government on 28,May 1937 to mass-produce a low-priced “people’s car.”

Volkswagen was to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf. Volkswagen acquired a controlling stake in SEAT in 1986, making it the first non-German marque of the company, and acquired control of Skoda in 1994, of Bentley, Lamborghini and Bugatti in 1998, Scania in 2008 and of Ducati, MAN and Porsche in 2012. It was the world’s largest automaker by sales in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. Popular models of Volkswagen include Golf, Jetta, Passat, Atlas, and Tiguan. It sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Skoda and Volkswagen marques. Volkswagen was operating a plant in Xinjiang at a loss in order to curry favor with the Chinese government to set up more lucrative plants in other parts of China. Other companies cut ties with China in the region after evidence emerged of human rights abused. However, Volkswagen was still operating a plant in the region as of 2020.

2.Toyota Group

Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. It was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda and incorporated on August 28, 1937. The brand power of Toyota Group has always been super strong and that’s why the company is the 2nd biggest manufacturing company in the world. It was the world’s first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year. Toyota Group headquarters are in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles, and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe.

Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 15 million milestone in January 2020. Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands, including the Toyota brand, Hino, Lexus, Ranz, and Daihatsu. TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world. Toyota Group is a group of companies that have supplier, vendor and investment relationships with Toyota Industries and Toyota Motor vehicle manufacturing facilities. Toyota Group currently brings in annual revenues of USD 265.1 billion and it is making the company 2nd on the list of the largest manufacturing companies in the world. Toyota is listed on the London Stock Exchange, New York Stock Exchange and Tokyo Stock Exchange.

  1. Apple

Apple is a multinational technology company that is renowned in the world for its brand power. Aside from a very positive public perception, Apple is also a company that brings in some of the highest revenues and profits in the world. This company headquartered in Cupertino, California. Its hardware products include the iPhone smartphone, the iPad tablet computer, the Mac personal computer, the iPod portable media player, the Apple Watch smartwatch, the Apple TV digital media player, the AirPods wireless earbuds, the AirPods Max headphones, and the HomePod smart speaker line. Founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak created Apple computer on April 1, 1976. Apple’s annual revenue in 2019 was USD 260.2 billion. Apple is so successful, it has twice the amount of money than the U.S. Treasury.

Apple scored big time with the iPod. Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne, and currently operates more than 500 retail stores worldwide. It creates consumer electronics, personal computers, servers, and computer software, and is a digital distributor of media content. As the market for personal computers expanded and evolved through the 1990s. Apple employs more people than a good sized city. Apple employs over 90,000 people. However, millions more make money from Apple. Apple’s first company logo featured a drawing of the father of physics, Sir Isaac Newton. Apple was the first to make a digital color camera. At present, It is the largest publicly traded company in the United States. It is the 3rd in the list of the largest manufacturing companies in the world.

  1. Samsung Electronics

Samsung Electronics is a South Korean multinational electronics company headquartered in Suwon, South Korea and 4th on list of the top manufacturing companies in the world. The company is known for its consumer electronics and electronic components including semiconductors, batteries, chips, flash memory, and more that it manufactures for major clients such as Sony, Apple, HTC and more. Samsung was founded in 1969 and brings in annual revenues of USD 221.6 billion. The company’s combined efforts employ over 489,000 people, across 80 different countries, including Korea. Samsung is way more than just an electronics and mobile producer. The Samsung Group has 59 unlisted companies and 19 listed, all with their primary listings on the Korea exchange.

The Samsung Group is a big part of South Korea’s GDP. On the Korean Stock Exchange, over 20 percent of its market value is based on various Samsung Group companies. Samsung’s electronic ambitions began in 1970 with a black and white TV. The first electronics product ever produced by Samsung was a black and white TV in 1970. Samsung may not be the first to make a smartphone, but it was one of the first players to truly get aggressive about the market, introducing the first “PDA phone” with a color display in the U.S. market in 2001; name is SPH-i300. The top selling Samsung mobile phone is the E1100. Notable Samsung industrial affiliates include Samsung Electronics, Samsung Heavy Industries and Samsung Engineering and Samsung C&T Corporation Other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance Samsung Everland and Cheil Worldwide.

  1. Daimler Group

Daimler AG is a German multinational automotive corporation, headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany that specializes in manufacturing automotive products and parts. It is one of the world’s leading car and truck manufacturers. Daimler-Benz was formed with the merger of Benz & Cie. and Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft in 1926. This company brings in current annual revenues of USD 185.2 billion. Daimler owned or had shares in a number of car, bus, truck and motorcycle brands including Mercedes-Benz, Mercedes-AMG, Smart Automobile, Detroit Diesel, Freightliner, Western Star, Thomas Built Buses, Setra, BharatBenz, Mitsubishi Fuso, MV Agusta as well as shares in Denza, KAMAZ and BAIC Motor.

Daimler provides financial services through its Daimler Financial Services arm. Daimler manufactures commercial vehicles under brands such as Freightliner, Sterling, Western Star, Setra, Thomas Built Buses, Orion, and Fuso. Daimler designed a series of gasoline-powered engines in 1883 and received a German patent on a three-wheeled gasoline-powered vehicle in 1885. The first Daimler-produced luxury car was sold to the sultan of Morocco in 1889. The Benz company produced trucks as well as autos. Benz began producing trucks with fuel-saving diesel engines, which sprayed fuel oil into the combustion chamber under high pressure. With its divisions Mercedes-Benz Cars, Daimler Trucks, Mercedes-Benz Vans, Daimler Buses, and Daimler Financial Services, the Daimler Group is one of the biggest producers of premium cars and the world’s biggest manufacturer of commercial.

  1. General Motors

General Motors is the American multinational corporation headquartered in Detroit. It is commonly abbreviated as GM has a long history that begins in 1908 by By William C. Durant. Durant was a carriage maker who used to run his own company, Durant-Dort Carriage Co. His company was the biggest carriage maker in the world at the time when he finally decided to create General Motors. GM was responsible for creating the Lunar Roving Vehicle. Motors was then Buick’s holding company. Durant attempted to buy out rival carmaker Ford in 1907. Another first from Ford is the “hybrid” car, a car that runs on a traditional gasoline motor and an electric motor. Gm was the First Car Manufacturer to install turn signals inside their Cars. GM was the first to invent electric fuel invention, in 1979.

General Motors brings in annual revenues of USD 137.2 billion. This company also designs and distributes vehicle parts and sells financial service. Currently, GM produces vehicles in more than 37 countries across the globe. General Motors Corporation pens the mark of excellence in 1964. They Have Sold Many Auto Brands Throughout Their History. They Are Implementing Environmental Initiatives like they produced their first full-sized hybrid electric pickups in 2004.The company began developing all-electric cars during the 1990s. They have become known for their philanthropy and have donated millions of dollars to charity. One of the main causes they support is the Nature Conservancy. GM have Links to Medical Science Research.

  1. Ford Motor Company

Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automobile manufacturer that has its main headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan. The company was founded in 1903 and brings in annual revenues of USD 155.9 billion. It is one of the 10 largest manufacturing companies in the world. Ford F-Series has been consistently ranked as the number 1 selling car in America so far in 2013. Ford is the second largest family owned company in the world. Ford has had manufacturing operations worldwide, including in the United States, Canada, Mexico, China, India, the United Kingdom, Germany, Turkey, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, and South Africa. Henry Ford’s great grandson, William Clay Ford, Jr. currently resides as the company’s executive chairman. In 1919 the company was reincorporated, with Ford, his wife, Clara, and his son, Edsel, acquiring full ownership. The American automaker has been around for over 116 years, creating some of the most iconic cars, beating the indispensable Ferrari at Le Mans, and even building airplanes. In 1966, when Ford entered the race with its GT40, it won the title to end Ferrari’s six-year win streak.

The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand, and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family. In 2008, Ford produced more than 5.532 million automobiles. Ford also has a cooperative agreement with Russian automaker GAZ. The Ford Motor Company has a history that spans 115 years. It is recognized by people all around the world. Edison Illuminating Company became intrigued by gasoline-powered vehicles and was working on his dream of creating a horseless carriage. Henry Ford attempted to create a small “utopian”-type village in the Amazonian jungle of Brazil in 1928. Ford was the type of man who was always into inventing and expanding his reach, and he ultimately held 161 different patents in his life. There are a limited number of Ford GTs built every year, and no regular joe can go out and just buy one.

  1. Hon Hai Precision Industry

8th on this list is Taiwanese multinational electronics contract manufacturer, Hon Hai Precision Industry, also known as Foxconn. This company’s headquarters are in Tucheng District, New Taipei and is known for manufacturing electronic components, PCBs, PCB components, computer chips for its clients from all over the world. It was founded in on February 20, 1974 and brings in annual revenues of USD 154.7 billion. It employs more than 1 million workers in China, its main production base. The company produces smartphones, tablet computers and television sets for clients from around the world. It made a full-scale move into contract manufacturing in the 1990s. Business ties with Apple deepened in the 2000s.

Hon Hai is looked to relocate some production to India and Southeast Asian countries because of rising labor costs in China. Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. engages in the design, development and manufacturing of nanotechnology, heat transfer, wireless connectivity and material sciences products. Its products include cables, connectors, and personal computer components. The company was founded by Terry Gou. It’s a supplier for Apple, Amazon, Xiaomi, and Sony’s Playstation. At a time when the smartphone market is reaching saturation, Foxconn is planning to invest in electric vehicles, robotics, digital health, and artificial intelligence as part of its “Foxconn 3.0 vision.”

  1. Honda

Honda Motor Company is 9th on this list of largest manufacturing companies by revenue. Honda is a Japanese public multinational conglomerate corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of automobiles, motorcycles, and power equipment. The company was founded in Hamamatsu, Japan in 1946. Honda’s other manufacturing divisions include Acura, Honda Aircraft Company, Honda Automobiles, and Honda Motorcycles. Honda Motor Company became the world’s largest motorcycle manufacturer in 1964. The 1982 model was produced in Honda’s Marysville, Ohio plant. It involved in the manufacturing of other products like watercraft, ATVs, aircraft, mountain bikes, lawn equipment, and solar cells. They even created a humanoid robot called ASIMO.

Honda is the largest engine manufacturer in the world, It makes over 14 million engines a year. HA-420 HondaJet is powered by Honda engines. Honda made the first four-wheel drive car, It was the 1987 Honda Prelude. Joe drove his 1997 Honda Accord reached over one million miles. The Honda Acura is the first Japanese automotive luxury brand in America in 1986. Honda Headquarters is in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. It is reaching a production of 400 million by the end of 2019 and it is producing more than 14 million internal combustion engines each year. Honda has two joint-ventures in China: Dongfeng Honda and Guangqi Honda. Number of Employeesof Honda are 215,638. Honda started by manufacturing motorized bicycles. It produces many of its vehicles right here in the United States.

  1. Cardinal Health

Cardinal Health is an American multinational health care services company. It was founded in the year 1971. Cardinal Health brand portfolio is a comprehensive offering of clinician-preference, cost-efficient products, and physician-preferred items with low clinical differentiation, helping providers improve the bottom line while delivering high-quality care. It is also serving more than 100,000 locations. It operates the largest network of radiopharmacies in the U.S. The company specializes in manufacturing medical and pharmaceutical products and brought in USD 136.8 billion in revenue last year.

Cardinal Health’s current headquarters are in Dublin, Ohio, U.S. It connects patients, providers, payers, pharmacists and manufacturers for integrated care coordination and better patient management. It provides medical products to over 75 percent of hospitals in the United States. The Cardinal Health Foundation is the charitable arm of Cardinal Health. The company makes annual product donations of over $9 million through international relief organizations and provides up to $1,000 in matching funds for every Cardinal Health employee that makes a charitable donation. Cardinal Health was named Benefactor of the Year at the 2011 Corporate Caring Awards.

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THE GREAT TOP 10 DESIGNER JEWELERY BRANDS IN THE WORLD IN 2020

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE GREAT TOP 10 DESIGNER JEWELERY BRANDS IN THE WORLD IN 2020

Personal ornaments, such as necklaces, rings, or bracelets, that are typically made from or contain jewels and precious metal. From a western perspective, the term is restricted to durable ornaments. For many centuries metal such as gold used in different carats from 21, 18, 12, 9 or even lower, often combined with gemstones, has been the normal material for jewelery. Jewelery may be made from a wide range of materials. Gemstones and similar materials such as amber and coral, precious metals, beads, and shells have been widely used, and enamel has often been important. Despite sky-high prices, the demand for high-end designer men and women’s jewelry brands only continues to grow. With billions of dollars spent in this market annually, you may be considering making your first luxury jewelry purchase or adding to your ever growing collection. Ornamental pieces that are made of materials which may or may not be precious such as gold, silver, glass, and plastic, are often set with genuine or imitation gems, and are worn for personal adornment. It is often made of a valuable metal such as gold, and sometimes decorated with precious stones. Here are the top 10 designer jewelery brands in the World in the year 2020.

1.Tiffany & Co.

It is an American luxury jewellry and specialty retailer. First called Tiffany & Young, Tiffany & Co. began as a stationery and fancy goods store in New York. It sells jewelry, sterling silver, china, crystal, stationery, fragrances, water bottles, watches, personal accessories, and leather goods. Tiffany is known for its luxury goods, particularly its diamond and sterling silver jewelry. Initially with the help of Charles Tiffany’s father who financed the store for only $1,000 with profits from a cotton mill. The store initially sold a wide variety of stationery items, and operated as “Tiffany, Young and Ellis” as of 1838 at 259 Broadway in Lower Manhattan. Today, however, it is a household name that has been in business since 1837. Awarded for its silver craftsmanship, Tiffany and Co. remains America’s leading silversmith. The brand showcases their more extravagant and rarest of pieces in their annual Blue Book collection that started in 1845. Some of their most popular and famous pieces include the Return To Tiffany, Tiffany Key and Tiffany Soleste and of course, their signature 6 prong engagement rings. Tiffany & Co. is famed for their little blue box, synonymous with quality, luxury and style.

The name was shortened to Tiffany & Company in 1853. In 1878, Tiffany won the gold medal for jewelry and a grand prize for silverware at the Paris Exposition. In 1879, Tiffany purchased one of the world’s largest yellow diamonds which became known as the Tiffany Diamond. In November 2019, LVMH announced its purchase of Tiffany & Co for $16.2 billion. At the time, the deal was expected to close in June 2020. The deadline, however, had been extended twice. First to August 24, 2020 and later to November 24, 2020, but, in early September 2020, LVMH stated that the purchase would not be concluded; Tiffany filed a lawsuit in response. In late October 2020, LVMH agreed to purchase Tiffany & Co for reduced price of $15.8 billion Tiffany operates 326 stores globally in countries such as the United States, Japan, and Canada, as well as Europe, the Latin America and Pacific Asia regions. Range of price is $15,500-$15 million. Most expensive Tiffany & Co. piece sold at auction is A platinum round 3.09-carat diamond solitaire ring with VS1 clarity, sold at $60,000 in 2016.

2.Harry Winston

Mr. Winston’s innovative design philosophy in which the individual gemstones, rather than the metal settings, would dictate each design helped to revolutionize fine jewelry designs, and remains at the cornerstone of a timeless aesthetic that continues to inspire all Harry Winston creations. Winston’s father Jacob started a small jewelry business after he and Winston’s mother immigrated to the United States from Ukraine. While growing up, he worked in his father’s shop. When he was twelve years old, he recognized a two-carat emerald in a pawn shop, bought it for 25 cents, and sold it two days later for $800. Winston started his business in 1920 and opened his first store as in New York City in 1932 with Harry Winston itself, as the founder. Winston was among the most noted jewelers in the world, well-known to the general public. He was soon crowned the “King of Diamonds” and “Jeweler to the Stars” for his high-end creations. Harry Winston was an American jeweler. He donated the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian Institution in 1958 after owning it for a decade.

He also traded the Portuguese Diamond to the Smithsonian in 1963 in exchange for 3,800 carats of small diamonds. From the acquisition of some of the world’s most famous gemstones, including the Jonker, Hope, and Winston Legacy Diamonds, to adorning generations of famous faces, from Hollywood legends to international Heads of State, for over eight decades, the Harry Winston name has been synonymous with the best that there is. One of the most notable pieces he acquired was the 45.42 carat Hope Diamond, a heart-shaped greyish-blue diamond crown centerpiece, which was passed along to King George IV of the United Kingdom. Today, it is found in Washington DC as part of the Smithsonian Institution displays. the House of Harry Winston continues its tradition of creativity, rarity, and quality without compromise in its retail salons around the world, including: New York, London, Paris, Geneva, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Shanghai. Range of price is $4,000-$20 million. Most expensive The Gulf Pearl Parure, a 325-carat natural pearl and diamond parure sold at $4,189,165 in 2006 by Harry Winston.

3.Cartier

Founded in 1847 by Louis Francois Cartier, the brand earned its reputation as “The Jeweler of Kings, the King among Jewelers,” pioneering the combination of platinum and diamond. House of Cartier is identified with quality, prestige, and history, and has served as crown jeweler to 19 royal houses. Cartier is one of the world’s leading luxury goods companies. The company designs, manufactures, and distributes jewelry, watches, fragrance, pens, lighters, silver, and crystal. Their most notable lines include the Love collection, Juste un Clou and Panthere. These distinctive collections are widely popular with celebrities with variations available in different color golds and with or without diamond embellishment. Although wristwatches had been in stock since 1888, they became popular only with Cartier’s introduction of the Santos watch in 1911.

The prototype model was a gift from Louis Cartier to Brazilian aviator Alberto Santos-Dumont. Other products introduced by Cartier were the Tank watch and the “Love Bracelet.” Cartier was extremely creative during Louis’s management. For its “Jewels of the Nile” exhibition in New York, the store was completely decorated in an Egyptian theme, complete with a pyramid and two live peacocks. This jewelry collection was a more modern version of Louis Joseph Cartier’s designs from the early 1900s. Most expensive Cartier sold at auction A 25.6-carat Burmese Ruby, called the Sunrise Ruby. It was dubbed as the most expensive ruby, gemstone, and non-diamond gemstone in the world, and sold at $30,335,698 in 2015. Range of price is $1,000-$2.76 million.

4.Chopard

Louis-Ulysse Chopard is the son of a farmer from Sonvilier, quickly conquered Switzerland and the world at the age of 24. The artisan watchmaker created works of art with innovative designs, which early on helped him export to such illustrious places as the court of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Qualities like precision and reliability were very sought-after characteristics in watches, dating all the way back to the 19th century. With unique chronometers and pocket watches, Louis-Ulysse Chopard aimed to fulfill and exceed these “desires”. Chopard is a Swiss brand started by Louis-Ulysse Chopard in the 1860s, originally known for creating watches and pocket watches for women. Chopard’s Independence allows it to support crafts with a glorious past that are a source of great pride today. The company is headquartered in Geneva and has a site in Fleurier, Canton of Neuchatel, that manufactures watch movements. When Chopard was sold to Karl Scheufele in 1963, the brand was noted for its Art-Deco inspired timepieces and Happy Diamonds line. The Maison’s independence has guided its development strategy since its founding, an approach made possible by a family shareholding structure.

Chopard has become more well known for its red carpet appearances and A-lister connections in terms of its stunning jewellery, its watch division is where the brand first started and gained its reputation. This is expressed through the watch industry’s highest level of vertical integration. Everything sold by Chopard is made in one of its three production sites, a unique phenomenon within the profession. This policy goes hand in hand with a culture of craftsmanship. The brand’s signature free floating diamonds behind the watch glass was created in the mid 1970s. It is now the corporate partner the Cannes Film Festival, official timekeeper of the Grand Prix of Monaco and the Mille Miglia. Chopard prides itself on the use of ethically sourced gold and aims to eventually use sustainable gold across all pieces that they produce. Range of price is $2,000-$16.26 million. Most expensive suite of Emerald and Diamond jewels, sold at $1,171,932.51 by Chopard.

5.Van Cleef & Arpels

Van Cleef & Arpels is a French luxury jewelry, watch, and perfume company. After their marriage in 1895, Alfred van Cleef and Estelle Arpels started a luxurious line in 1906 that still exists today. Opening their first store in Place Vendome in Paris, in the 1940s Van Cleef and Arpel in Palm Beach followed by New York. On 2 December 1933, this company received French Patent No. 764,966 for a proprietary gem setting style it calls Serti Mysterieux, or “Mystery Setting”, a technique employing a setting where the prongs are invisible. Each stone is faceted onto gold rails less than two-tenths of a millimeter thick. The technique can require 300 hours of work per piece or more, and only a few are produced each year. Diamonds were still used, but only as highlights. These attractive and wearable jewels were very popular in the 1950s, as confidence returned to a world.

Initially it was only possible to use this new setting on a flat surface such as a box or minaudiere but as the ‘Mystery Set’ technique evolved it was used on more challenging curved surfaces. Emeralds are particularly difficult to cut and match in colour compared to sapphires or rubies, and are thus used more rarely. Among some of the exceptional accomplishments of this maison is their patented, innovative creation called Mystery Set. Van Cleef and Arpels are renowned for their playful use of animals, flowers and nature in their designs. The iconic Ballerina brooch was first conceived in New York in 1940, inspired by Louis Arpels and his nephew Claude, who were friends of George Balanchine, co-founder of the School of American Ballet. Range of price is $1,500-$490,000. Most expensive Van Cleef & Arpels sold at auction 8.24-carat Ruby and Diamond ring, sold at $4,226,500 in 2011.

6.Graff

Graff origins began in England in 1960, when Laurence Graff founded the company. Graff is a British multinational jeweller based in London. The brand is famous for its large diamond designs and also widely known for buying and resetting prominent diamonds. Graff has over 50 stores around the world including New York, Las Vegas, Melbourne, Monte Carlo, Courchevel, Kiev, Beijing and Taipei. Graff has corporate offices in London, New York, Geneva, Hong Kong and Tokyo. A member of the Graff family oversees every stage of a diamond’s journey, from the sourcing of the rough stone through to the cutting, polishing and final setting of each bridal jewel. Believed by many to be the bearer of good fortune, the butterfly is a signature motif at Graff from which countless creative visions take flight. In 1973 Graff became the first jeweller to receive the Queen’s Award to Industry and Export.

Some of the most famous Graff diamonds have included the Graff Pink, a pink emerald cut diamond of over 20 ct, and the Delaire Sunrise, the largest emerald cut Fancy Vivid Yellow diamond in the world. A vertically integrated company, Graff operations comprise the design, manufacture and retail distribution of jewellery and watches. Graff adheres to the Kimberley Process, never knowingly buying or trading rough diamonds from areas where this would encourage conflict or human suffering. The majority of Graff diamonds are laser engraved with unique Gemological Institute of America (GIA) tracking numbers, which whilst invisible to the naked eye, allow for their origin to be traced. Range of price is $1,350-$46.2 million. Most expensive Graff sold at auction The Graff Pink, a rare 24.78-carat pink diamond is sold at $46 million in 2017.

7.David Yurman

David Yurman Enterprises is a privately held American designer jewelry company. This line was founded by David and Sybil Yurman in 1980. It has been known to sculpt designs reminiscent of the American Craft Movement. One of the popular designs is their signature cable bracelet in sterling silver and gold, embellished with colored gems. The brand uses bright colors and playful, structured designs. Great for everyday wear and especially for stacking bracelets, David Yurman is a popular choice for men and women of all ages. In 1983, Yurman introduced what became his signature piece, the cable bracelet: a twisted helix adorned with gemstones on its end caps. He called the bracelet and related designs “Renaissance,” and it has become one of his most enduring collections. Created through an innovative process Yurman pioneered, the cable motif was awarded two rare design trademarks in the United States since it was instantly recognizable as his signature form. His cable design evolved to become the thread that connects all of his collections.

In the early 1970s, Yurman and Kleinrock moved to Carmel in upstate New York and formed a company called Putnam Art Works which specialized in sculptural jewelry. Throughout the next decade they exhibited their jewelry designs, sculptures, and paintings at various galleries and craft fairs. They became key figures in the American craft movement. Through Putnam Art Works, the Yurmans learned the marketplace for fine crafts and artisanal jewelry. During the 1980s and 1990s, the David Yurman company was at the forefront of the emerging category of American designer jewelry. There are currently 33 David Yurman boutiques in the United States and 11 international boutiques. The Yurmans formalized a lifelong commitment to charitable causes by establishing the David & Sybil Yurman Humanitarian and Arts Foundation in 2001. David Yurman also created a pin for the Silver Shield Foundation benefitting the families of New York City firefighters and policemen. Range of price is $300-$50,000. Most expensive David Yurman sold at auction18K Gold, Diamond, and Citrine interchangeable necklace is sold at $7,380.

8.Buccellati

Buccellati Holding Italia is an Italian jewellery and watch company formed by the merger of two previous companies with existing brands Mario Buccellati and Gianmaria Buccellati, which corresponded to the names and surname of two master goldsmiths: father and son. They use their unique engraving skills. In the mid eighteenth, century Contargo Buccellati worked as a goldsmith in Milan. In 1909, at the age of 12, Mario Buccellati apprenticed with the highly respected firm, Beltrami & Beltrami, in Milan. In 1919, Buccellati took over the firm and renamed it Buccellati. Buccellati designs Italian jewels in gold, silver, and platinum. The brand has grown globally and is known for its pieces that reflect Old Hollywood design that takes inspiration from animals and insects. By the 1950s Buccellati had expanded to the US with stores in New York and Florida. Their first watch collection is launched in 2001 in Geneva.

In 1949, Mario Buccellati was commissioned to create an icon by Pope Pius XII for Princess Margaret to mark the extraordinary power of the first visit of a British Royal to Vatican City in hundreds of years. This magnificent work of art can be admired today at the Chianciano Art Museum in Tuscany. In December 2016, China’s Gansu Gangtai Holding Group bought a controlling 85% share in Buccellati. In September 2019, Compagnie Financière Richemont acquired 100% of Buccellati from Gangtai. Family run house Buccellati was founded in 1919 and still uses centuries-old Italian techniques to create its fine jewelry. Inspired by Renaissance and Venetian designs, each piece is uniquely engraved as a mark of the artisans’ meticulous hand-craftsmanship. Katerina Perez also visited the Buccellati boutique in Paris to talk to the designer about her passions, inspiration and the Buccellati brand and to find out what role jewellery plays in her life. Range of price is $2,000-$50,000. Most expensive Buccellati sold at auction Gold Buccellati bracelet, sold at $72,100.

9.Bvlgari

Bvlgari, also spelled Bulgari, is famed for its colored gemstones and diamonds. Bulgari is an Italian luxury brand known for its jewellery, watches, fragrances, accessories and leather goods. Since its creation in 1884, it has been a crowd favorite among clients seeking brightly-colored, large pieces with chromatic effect. It’s also because of this brand that the cabochon cut, a popular gemstone cut in antique times, was reestablished. Bulgari was founded in the region of Epirus, Greece, in 1884 by the silversmith Sotirios Boulgaris. During the 1970s, Bulgari stores opened in New York, Geneva, Monte Carlo and Paris.

Bulgari has about 300 stores. The largest is the 10-storey Bulgari Ginza Tower in Tokyo, 940 square meters of retail floor space. The Bulgari Art Award is an annual art award in partnership with the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. At that time it was only the jewelery shop over the years and become an international brand. Bulgari produced with Luxottica, and Bulgari formed a joint venture with Marriott International in 2001 to launch its hotel brand, Bulgari Hotels & Resorts, a collection of properties and resort destinations around the world. Range of price is $1,000-$12 million. Most expensive Bvlgari sold at auction 57.72-carat Bvlgari Sapphire Suitor sold at $5,906,500 in 2011.

10.Boucheron

Boucheron is a French luxury jewellery and watches house located in Paris, 26 Place Vendome, owned by Kering. Finishing off our list of the top 10 designer jewelry brands is Boucheron. Founded by Frederic Boucheron in 1858 in Paris, France, his designs were influenced by Egyptian and Asian art, thus, creating unfamiliar stone combinations such as onyx and diamonds. He was also first to merge bronze, ivory, and gold. In 1879, Boucheron developed a clasp-less necklace, which was part of its show which won a Grand Prix for Outstanding Innovation in a Jewellery Collection at the 1889 World’s Fair. In 1878, the Russian Prince Felix Youssoupoff purchased a corsage decorated with 6 detachable diamond bows during one of his visits to Paris. In 1921, Boucheron was commissioned to make a tiara for Lady Greville which was later given to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Queen Elizabeth also has a collection of Boucheron jewels.

It has 34 boutiques worldwide and an online e-commerce website launched in 2007. Boucheron makes watches, and jewellery, and licenses its marque for perfumes. In a joint venture with the mobile phone brand Vertu, Boucheron created the world’s first High Jewellery limited edition cell phones out of gold and precious stones. There are only eight pieces of the Cobra model in rose gold set all round with rubies and a pear-cut diamond and emerald eyes. Range of price is $1,000-$285,000. Most expensive Boucheron sold at auction Diamond, Emerald, and Enamel Brooch, sold at $55,974.57.

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THE GREAT 10 LARGEST FISH SPICES LIVING TODAY IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE GREAT 10 LARGEST FISH SPICES LIVING TODAY IN THE WORLD

A fish is an animal which lives and breathes in water. All fish are vertebrates and most breathe through gills and have fins and scales. Fish are cold-blooded, which means their internal body temperature changes as the surrounding temperature changes. The 25,000 known species of fish are divided into three main groups. There are three classes of fish: jawless, cartilaginous, and bony. All fish have a backbone. Fish have been on the earth for more than 500 million years. Fish were well established long before dinosaurs roamed the earth. 40% of all fish species inhabit fresh water, yet less than .01% of the earth’s water is fresh water. Fish have a specialized sense organ called the lateral line which works much like radar and helps them navigate in dark or murky water. Fish have excellent senses of sight, touch, taste and many possess a good sense of smell and ‘hearing’. Fish feel pain and suffer stress just like mammals and birds. Fish eat other fish, fish eggs, mollusks, aquatic plants, algae, zooplankton, terrestrial insects, water birds, turtles, frogs, snakes and mice. Living species range from the primitive jawless lampreys and hagfishes through the cartilaginous sharks, skates, and rays to the abundant and diverse bony fishes. Around 99% of living fish species are ray-finned fish. Fish can communicate in their underwater environments through the use of acoustic communication. Acoustic communication in fish involves the transmission of acoustic signals from one individual of a species to another. It can be found in nearly all aquatic environments, from high mountain streams to the abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans. Fish are an important resource for humans worldwide, especially as food. Commercial and subsistence fishers hunt fish in wild fisheries or farm them in ponds or in cages in the ocean. Tropical fish are one of the most popular pets in the U.S. The great 10 Largest fish species living today are as follows.

1.Whale Shark

It is also the largest extant non-mammalian vertebrate species on our planet. Whale sharks may grow up to 40 feet and weigh as much as 40 tons by some estimates. The whale shark is found in the warm tropical oceans open waters and can be found in the temperatures of about 68-77° Fahrenheit. Fish are usually covered with scales. They have two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. A fish takes in the oxygen from the water using gills. The whale shark and basking shark exceed all other fish by a considerable margin in weight and length. The Rhincodon typus, which can grow up to 41.5 feet and weigh as much as 21.5 tons, is the biggest fish species living today.

They have broad, flat heads with short snouts and their backs have an interesting white, yellow, and grey checkerboard pattern. These fish can live for up to 70 years. Despite their massive size, the fish are rarely a threat to humans. Whale sharks eat mostly small organisms like plankton, schooling fish, and squid, which they strain from the water as they swim with their meter-long mouths and specialized teeth. They feed mainly on plankton. The species are labelled as an endangered species by the IUCN. Bycatch losses, vessel strikes, low multiplication rate are only some of the factors threatening the future survival of the species. Whale sharks, which give live birth to hundreds of small babies.

2.Basking Shark

The Cetorhinus maximus can attain lengths of about 20 to 26 feet and weigh almost 19 tons, making the species the second biggest extant fish species in the world. It grows upto a maximum length of 45 feet and weight of 10,000 pounds (4.5 metric tons).This migratory shark species is found throughout the temperate oceans of the world. Like the whale shark, it feeds exclusively on planktons. A filter-feeder, the shark feeds near the surface of the water as if it was basking in the sun, hence the name. The basking shark has been labelled as a vulnerable species by the IUCN. The whale shark and basking shark exceed all other fish by a considerable margin in weight and length. It is usually greyish-brown, with mottled skin. It is one of three plankton-eating shark species, along with the whale shark and megamouth shark. They are quite harmless.

They spend most of their time near the surface, swimming with their extraordinarily large mouths open, filtering out their preferred prey, but they may also make deeper, feeding dives. Several countries have given them some or complete legal protection, legal fisheries still exist in other places, and occasionally, basking sharks are captured unintentionally in other fisheries. Basking sharks give birth to only a few, quite large babies. Basking sharks have been observed leaping out of the water, which may be a way of getting rid of parasites. Basking sharks have massive livers that make up 25 percent of their body weight. It is estimated that basking sharks live for about 50 years. Years of heavy commercial exploitation for food, shark liver oil, shark fin and also threats from fishing, bycatch losses, and more have reduced the population of the species.

3.Great White Shark

The great white shark is the world’s largest known predatory fish. It has 300 teeth, yet does not chew its food. The Carcharodon carcharias is found in the coastal waters of all the oceans where water temperature ranges between 12 and 24 °C. Most shark-related attacks on humans are associated with this shark species since it lives in coastal areas where encounters with humans are more frequent. However, humans are not the preferred prey of this species but still unprovoked attacks by the great white are quite common. Great white sharks can be found throughout the world’s oceans, mostly in cool waters close to the coast. These super swimmers are the largest predatory fish (fish that eat other fish or animals) on our planet. Some specimens of the species have been found to be 20 feet long and weigh about 3.3 tons. Generally, however, individuals are about 13 feet in length. The great white shark can live for over 70 years. The great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), also known as the great white. These fish feed on a variety of prey species including the seabirds. Larger white sharks will also prey on sea lions, seals, and small toothed whales like orcas.

The great white shark is the apex predator in its ecosystem but occasionally killer whales are known to kill these sharks. The great white shark is also a vulnerable species subjected to the same threats as the species mentioned above. Great white sharks can swim at speeds of 25 km/hr (16 mph) for short bursts and to depths of 1,200 m (3,900 ft). ‘Great white shark’ is the most commonly used variant among common people, likely because the addition of the word “great” stresses the size of the species. The great white shark was one of the species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae, in which it was identified as an amphibian. He assigned the scientific name Squalus carcharias, Squalus being the genus that he placed all sharks in. By the 1810s, it was recognized that the shark should be placed in a new genus, but it was not until 1838 when Sir Andrew Smith coined the name Carcharodon as the new genus. Great white sharks are grey with a white underbelly, from where they get their name. They have a streamlined shape and powerful tails. They can even leave the water completely, breaching like whales when attacking prey from underneath. Of the 100-plus annual shark attacks worldwide, a third to a half are attributed to great white sharks.

  1. Tiger Shark

The Galeocerdo cuvier or the “Sea Tiger” is the fourth largest fish species living today. It can attain a length of more than 16 ft and weigh around 3 tons. Tiger sharks can grow up to 18 feet (5.5 m) long. The populations of this species are widely distributed in the tropical and temperate oceans with larger populations living around the islands in the central Pacific Ocean. It is often called the man-eater shark. Tiger shark teeth are unique with very sharp, pronounced serrations and an unmistakable sideways-pointing tip. They play an important role in ecosystem function.
Younger sharks exhibit black tiger-like stripes on the body which disappear with age. These stripes give the species its name. It is notable for having the widest food spectrum of all sharks, with a range of prey that includes crustaceans, fish, seals, birds, squid, turtles, sea snakes, dolphins, and even other smaller sharks.

It also has a reputation as a “garbage eater”. Sadly, the tiger shark is also threatened by human activities that make it a near threatened species on the IUCN Red List. The tiger shark is responsible for the second-highest number of attacks on humans after the great white shark. A tiger shark generally has long fins to provide lift as the shark maneuvers through water, while the long upper tail provides bursts of speed. The skin of a tiger shark can typically range from blue to light green with a white or light-yellow underbelly. Female tiger sharks have anywhere from 10 to 82 embryos and give birth to an average of 30 to 35 pups per litter. Tiger sharks live in shallow, coastal waters, but have been seen 1,150 feet (350 m) deep. The dark stripes on their sides and backs, which is one way they can be distinguished from other shark species. These large, slow-moving sharks live all over the world in sub-tropical waters.

  1. Giant Oceanic Manta Ray

The Manta birostris is a ray species that ranks as the fifth largest fish species in the world. It is therefore the biggest species of ray and can be as big as 23 feet and weigh around 3 tons. These rays live in the tropical and subtropical oceans. Giant manta rays can dive more than 3,280 feet (1,000 m) underwater, but typically feed only 33 feet (10 m) deep. The manta rays feed mainly on plankton and swim alone or in groups with other members of the same species or other marine species. Although the manta ray has few predators in the water, humans are responsible for a steep decline in their population due to irresponsible fishing practices. It is dorsoventrally flattened and has large, triangular pectoral fins on either side of the disc. At the front, it has a pair of cephalic fins which are forward extensions of the pectoral fins. These can be rolled up in a spiral for swimming or can be flared out to channel water into the large, forward-pointing, rectangular mouth when the animal is feeding. It has a small dorsal fin and the tail is long and whip-like.

The manta ray does not have a spiny tail as do the closely related devil rays. The colouring of the dorsal (upper) surface is black, dark brown, or steely blue, sometimes with a few pale spots and usually with a pale edge. The ventral surface is white, sometimes with dark spots and blotches. it has been recorded as far north as southern California and New Jersey in the United States, Aomori Prefecture in Japan, the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, and the Azores in the northern Atlantic. In the Southern Hemisphere, it occurs as far south as Peru, Uruguay, South Africa, and New Zealand. When traveling in deep water, the giant oceanic manta ray swims steadily in a straight line, while further inshore it usually basks or swims. Giant manta rays have one of the lowest fecundity of all elasmobranchs, typically only giving birth to one pup every two to three years. There are reports of giant mantas living to at least 40 years. Giant manta rays have the biggest brains of any fish studied so far. They use that brain power to learn, exercise their memory, distinguish between objects and even recognize themselves in the mirror.

  1. Ocean Sunfish

The Mola mola is the world’s largest living bony fish. Adults of this species weigh around 2.3 tons and can grow up to a maximum length of 10.8 ft. The truth about sunfish is that they are far more amazing, and capable animal. They have no true tail, and instead look like a fish that has been cut in half. Due to their unique shape, the fish can attain a height equivalent to their length. These fish inhabit the world’s tropical and temperate oceans. Although they have few natural predators, they are subjected to great threats due to human activities like fishing. Thus, the IUCN has labelled the species as vulnerable. They feed on massive quantities of sea jelly. Sunfish are consumed largely small fishes, fish larvae, squid, and crustaceans.

Its scientific name, mola, is Latin for “millstone”, which the fish resembles because of its grey color, rough texture, and rounded body. They are a silvery color and have a rough skin texture. Their teeth are fused into a beak-like structure, and they are unable to fully close their relatively small mouths. Its common English name, sunfish, refers to the animal’s habit of sunbathing at the surface of the water. This family comprises three genera: Masturus, Mola and Ranzania. Unlike most fish, the sunfish swings its dorsal fin and anal fin in a characteristic sculling motion. Ocean sunfish use their dorsal and anal fins as a primary means to move. Sometimes ocean sunfish swim along the ocean surface. They are commonly observed off the coast of Southern California, Indonesia, the British Isles, Southern coast of Africa the Northern and Southern Isles of New Zealand. Females of the species can produce more eggs than any other known vertebrate, up to 300,000,000 at a time.

7.Sharptail Mola

The Masturus lanceolatus is a mola species that lives in the world’s tropical and temperate marine waters. It is similar in appearance to the ocean sunfish , but can be distinguished by the projection on its clavus . It has an oval body with an evenly convex forehead profile. Their skin is covered with small dermal denticles that are finer than those of the ocean sunfish. The sharptail mola (Masturus lanceolatus) is also very large. Molas have a distinctive bullet-shaped appearance, with a short body that ends abruptly in a thick rudder like structure called a clavus just behind the tall triangular dorsal and anal fins. Since the species is elusive in nature, it is rarely sighted and hence little understood. The fish can attain a length of about 11 feet and weigh as much as 2 tons.

The sharptail mola feeds on a wide variety of species including annelids, sponges, fishes, etc. Molas are the largest of the bony fishes, and they are separated into three genera: Mola, Masturus, and Ranzania. It has recently become important to commercial fisheries operating off eastern Taiwan. This species is the only member of its genus. During the day, they spend most of their time in depths of 5-200 meters (16–656 feet), preferring water temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius, but making frequent dives in cool, deep waters, perhaps to avoid feeding or hunting. Their skin is covered with a small dermal denticle which is finer than the sea sunflower. Sharptail mola’s swim mode is just like any other sea sunfish, it uses the long surface and the scaling speed of anus to propel itself through the water.

  1. Hoodwinker Sunfish

The Mola tecta have been recently discovered and hence little is known about its behavior. However, it is ranked as one of the biggest fish species known to us. The hoodwinker sunfish is a congener of the more widely known ocean sunfish, Mola mola. It has a smooth body shape, no bump and has a maximum length of 242cm (about 7.9 feet). It is closely related to the more widely known ocean sunfish. The fish is found in the oceanic waters of the Southern Hemisphere where it preys on salps. These are mostly discovered in the temperate region of Southern Hemisphere in the water near Australia, New Zealand Southern Chile and Southern Africa. It does not have spines in its fins nor real caudal fin. Compared to other Mola species, Mola tecta is slimmer, has a sleeker adult body shape and lacks a protruding snout and lumps along the tail fin.

It reaches up to three meters in length and weighing up to two tonnes (2.0 long tons; 2.2 short tons). The hoodwinker sunfish was the first new species of sunfish . They have attracted interest for centuries because of their unique shape and large size. These beautiful giants Mola tecta can be identified from its rounded clavus edge with indent, 15-17 clavus fin rays and its body scales are raised conical midpoints. Mola tecta, the hoodwinker sunfish is a deep-sea fish with gigantic body size. Discovered on a beach near Christchurch, New Zealand in 2015, Mola tecta, the hoodwinker sunfish is the first species to identify sunfish in 130 years. Mola tecta are found mostly in equatorial regions of the Southern Hemisphere in waters close to Australia, New Zealand, southern Chile, and South Africa. It was first described by Marine Naigard, a sea scientist. Mole tech is hard to study because they are hard to find and their huge size makes them difficult to store.

  1. Beluga Sturgeon

A critically endangered species, the Huso huso belongs to the sturgeon family. The beluga sturgeon is one of the only species of sturgeons that actively eats other fishes and is one of the largest predatory fishes on Earth. The common name for the sturgeon, as for the unrelated beluga whale, is derived from the Russian word, meaning “white”, probably referring to the extensive pale colour on the flanks and belly in beluga compared to other sturgeons. It has elongated body, heterocercal tail, partially cartilaginous skeleton, naked skin, longitudinal series of scutes. The habitat of the fish is restricted to the Black, Caspian and Adriatic Seas. Humans have heavily exploited this species for the beluga caviar, a highly-priced delicacy. The unregulated fishing of this species and poaching activities have severely reduced the populations of this fish leading to an urgent need to protect the species from commercial exploitation.

The fish is also a late-maturing species with a long lifespan. It migrates upstream in rivers for laying eggs. Other fish and rarely waterfowl constitutes its prey base. The largest known specimen of the beluga sturgeon has been found to be 23.6 ft long and weigh 1,571 kg. Heavily fished for the female’s valuable roe, known as beluga caviar, wild populations have been greatly reduced by overfishing and poaching. The sturgeons are a very old group of fishes (over 200 million years old) and make up one of the most primitive lineages of bony fishes. beluga sturgeon produce millions of eggs. The amount of eggs that a single beluga sturgeon can produce makes this species the most valuable fish in the world to fishers. That value may be the beluga sturgeon’s doom. When preparing to spawn upriver, the beluga sturgeon is easy to capture, by harpoon or in nets. The largest of all sturgeon species is the most prestigious of all due to its caviar, once the most expensive food product in the world.

  1. Reef Manta Ray

The Manta alfredi is the second biggest species of ray and the tenth biggest fish species living in the world today. It is one of the largest rays in the world. The fish is generally found in the tropical and subtropical marine waters but are absent in the East Pacific and the West Atlantic. The fish can weigh as much as 1.4 tons and attain lengths of up to 5.5 m. It primarily consumes zooplankton and is a filter-feeder. Although it is rarely predated upon due to its considerable size and high speed, human activities like overfishing have adversely impacted populations of this species. The reef manta ray is thus a Vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List. The reef manta ray has a pelagic lifestyle and feeds by filtering sea water in order to catch zooplankton. Research indicates that mantas probably may live to at least 50 years old.

The Reef Manta Ray (Mobula alfredi) is one of the largest and most iconic marine species. Because Reef Manta Rays frequent relatively shallow waters along the coastal reefs of continents and oceanic islands, they are more commonly encountered by divers and snorkellers than their Oceanic Manta Ray cousins. Large, flat and oddly shaped, these fish are named for their unique appearance, ‘Manta’ meaning blanket or cloak in Spanish. Sporting famously long pectoral fins, these iconic creatures can be spotted in numerous regions of the Great Barrier Reef. Feeding on krill and zooplankton, they are often seen forming long chains and swimming in circles to create a spiral effect, catching food in their wake.

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THE GREAT 10 LARGEST HEALTH INSURANCE COMPANIES IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO NET PREMIUM WRITTEN(NPW) AND NON-BANKING ASSETS

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Health insurance is an insurance product which covers medical and surgical expenses of an insured individual. It reimburses the expenses incurred due to illness or injury or pays the care provider of the insured individual directly. Health insurance is an insurance that covers the whole or a part of the risk of a person. By estimating the overall risk of health risk and health system expenses over the risk pool, an insurer can develop a routine finance structure, such as a monthly premium or payroll tax, to provide the money to pay for the health care benefits specified in the insurance agreement. The benefit is administered by a central organization such as a government agency, private business, or not-for-profit entity. There are two basic types of health insurance: 1.Mediclaim Plans, 2. Critical Illness Insurance Plans. Medicare or medical costs are rising year on year. As a matter of fact, inflation in medicare is higher than inflation in food and other articles. While inflation in food and clothing is in single digits, medicare costs usually escalate in double digits. One way to provide for medical emergencies is by taking health insurance. Health insurance offers considerable flexibility in terms of disease / ailment coverage.  With health insurance, you are assured of a more secure future both health-wise and money-wise. This makes health insurance policies critical for individuals, especially if they are responsible for the financial well-being of the family. The Great 10 largest Health insurance companies in the world, by net premiums written (NPW) and non-banking assets in the year 2018.

1.UnitedHealth Group Incorporation- United States

UnitedHealth Group Incorporation is an American for-profit managed health care company based in Minnetonka, Minnesota. This brand was created in 2011 as the company’s health services business. UnitedHealth Group incorporated on July 1, 2015, is a health and well-being company. The Company operates through four segments: UnitedHealthcare, OptumHealth, OptumInsight and OptumRx. Among the middlemen tasked with making today’s healthcare efficient and cost-effective is UnitedHealth Group Inc. (UNH), the world’s largest healthcare company by revenue. Primarily an insurer, UnitedHealth Group claims over 130 million customers worldwide. It offers health care products and insurance services. It is the largest healthcare company in the world by revenue, with 2019 revenue of $242.2 billion.  No one plans to fall ill or get hurt, but a serious illness can strike anyone at any time. The cost of treating the illness can cause severe financial strain on the savings you have accumulated over time. It provides health and well-being services to individuals age 65 and older. UnitedHealthcare Global – serves 6.2 million people with medical benefits, residing principally in Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Peru but also in more than 130 other countries. Net Premium Written is US $178,087,000.

2.AXA S.A.-France

AXA is a French multinational insurance firm headquartered in Paris that engages in global insurance, investment management and other financial services. Axa S.A. is a French multinational insurance firm headquartered in the 8th arrondissement of Paris that engages in global insurance, investment management, and other financial services. The Axa Group operates primarily in Western Europe, North America, the India Pacific region, and the Middle East, with a presence also in Africa. Axa is a conglomerate of independently run businesses, operated according to the laws and regulations of many different countries. The company was founded in 1816 as Mutuelle de L’assurance contre L’incendie. The firm adopted the Axa name in 1985. AXA SA (AXA), incorporated on February 20, 1985, is a holding company engaged in the business of financial protection. The Company’s segments include Life & Savings, Property & Casualty, International Insurance, Asset Management, Banking and Holding companies.

AXA operates primarily in Europe, North America, Asia Pacific Region and in other regions, including the Middle East, Latin America and Africa. AXA offers a range of Life & Savings products, including Individual and group savings products, as well as Life and Health products for both individual and commercial clients. The Company’s International Insurance Segment operations are focused on risks, reinsurance and assistance. AXA Corporate Solutions Assurance is the Company’s subsidiary engaged in large corporations in terms of property and casualty, loss prevention, risk management, underwriting and claims handling and to specialty markets across the world. The operations in the Banking segment are conducted primarily in Belgium, France and Germany. AXA Bank’s products and offers are linked with insurance business and are focused on retail products. AXA Banque has approximately 715,000 registered customers, with a retail banking product offer.  Net Premium Written is US $103,033,468 in the year 2018.

3.Ping An Ins (Group) Co of China Ltd.-China

Ping An Insurance also known as Ping An of China and the company’s name Ping An translates to “safe and well”. over 204 million retail customers and 534 million Internet users, Ping An is one of the largest financial services companies in the world. Ping An Life, through its nationwide service network of over 40 branches, including approximately six telemarketing centers, and over 3,000 business outlets, provides individual customers and institutional clients with life insurance products. With The company has 236,000 employees and 635,000 insurance agents. China Ping An Insurance  Company Limited  also offers property and casualty insurance service in the Hong Kong market.  Ping An Insurance (Group) Company of China, Ltd., incorporated on March 21, 1988, is a personal financial services provider. The Company provides insurance, banking, investment, and Internet finance products and services.

The Company operates through six segments: life insurance, property and casualty insurance, banking, trust, securities and corporate. The life insurance segment offers a range of life insurance products to individual and corporate customers, including term, whole-life, endowment, annuity, investment-linked, universal life and healthcare insurance. The property and casualty insurance segment offers a range of insurance products to individual and corporate customers, including automobile insurance, non-automobile insurance, and accident and health insurance. The banking segment undertakes loan and intermediary businesses with corporate customers and retail business, as well as wealth management and credit card services with individual customers. The trust segment provides trust services and undertakes investing activities. The securities segment undertakes brokerage, trading, investment banking and asset management services. The corporate segment includes the management and support of the Company’s business through its strategy, risk, treasury, finance, legal and human resources functions, among others. Ping An stands out among Chinese financial institutions for its aggressive acceptance of foreign capital.  The company is considered to be China’s biggest insurer, with US$107 billion in gross premium income in 2018. Its market capitalization is at US$220 billion in July 2019. These business segments contributed 69%, 15%, 11%, 6%, and 2% of the company’s net profit, respectively, in 2019.

4. China Life Insurance (Group) Company- China

The company is a life insurance company established in Beijing, China on 30 June, 2003. China Life Insurance also handles non-life insurance products. China Life Insurance (Overseas) Company Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of China Life Insurance (Group) Company which is the largest state-owned financial insurance corporation in China, is the strategic headquarter for overseas business development of the parent company. The parent company has been taking firm strides to develop modern insurance services and realize the “China Life Dream” of becoming a premier international financial insurance group.  And with strong support from the parent company, China Life Insurance Company Limited has already built business networks in Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore and Indonesia. The primary focus of the Company is the enhancement of profits and creation of value through organic growth as well as mergers and acquisitions.

China Life Insurance Company Limited  is a Beijing-headquartered China-incorporated company that provides life insurance and annuity products. With 70% state-ownership, China Life is the biggest life insurer in China in terms of total assets, but has experienced economic difficulty in the past years. China’s insurance market has attracted dozens of new competitors after the Chinese government liberalized. It also provides both individual and group accident and short-term health insurance policies and services. It has more than 300 million individual and group policies in force. China Life sells its individual products primarily through its own network, comprised of exclusive agents, direct sales representatives, and dedicated and non-dedicated agencies. In addition to life insurance, the company provides asset management services and health and accident insurance. Net Premium Written is US $ 92,360,557 in the year 2018.

5. Kaiser Foundation Group of Health Plans- United States

Kaiser Permanente is an American integrated managed care consortium, based in Oakland, California, United States, founded in 1945. Kaiser has an integrated care model, offering both hospital and physician care through a network of hospitals and physician practices operating under the Kaiser Permanente name. Kaiser Permanente operates in eight states like Hawaii, Washington, Oregon, California, Colorado, Maryland, Virginia, Georgia and the District of Columbia, and is the largest managed care organization in the United States. Each entity of Kaiser Permanente has its own management and governance structure, although all of the structures are interdependent and cooperative to a great extent.  Kaiser Permanente is one of the largest nonprofit healthcare plans in the United States. 

As of 2019, Kaiser Permanente had 12.2 million health plan members, 218,297 employees, 22,914 physicians, 59,127 nurses, 39 medical centers, and 706 medical facilities. The Permanente Medical Groups, which provide care for Kaiser Permanente members, continuously develop and refine medical practices to help ensure that care is delivered in the most efficient and effective manner possible.  Each Permanente Medical Group operates as a separate for-profit partnership or professional corporation in its individual territory, and while none publicly reports its financial results, each is primarily funded by reimbursements from its respective regional Kaiser Foundation Health Plan entity. KFHP is one of the largest not-for-profit organizations in the United States. Net Premium Written is US $ 92,054,688 in the year 2018.

6. Anthem, Inc. – United States

Anthem, Inc., incorporated on July 17, 2001, is a health benefits company. Anthem is a leading health benefits company dedicated to improving lives and communities, and making healthcare simpler. The Company operates through three segments: Commercial and Specialty Business, Government Business and Other. It is the largest for-profit managed health care company in the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association. The company was formed by the 2004 merger of WellPoint. Through its affiliated companies, Anthem serves more than 106 million people, including 42 million within its family of health plans.  Anthem companies serve members as the Blue Cross licensee for California; and as the Blue Cross and Blue Shield licensees for Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Anthem Inc.’s also serve customers in many states across U.S. The company operates as Anthem Blue Cross in California, where it has about 800,000 customers and is the largest health insurer. It operates as Empire BlueCross BlueShield in New York State and as Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield in 10 states. There may be times when we use other companies to give our members and providers certain types of services, like Utilization Management or Case Management. It would always make sure that it was approved by law and allowed by our contracts beforehand.

Radiant Services, LLC may be part of the approval process for care you receive. Whether Radiant is involved or not, the process is the same. Radiant has some staff outside the United States. They want to help you get access to quality, efficient care that is backed by scientific research. Its managed care plans include preferred provider organizations (PPOs); health maintenance organizations (HMOs); point-of-service (POS), plans; indemnity plans and other hybrid plans, including consumer-driven health plans (CDHPs); and hospital only and limited benefit products. In addition, it provides an array of managed care services to self-funded customers, including claims processing, underwriting, stop loss insurance, actual services, provider network access, medical cost management, disease management, wellness programs and other administrative services. It provides an array of specialty and other insurance products and services, such as dental, vision, life and disability insurance benefits, radiology benefit management and analytics-driven personal healthcare. It also provides services to the federal government in connection with the Federal Employee Program (FEP). Net Premium Written is US $85,048,000 in the year 2018. provides non-BCBS plans under the Unicare, Amerigroup, CareMore, Simply Healthcare, HealthSun, HealthLink, and other brands in more than 25 states. Plans include PPO, HMO, POS, indemnity, and hybrid plans offered to employers, individuals, and Medicare and Medicaid recipients.

7. Allianz SE- Germany

Allianz SE is the holding company of the Allianz Group. Allianz SE operates in the field of reinsurance, providing reinsurance protection for Allianz Group companies, in particular. Allianz, headquartered in Munich, is a German financial services company operating mainly in the insurance and asset management sectors globally. As of December 31, 2019, Allianz SE employed 1,673 people. Besides Allianz SE, the Allianz Group comprises subsidiaries with over 147,000 employees in more than 70 countries. With revenues reaching approximately 127 billion U.S. dollars in 2018, it was the third largest insurance company worldwide.  Allianz has more than 85 million customers worldwide and its services include property and casualty insurance, life and health insurance and asset management. Allianz operates through Allianz Belgium, previously AGF Belgium which has been re-branded to Allianz Belgium in November 2007.

The Life or Health segment offers a range of life and health insurance products on both an individual and a group basis.  Allianz is one of the world’s largest investors, managing over 650 billion euros on behalf of its insurance customers while our asset managers Allianz Global Investors and PIMCO manage an additional 1.4 trillion euros of third-party assets. It runs the Asset Management business out of two distinct investment management businesses, PIMCO and Allianz Global Investors (AllianzGI). Both units operate under Allianz Asset Management (AAM). Particular strongholds include the United States, Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and the Asia-Pacific region. Net Premium Written  is US $83,203,137 in the year 2018.

8. Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A. – Italy

Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A. or simply Generali Group is an Italian insurance company based in Trieste.  It is the largest of its kind in Italy and among top 10 in the world.  Assicurazioni Generali Austro-Italiche, the company was founded on December 26, 1831. The company grew in importance, becoming one of the largest insurance operators both in Italy and in Central Europe.  The Group operates through three segments: Life, Non Life, and Holding and other business. The Life segment include saving and protection products, both individual and for families, as well as products with investments purposes for companies. The Non-life segment provides various insurance products related to casualty, accident, health, and company plans. The Holding and other business segment includes non insurance assets, mostly banking and asset management activities. The Company is active globally.  Generali’s major competitors at international level are AXA, Allianz and Zurich. Besides them, there are companies competing at local and regional level in various countries and markets.  Today Generali operates primarily in Europe, Middle East and East Asia, with large market shares in Italy, Poland, Hungary, Germany, France, Austria, Slovenia, The Netherlands, Croatia, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, Romania, Israel, Japan, China and Bosnia and Herzegovina, with secondary operations in Latin America.

In India the company is represented by Future Generali, a joint venture of Future group and Assicurazioni Generali. It provides both life and property or casualty insurance. The Non-Life business is known as Future Generali India Insurance Company Limited. The Life business is known as Future Generali India Life Insurance Company Limited. Main Subsidiaries of the group includes, in Italy: Genertellife, Alleanza Assicurazioni, Generali Italia and Banca Generali. Generali confirms its leadership position in the Italian insurance market with an overall share of 16.2% as it can rely on a complete range of insurance solutions for its clients in both the Life and P&C segments. During 2019, Generali Italia continued to implement its simplification programme with the goal to improve the customer experience by simplifying the relationship between customers and agents for the entire process by providing more and more accessible and innovative services. The Group’s global initiative for the society, Generali Italia launched Ora di Futuro. Net Premium Written  is US $72,617,727 in the year 2018.

9. State Farm Group – United States

State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company is the parent company of several affiliates and subsidiaries that provide property and life insurance, banking products, and mutual funds.  It was founded in 1922. It is also the largest auto insurance provider in the United States. Approximately it has  59,000 employees and it consists of  84M policies and accounts in force in the U.S. as of December 2019. About 60% of State Farm households have more than one product. In 2019, Fire and Auto Claims handled about 22,000 claims per day. Through its two life insurance affiliates, State Farm Life was the second largest U.S. ordinary individual life insurer based on policies in force according to S&P Global Market Intelligence.  State Farm offers about 100 products with approximately 19,200 agents.

The group’s parent company is State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, which is a mutual insurance company based in Bloomington, Illinois.  State Farm is best known for offering property and casualty (P&C) insurance products, especially in personal lines. It offers life and health insurance, annuities, mutual funds and banking products.  Nearly 867,000 policies were there in health. Net Premium Written is US $70,832,964 in the year 2018.  In 2019, the insurer announced personal auto insurance rate reductions in multiple states including: Arizona, Louisiana and South Carolina.

10. People’s Insurance Company (Group) of China Ltd.- China

The People’s Insurance Company (Group) of China Limited (abbreviated as PICC Group or PICC) is the first nationwide insurance company in China and has developed into a leading large-scale integrated insurance financial group in the People’s Republic of China. It was founded in October 1949 and headquartered in Beijing.  The Company is mainly engaged in property insurance, health insurance, life insurance, reinsurance, Hong Kong insurance, pension insurance and operating insurance business.  The group provides insurance products for accident, universal life, general life, family property, travel, auto, health, personal credit loan guarantee and performance guarantee. It also offers cargo insurance, credit guarantee insurance, special risk insurance, engineering insurance, employer liability insurance, export product liability insurance, safety production liability insurance, government rescue insurance and technological equipment insurance.  The Chinese Central Government is the controlling shareholder.

On December 7th 2012, PICC Group successfully completed its IPO on Hong Kong Stock Exchange, which was China’s first group listing of state-owned financial insurance conglomerate.  In 1996, it became a holding company, as People’s Insurance Company  of China  Three subsidiaries were formed, as property insurer, life insurer and reinsurer respectively. PICC has branch offices in London and New York as well as in the cities and towns of China. PICC Health was a joint venture with German insurer DKV  and other investors. The Life Insurance covers personal, personal insurance products-wealth management, groups, banks, and e-commerce platform online insurance. Health Insurance is a form of insurance that provides coverage or financial security for the medical expenses incurred by the policyholder. Based on the chosen health insurance plan, the policyholder gets coverage for hospitalization, day-care facility, treatment costs for listed diseases, surgical expenses along with reimbursement of the acquired expenses. Net Premium Written is US $68,204,489 in the year 2018.

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