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THE 10 GREAT BEST SNACKS IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaJune 27, 2021June 27, 2021UncategorizedLeave a Comment

A small amount of food that is eaten between meals, or a very small meal. By the 1950s, snacking had become an all-American pastime, becoming an internationally recognized emblem of middle American life. Snacks come in a variety of forms including packaged snack foods and other processed foods, as well as items made from fresh ingredients at home. With the spread of convenience stores, packaged snack foods became a significant business. Processed snack foods, as one form of convenience food, are designed to be less perishable, more durable, and more portable than prepared foods. They often contain substantial amounts of sweeteners, preservatives, and appealing ingredients such as chocolate, peanuts, and specially-designed flavors. Between school, homework, sports, your after-school job, and hanging out with friends, it may feel like there’s no time for healthy eating. When you do stop to eat, it’s probably tempting to go the quick and easy route by grabbing a burger and fries, potato chips, or candy. But it is possible to treat yourself to a healthy snack. Snacking on nutritious food can keep your energy level high and your mind alert without taking up a lot of your time. You may have noticed that you feel hungry a lot. This is natural during adolescence, the body needs more nutrients to grow as it should. Snacks are a terrific way to satisfy that hunger and get all the vitamins and nutrients your body needs. Look for foods that contain fiber like whole-grain breads, cereals, fruit, and vegetables and combine them with protein-rich snacks such as peanut butter or low-fat yogurt or cheese.

1.Vada Pav(India)

Vada Pav is a vegetarian fast food dish native to the state of Maharashtra. Ashok Vaidya of Dadar is often credited with starting the first vada pav stall outside Dadar railway station in 1966. It is also called Bombay burger. Vada Pav, also known as poor man’s burger is a vegetarian Indian street food. When you bite into a Vada Pav, you experience the flavor of boiled and seasoned potatoes, Garlic paste, tempering of mustard and curry leaves. Then there’s some gram flour, mint sauce with white bread. The oil or fat content of a Vada Pav is higher than idli which is a healthy substitute. The dish consists of a deep fried potato dumpling placed inside a bread bun (pav) sliced almost in half through the middle. Boiled potato is mashed and mixed with chopped green chilly and garlic, mustard seeds, and spices. The mass is then shaped into a ball, dipped into gram flour batter and deep fried. The resultant fritter is served by placing inside a bread bun, accompanied with one or more chutneys and fried green chilly.

Vada Pav is generally accompanied with one or more chutneys and a green chilly pepper. Although it originated as cheap street food in Mumbai, it is now served in food stalls and restaurants across India. Large fast food restaurant chains such as Kunjvihar Jumbo King in Mulund and Goli Vada Pav also primarily serve Vada pav. Outside of Mumbai, a variant of Vada Pav is Pav Vada which is famous in Nashik. Vada Pav witnessed a dramatic rise. It began to be recognized as a go to snack for the working class. It was easy to make, cheap and convenient to eat. These factors led to a boom in its popularity among those who had no time or luxury to eat amidst their long commuting hours in overcrowded local trains. Almost all the sellers boast of a secret recipe and ingredient that make their Vada Pav different. From film stars to cricketers to industrialists to daily wage labourers, all are fans of Vada Pav and many more are yet to come who will be left spellbound the moment they taste it.

2.Chuanr(China)

Chuan originated in the Xinjiang region of China. It all started with the Xinjiang lamb skewer vendors on the streets. It is a product of the Chinese Islamic cuisine of the Uyghur people and other Chinese Muslims. It can be roughly translated to Chinese barbecue, often involving meat on skewers. Chuan’r is a skewer of grilled meat, usually lamb, typically cooked over an open flame and seasoned with liberal helpings of cumin and chili peppers. They are a relative newcomer to the food scene in Beijing, a city filled with dishes and delicacies dating back centuries. Especially in the north-east of China referred to as chuan’r, are small pieces of meat roasted. It is also sometimes cooked by deep frying in oil. It can be classified as a type of kebab. Chuan was traditionally made from lamb, which is still the most common kind, but now, chicken, pork, beef and various types of seafood can also be used. Especially in tourist areas, chuan can be found made with various insects, bugs, birds and other exotic animals.

Generally Chuan may be spiced according to preference, but generally cumin seeds, dried red pepper flakes, salt, black pepper and sesame or sesame oil are sprinkled or brushed onto it. In Tianjin and Jinan, chuan is often served with small round breads, also grilled with the same spices. Xian Bing technically means “pie” or “filled bread”. After cooking the bread and meat, the bread is split open and chuan meat is stuffed inside, then eaten together. It has been spread throughout the rest of the country, most notably in Beijing, Tianjin, Jinan and Jilin, where it is a popular street food. The varieties range from the traditional. The lady outside of the JinQiaoLu subway stop selling lamb chuan’r on a pita bread all the way to the new and innovative Qibao Old Street where you can find sparrow skewers, or Yunnan South Road, where you find all types of vegetables ready to be grilled. It is still a very popular style of food in China that really should be tried.

3.Frites(Belgium)

The Spanish discovered potatoes in the early 15th century and brought them to Europe, and 200 years later the people of Liege and Dinant, which are located in what is now the southern part of Belgium, started to fry them. The fries cannot be frozen or too soft before frying, as they need the perfect balance to ensure that, once fried, they are crispy and delicious. The perfect Belgian frites are also no more than one centimeter (0.4 inches) thick, and the procedure involves frying the potatoes twice. In fact, they are even prepared in special oil made from a mix of horse and cow fat. We have established that fries are treat on their own, but as a side dish, fries are an ever present in Belgium’s other staple dishes, such as moules frites, filet american, or the classic steak and fries combination.

Frites are the supercharged cousin to paltry American style fries made from soft Belgian potatoes called bintjes, they are double-fried. Served in a paper cone with mayo and ketchup. First time at somewhere between 150 – 170C, but at a lower temperature than the 2nd time in any case, which would be around 180 – 190C. The potato mentioned by Saveur is actually a Dutch potato. When visiting Belgium I would suggest trying our fries and judging yourself. I prefer having fries in a “frietzak”, a conic white piece of cardboard with sauce on top, Belgian style, You can also try our famous Moules and Frites and of course you should not forget about our waffles, chocolates.

4.Sai Krog(Thailand)

Sai Krog is a fermented sausage originating in the northeastern provinces of Northeastern Thailand. It is made with pork and rice, and typically eaten as a snack served with bird’s eye chilis, raw cabbage, and sliced ginger. Sai krog are usually served in a plastic bag, perfect for eating on the run. The combination of hot and sour is perfect for a steamy Thai afternoon.
Prepare the sausage casing and clean it with a salt solution. Thread the casings onto a wide funnel and tie a knot in the end. Make a paste of garlic and salt. Add the rice and make a rough mixture, then combine the pork with the mixture and mix well. Fry a spoonful of the mixture until it is cooked. Check whether the fried mixture is under salted or not. Force the mixture through the funnel by hand. Alternatively, you can use a pestle while holding the casings. Do allow some casing to be released at a time. Remove the funnel once all the mixture is stuffed inside the sausages. Evenly distribute the pork in the casings by using your hands.

To make the knotted sausage links, start at the end and after an inch in, squeeze and twist the long part of the sausage twice. Repeat the process move another inch from the first twist and keep the first link still. Tie up the end with another string and join the two strings. Put the sausage in the sunlight for 24-48 hours. To check the sausage, cook one up. If the sausage is sour in taste, that means it’s ready. Separate the sausages from one another and prick each one several times to prevent bursting. Grill it on a barbecue or fry in a pan, with as much oil as you find is needed, for a few minutes. Let it cool down for a few minutes, then serve. This sausage can be eaten with raw vegetables such as lettuces, cabbages, sliced gingers and Bird’s Eye Chili’s. Not only will you find sai krok dangling on display, but there’s another popular type of Isaan sausage, that’s darker in color, known as Mam.

5.Cheese Roll(New Zealand)

Cheese roll grew in appeal because the south of New Zealand is so much colder than the north. The perfect cheese roll will have a gooey, melted cheese inside and a crunchy outside. It’s simple and cheesy, and you’ve probably never heard of it. It’s the perfect thing to have with soup. Though as far as anyone can tell, only in the south of New Zealand do they have a tradition of grilling the whole thing rolled up, sometimes with toothpicks, and to this day the cheese roll is almost unheard of in the North Island. Until recently they were virtually unknown outside New Zealand’s southern regions of Southland and Otago. Cheese rolls are one of only a very small number of recipes which are specific to only one of New Zealand’s two main islands.

Preheat oven to 350 degrees. In a saucepan on low heat, add the cheese, onions, evaporated milk, and onion soup or dip powder. Stirring while allowing the ingredients to melt into a smooth mixture. Once smooth, remove the mixture from heat and allow it to cool for a minute. Spread a heaping spoon of the cheese on the bread and roll the bread into a log. Place on a butter-greased baking tray and generously brush with butter. Bake for 10-15 minutes until the bread turns golden brown. Remove and serve immediately. It’s perfect for afternoon tea. It’s perfect for morning tea. In the days when you might be required to whip out something for visitors, most hospitable Southern housewives had a tray in the freezer, ready to go under the grill at a moment’s notice and so they fed shearing gangs and sports teams alike.

6.Choripan(Argentina)

Choripan vendors can be found outside just about every sporting stadium in the country, as well as near any market or public gathering. One of the most iconic street foods and grilling recipes of Argentina as well as parts of Chile, Brazil, and Uruguay, the simple sandwich. It consists of a split long roll, a grilled or griddled chorizo link, and a slathering of oily, herby chimichurri on the bread. You are mostly likely to run into choripan stands highly foot-trafficked by workers or tourists and near open space, such as parks, football stadiums, outdoor markets, and street fairs.

The smoky, lightly spicy sausage usually consists of pork or pork and beef, and vendors will cook them slowly and until well-seared, sometimes splitting them lengthwise down the center to promote faster, more even cooking and help fill the roll. Although the sandwich is named after the combination of sausage and the French-style bread, one of the most defining and indispensable ingredients is the chimichurri. An ubiquitous condiment in and around Buenos Aires and many parts of Argentina made with dried or finely chopped oregano, sometimes parsley, onion, oil, vinegar, and often chile, chimichurri is used to dress the bread for choripan and give a counter balancing bite of oniony, herby freshness to the sandwich overall. Today, more and more cooks and chefs are experimenting with chimichurri, using more fresh herbs, or playing with vinegar and spices.

7.Pizza(New York)

Both the ancient Greeks and the Egyptians independently created their own form of flatbread covered in oils and herbs. The traditional cheese pizza that we recognize today began to take shape in Naples in the 16th and 17th centuries, and by the mid-1800s, pizzerias began sprouting up all over central and southern Italy. The first American pizzeria made its triumphant debut at the onset of the 20th century, when Italian immigrant Gennaro Lombardi and his employee Antonio Totonno Pero began selling pizzas in their small grocery store in Little Italy. Nowadays, Lombardi’s continues serving its Neapolitan slices just down the block from its original location on Spring Street, and is widely considered to be one of the best pizzerias in the five boroughs. Nonetheless, this historical restaurant is not without its fair share of competition, as Grimaldi’s Pizzeria in Brooklyn and John’s of Bleeker Street are frequently cited as its main challengers. This style evolved in the U.S. from the pizza that originated in New York City in the early 1900s. Today it is the dominant style eaten in the New York Metropolitan Area states of New York, and New Jersey and variously popular throughout the United States.

New York style pizza is pizza made with a characteristically large hand-tossed thin crust, often sold in wide slices to go. The crust is thick and crisp only along its edge, yet soft, thin, and pliable enough beneath its toppings to be folded in half to eat. Traditional toppings are simply tomato sauce and shredded mozzarella cheese. The original pizzerias in New York used coal-fired ovens and baked their pizza with the cheese on the bottom and sauce on top. By 2010, over 400 pizza restaurants existed in New York City, with hundreds more of varied cuisine also offering the dish. The heavily-seasoned cooked tomato sauce is typically made of olive oil, canned tomatoes, garlic, sugar, salt, and herbs like oregano, basil, and crushed red pepper, as opposed to the simple Neapolitan sauce, made from uncooked crushed tomatoes and salt. New York-style pizzas can have additional toppings like any number of vegetables, meats such as pepperoni and sausage, or other kinds of cheese on top of the mozzarella. Common condiments to put on top of a slice after it comes out of the oven include garlic powder, crushed red pepper, dried oregano, and grated Parmesan cheese.

8.Takoyaki(Japan)

“Octopus balls” is a ball-shaped Japanese snack made of a wheat flour-based batter and cooked in a special molded pan. It is typically filled with minced or diced octopus, tempura scraps, pickled ginger, and green onion. The balls are brushed with takoyaki sauce (similar to Worcestershire sauce) and mayonnaise, and then sprinkled with green laver and shavings of dried bonito. Takoyaki was first popularized in Osaka, where a street vendor named Tomekichi Endo is credited with its invention in 1935. Takoyaki was inspired by akashiyaki, a small round dumpling from the city of Akashi in Hyogo Prefecture made of an egg-rich batter and octopus. Takoyaki was initially popular in the Kansai region, and later spread to the Kanto region and other areas of Japan.

Takoyaki is associated with yatai street food stalls, and there are many well-established takoyaki specialty restaurants, particularly in the Kansai region. Takoyaki is now sold at commercial outlets, such as supermarkets and 24-hour convenience stores. The first takoyaki included beef and konjac, but later Endo switched to using the now traditional octopus and added flavor to the batter. The takoyaki are then eaten with brown sauce, similar to Worcestershire sauce. The food, known as “octopus balls”, quickly became popular throughout Japan. It is found especially at summer festivals in Japan.

9.Suppli(Italy)

While Rome is bursting at the seams with great food, it has surprisingly few street snacks in the early 19th century. The name originally comes from the French word for surprise. Fortunately, it’s suppli to the rescue. Suppli, like its southern cousin the arancini, is a deep-fried ball of risotto. Supplì are Italian snacks consisting of a ball of rice with tomato sauce, typical of Roman cuisine. Originally, they were filled with chicken giblets, mincemeat or provatura now also with a piece of mozzarella; the whole morsel is soaked in egg, coated with bread crumbs and then fried. They are closely related to Sicilian arancini and croquettes. Supplì were originally sold at friggitorie, typical Roman shops where fried food was sold. Now they are commonly served in most pizzerias all around Italy as an antipasto.

The most common embellishment is to prepare them al telefono, literally “telephone-style.” A small knob of mozzarella is enclosed in the rice before the little football is breaded and fried. The heat partially melts the mozzarella, so that when you crack open the supplÌ and pull the two halves apart, a wire of stretchy cheese connects them, like an old-fashioned telephone. More baroque combos do exist, and many restaurants will have a “special” supplì in addition to the classic al telefono. You may have heard about the famous Italian Suppli as a Roman food classic commonly found in the region of Lazio, but also found elsewhere in Italy.

10.Saltenas(Bolivia)

When hunger hits on the streets of La Paz, there’s only one place you want to be going is the nearest purveyor of Saltenas. A saltena is a type of baked empanada from Bolivia. Saltenas are savory pastries filled with beef, pork or chicken mixed in a sweet, slightly spicy sauce containing olives, raisins and potatoes. Vegetarian saltenas are sometimes available at certain restaurants. In La Paz, it is a tradition to enjoy saltenas as a mid-morning snack, although vendors often start selling saltenas very early in the morning. The pastries are sold anywhere from 7am to noon. Historian Antonio Paredes Candia states that during the early 19th century, Juana Manuela Gorriti was the first person to create the current version of this dish. This lady later married President Manuel Isidoro Belzu.

Gorriti was born in Salta, Argentina and was exiled to Potosí, Bolivia during the Juan Manuel de Rosas dictatorship. The Gorriti family endured extreme poverty, and they came up with the recipe in the early 19th century in order to make a living. A variation of these pastries was known at the time throughout most of Europe. Saltenas are juicy, like a stew in a pastry. The juiciness is achieved by making a stew out of all the ingredients and adding gelatin, so that the stew hardens in the refrigerator, and then slowly melts when they are baked. This ensures that the dough does not get soggy even while providing a very juicy filling.

THE 10 GREAT FOOD PRESERVATION METHODS IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaJune 23, 2021June 23, 2021UncategorizedLeave a Comment

Food is a source of energy for all of us. Unhealthy or spoiled food is the major cause of diseases in human beings, this is known as food poisoning. To prevent this, the food needs to be preserved in a variety of ways. Food preservation is one of the methods to protect food. Food preservation is the technique to prevent food spoilage, food poisoning, and microbial contamination in food.” Food preservation started long back in ancient times. Cooling, freezing, fermentation, sun-drying, etc., are few age old food preservation techniques. With the advent of technology, modern methods of food preservation were developed. Chemicals and other natural substances were used for preservation. These substances are known as preservatives. Listed below is an overview of 10 methods for preserving foods, including today’s popular methods, as well as other old-fashioned and ancient techniques.

1.Canning

Canning is an important, safe method of food preservation if practiced properly. Canning, method of preserving food from spoilage by storing it in containers that are hermetically sealed and then sterilized by heat. It can be used with most foods, including fruits, vegetables, meats, seafood, and some prepared foods. Canning provides a shelf life that typically ranges from one to five years, although under specific circumstances, it can be much longer. A freeze-dried canned product, such as canned dried lentils, could last as long as 30 years in an edible state. Canning requires the purchase of reusable canning jars and rings, one-time use sealing lids. The process was invented after prolonged research by Nicolas Appert of France in 1809, in response to a call by his government for a means of preserving food for army and navy use. The French Army began experimenting with issuing canned foods to its soldiers.

The larger armies of the period required increased and regular supplies of quality food. Appert’s method consisted of tightly sealing food inside a bottle or jar, heating it to a certain temperature, and maintaining the heat for a certain period, after which the container was kept sealed until use. The original fragile and heavy glass containers presented challenges for transportation, and glass jars were largely replaced in commercial canneries with cylindrical tin can or wrought-iron canisters. In 1810 Peter Durand of England patented the use of tin-coated iron cans instead of bottles, and by 1820 he was supplying canned food to the Royal Navy in large quantities. Can consists of a sheet of tin-plated iron that was rolled into a cylinder, onto which the top and bottom were manually soldered. The modern tin can is made of 98.5 percent sheet steel with a thin coating of tin.

2.Freezing

Freezing is a common method of food preservation that slows both food decay and the growth of micro-organisms. Freezing is the process of chilling foods to at least 0°F. It can be used with all foods, including fruits, vegetables, meats, seafood, grains, nuts, dairy, eggs, and prepared foods. True freezing is not possible in the freezer compartment of your refrigerator where the temperature is typically much warmer, between 10°F to 32°F. Freezing is easy to do, if you can afford to buy and operate the relatively expensive appliance. Freezing can damage some foods because the formation of ice crystals causes breakage of the cell membranes. This has no adverse effects in terms of safety, however the food loses its crispness or firmness. Freezing is the old, easiest, most convenient, and least time-consuming method of preserving foods. Most foods freeze well with the exception of produce with a high water content, cream-based items, and cooked starchy foods such as cooked noodles and rice. Freezing occurs when heat is lost from an object, which causes the molecules to slow down and form tighter bonds. Freezing is the opposite of melting, and two steps away from evaporation.

Freezing occurs at below 0 degrees Celsius with water, while some other liquids become a solid at higher or lower temperatures. Most liquids can freeze. It is a necessary step in casting. Freezing means the solidification phase change of a liquid or the liquid content of a substance, usually due to cooling. For most substances, the melting and freezing points are the same temperature; however, certain substances possess differing solid–liquid transition temperatures. Most liquids freeze by crystallization, formation of crystalline solid from the uniform liquid. Many living organisms are able to tolerate prolonged periods of time at temperatures below the freezing point of water. Besides the effect of lower temperatures on reaction rates, freezing makes water less available for bacteria growth. freezing is one of the oldest and most widely used method of food preservation. The method has been used for centuries in cold regions, and a patent was issued in Britain as early as 1842 for freezing food by immersion in an ice and salt brine. The temperature of the water remains at 32°F as the ice crystals grow, and then a rapid temperature drop occurs as the ice crystals cool. Rapid freezing improves the quality of the food. The faster food freezes, the smaller the crystals that form. Small crystals do less damage to cell walls.

3.Drying

Drying is one of the world’s oldest methods of food preservation, with the principles of this process influencing some of the most modern methods of food science. Some of the ancient dehydration methods are still the best ones. All you need is direct sunlight for a number of days and a low humidity atmosphere of below 20%. So, your geography matters, which is why sun-dried foods are such a central part of certain cultures. Drying is the process of dehydrating foods until there is not enough moisture to support microbial activity. It can be used with most foods, including fruits, vegetables, meats, seafood, grains, legumes, and nuts. Food dehydrating is based on one core principle: Quickly remove as much moisture from the food as possible to inhibit the growth of bacteria, mold and yeast. Some people prefer to dry food because it takes less time, money and energy than other food-storage methods, such as canning or freezing. Food dehydration saves money because you can buy or grow seasonal produce to dry and store for year-round use. The first automated drying process was created in 1795 by French inventors Masson and Chollet. The machine fed sliced fruit and vegetables into a hot-air dehydration chamber, with a controlled temperature of 40°C dehydrating produce ready to be pressed and sealed in tin foil. In some cases, the nutritional value and vitamins can be retained through blanching food before drying them, a process that often used when drying vegetables.

There are several different techniques, some are relatively easy to do and require no special equipment. Other methods are Spray Drying food, Freeze Drying Food. The dairy industry is one of the largest processors of dehydrated food. Many dairy products are spray dried, meaning they are automised into a fine mist then brought into contact with hot air. The moisture is instantly removed, leaving only the milk powder as a product. This method is used to make powders such as milk, whey and yeast, as well as some ice creams, cheese and fruit juices. Although spray drying food gives you the product quickly, it is a very expensive technique that requires a lot of energy. As the food is frozen, the moisture in it is turned into ice. It is then put into a vacuum at -45°C and the ice is removed by sublimation, meaning it goes directly from a solid to a gas, without ever entering liquid form. The advantage is that the food will maintain its structure and flavour, and almost any food can be freeze dried. This method is also be expensive. Many foods lose vitamins and other useful nutrients in the process.

4.Fermenting

During fermentation, lactic acid bacteria consume the sugars or carbohydrates in the food, producing acid and flavor compounds. When fermenting foods at home, we rely on creating the environment needed for a safe and effective ferment. Fermenting is the process of encouraging the growth of “good bugs” to inhibit the “bad bugs” that can spoil food. It can be used with many types of foods, including fruits, vegetables, meats, seafood, grains, legumes, dairy, and eggs to produce a wide range of products such as wine (from grapes), sauerkraut (cabbage), cured sausage (meat), and yogurt (milk). Cauliflower, carrots, cucumbers, and daikon radishes…just about any vegetable can be fermented. Cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut, kimchee, olives, salami, jerky, and bread; also, beverages such as hard cider, wine, beer, and coffee were all produced by the fermentation process. To allow for the growth of the desirable lactic acid bacteria, the process needs sufficient water, nutrients, an appropriate amount of salt, and the absence of oxygen/air.

The beginner should use tested recipes that are science based, provide the appropriate salt concentration and amounts of vegetable and, if needed, added water. Many fermented products can be produced without any special equipment. The method for each type of product is relatively easy, but requires attention to detail. Food fermentation serves five main purposes: to enrich the diet through development of a diversity of flavors, aromas, and textures in food substrates; to preserve substantial amounts of food through lactic acid, alcohol, acetic acid, and alkaline fermentations; to enrich food substrates with protein, essential amino acids, and vitamins; to eliminate antinutrients; and to reduce cooking time and the associated use of fuel. The French chemist Louis Pasteur founded zymology, when in 1856 he connected yeast to fermentation. When studying the fermentation of sugar to alcohol by yeast, Pasteur concluded that the fermentation was catalyzed by a vital force, called “ferments”, within the yeast cells.

5.Pickling

Pickling is the process of preserving or extending the shelf life of food by either anaerobic fermentation in brine or immersion in vinegar. It is the process of soaking food in a solution containing salt, acid, or alcohol. The pickling procedure typically affects the food’s texture and flavor. The resulting food is called a pickle, or, to prevent ambiguity, prefaced with pickled. Foods that are pickled include vegetables, fruits, meats, fish, dairy and eggs. Like most vegetables, pickles are almost all water and have very little fat or protein. A distinguishing characteristic is a pH of 4.6 or lower, which is sufficient to kill most bacteria. Pickling was used as a way to preserve food for out-of-season use and for long journeys, especially by sea. Pickling may also improve the nutritional value of food by introducing B vitamins produced by bacteria and it helps digestion.

South Asia has a large variety of pickles. Most methods require no special equipment. However, pickled foods can be unsafe if prepared carelessly or stored at room temperature. Pickling is often combined with another method, such as Fermenting, Canning, or just Refrigerating. Fermented pickles are full of good bacteria called probiotics, which are important for gut health. Carotene is a powerful compound that’s been shown to help lower your chances of dying of heart disease, stroke, cancer, respiratory diseases, and other conditions. November 14th is National Pickle Day. In chemical pickling, the fruits or vegetables to be pickled are placed in a sterilized jar along with brine, vinegar, or both, as well as spices, and are then allowed to mature until the desired taste is obtained.

6.Dry Salting

Dry salting is a fermentation method that involves sprinkling salt onto a dry vegetable to draw out the water. The vegetable is then pounded to further break down the cell walls and release juice in order to create enough liquid brine to submerge the vegetables. Place prepared seafood in a single layer in a container. Sprinkle generously with salt. Turnover and salt the other side. Another layer can be placed on top and the salting process repeated. Use about a quarter of the seafood weight in salt. Cover, and leave in a cool place (20°C or less) for the required time. In hot weather it is preferable to store in the chiller. Rinse under cold running water. Dry with disposable paper towels. After Salting, it will be ready to serve. It is one of the oldest methods of preserving food, and two historically significant salt-cured foods are salted fish (usually dried and salted cod or salted herring) and salt-cured meat (such as bacon).

Vegetables such as runner beans and cabbage are also often preserved in this manner. Salting is used because most bacteria, fungi and other potentially pathogenic organisms cannot survive in a highly salty environment, due to the hypertonic nature of salt. Dry salting is used for meat, fish, and vegetables. A low salt concentration, promotes fermentation, while a high salt concentration, prevents microbial growth and preserves the food in a more or less fresh, although salty state. Many people familiar with the technique consider salted vegetables such as green beans to be far superior in taste and texture than canned or frozen beans. This old-fashioned method was promoted in the early twentieth century as an alternative to canning, in order to conserve glass, tin, and fuel in time of war.

7.Curing

Curing is any of various food preservation and flavoring processes of foods such as meat, fish and vegetables, by the addition of salt, with the aim of drawing moisture out of the food by the process of osmosis. Curing is similar to pickling, and uses salt, acid, and/or nitrites. The nitrate and nitrite compounds themselves are not harmful, however, and are among the antioxidants found in fresh vegetables. Curing is used for meat and fish. Simple, modern curing methods often reduce the amount of salt and nitrites, which may require that you refrigerate or freeze the final product. Shelf-stable products require the use of adequate amounts of nitrites and a complex drying process using special equipment and exacting technique. Some curing methods also employ a secondary process such as fermenting, smoking, or sealing. Meat preservation in general comprises the set of all treatment processes for preserving the properties, taste, texture, and color of raw, partially cooked, or cooked meats while keeping them edible and safe to consume.

While meat-preservation processes like curing were mainly developed in order to prevent disease and to increase food security, the advent of modern preservation methods mean that in most developed countries today curing is instead mainly practised for its cultural value. For lesser-developed countries, curing remains a key process in the production, transport and availability of meat. Curing with salt and sugar may be called salting, salt-curing, sugar-curing or honey-curing. The application of pellets of salt, called corns, is often called corning. Curing in a water solution or brine is called wet-curing or pickling or brining. Paul Bertolli notes that a pickle contains nitrite in addition to salt. The curing of fish is sometimes called kippering. Salt inhibits the growth of spoilage-causing microorganisms by drawing water out of microbial cells through osmosis. Concentrations of salt up to 20% are required to kill most species of unwanted bacteria. Salted meat and fish are commonly eaten as a staple of the diet in North Africa, Southern China and in the Arctic where they are associated with nasopharyngeal cancer caused by infection by the Epstein-Barr Virus.

8.Smoking

Smoking is the process of flavoring, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to the smoke from burning plant materials like wood and that too hardwood. Drying and Smoking is one of the oldest methods of preserving foodstuffs. Removing the moisture from food helps prevent bacterial and fungal growth which would ruin stored foods. Smoking, in food processing, the exposure of cured meat and fish products to smoke for the purposes of preserving them and increasing their palatability by adding flavour and imparting a rich brown colour. Food preservation is the process of treating foods in a way that prevents spoilage caused by micro-organisms. The drying action of the smoke tends to preserve the meat, though many of the chemicals present in wood smoke are natural preservatives as well. Meats are less likely to turn rancid or grow mold than unsmoked meats. Whether done on a commercial or a home scale, the smoking technique involves hanging the meat or placing it on racks in a chamber designed to contain the smoke. Commercial smokehouses, usually several stories high, often use steampipes to supplement the heat of a natural sawdust fire.

Hickory sawdust is the preferred fuel. Whatever the size of the smoking operation, it is imperative that a hardwood fire be used. In Europe, alder is the traditional smoking wood, but oak is more often used now, and beech to a lesser extent. In North America, hickory, mesquite, oak, pecan, alder, maple, and fruit-tree woods, such as apple, cherry, and plum, are commonly used for smoking. Smoking can be done in four ways: cold smoking, warm smoking, hot smoking, and through the employment of “liquid smoke”. The softwood of conifers such as spruce and pine contains pitch, which produces a film on the meat and imparts a bitter taste. Generally, smokehouse temperatures vary from 109 to 160 °F (43 to 71 °C), and smoking periods vary from as short as a few hours to as long as several days, depending on the type of meat and its moisture content. After smoking, the meat is chilled as rapidly as possible and cut and wrapped for the retail trade. Here we can preserve not only meat, fowl, and fish but also cheeses, nuts and seeds, hard-boiled eggs, and berries, as well as the variety meats including heart, tongue, and liver.

9.Sealing

Sealing is a process of covering food to keep out air, which delays the activity of spoilage organisms. It is used primarily as a complementary process to other methods such as drying or freezing. The goal is to keep oxygen out of food and thus ‘suffocate’ bacteria. Bacteria (good and bad) cannot grow without oxygen. Sealing food means to prohibit bacterial growth and thus preserve food. Both Fat Sealing and Vacuum Sealing methods are relatively easy. Vacuum sealing greatly extends the lifespan of many different kinds of food, from cheese to meat to soup. Sealing saves money. Preserving food for longer means less food spoilage and therefore less wastage of food.

Sealing allows you the option to buy food in bulk at a reduced cost and safely store it for future use. Instead of throwing out leftovers or forcing yourself to eat everything within a day, just vacuum seal and keep it for months. By sealing your food and removing air, the flavours, texture, and moisture of the food will be retained. Plus, you’ll also get much more taste out of your stored food as vacuum sealing will help to preserve nutritional value in food. Vacuum sealing foods protects them from freezer burn and dehydration. Vacuum sealing holds in the moisture, juices, and flavor of the food. You’ll notice the difference in taste. Vacuum sealing food adds a layer of protection from external sources.

10.Cellaring

Cellaring is the process of storing foods in a temperature, humidity, and light controlled environment. There are many different methods for cellaring food, all of which are relatively easy to do. Root cellaring is one of the easiest and most energy-efficient ways to store your fruits and vegetables by using the earth’s natural temperatures. A root cellar is an old-fashioned winter food storage preservation method. The ability of some vegetables and fruit to keep for months in favorable cellar conditions stems in part from the fact that they are not entirely inanimate even after picking. In some cases plants are transplanted from the field to the dirt floor of a cellar in autumn, and they then continue living in the cellar for months. With a renewed interest in gardening, food security, and even sustainable living, root cellars have returned.

While root vegetables aren’t expensive to buy, the quality of a homegrown potato or beet is far superior, plus grocery stores do not always carry vegetables year-round. Having a root cellar is like having a six-month supply of quality vegetables on hand. There is a certain peace of mind of having enough food security without being at the mercy of grocery stores and potential interruptions in the supply chain. Vegetables stored in the root cellar primarily consist of potatoes, turnips, and carrots. Other food supplies placed in the root cellar during winter months include beets, onions, jarred preserves and jams, salt meat, salt turbot, salt herring, winter squash, and cabbage. Water, bread, butter, milk, and cream are sometimes stored in the root cellar.

Tagged : 10 / Canning / Cellaring / Curing / Dry Salting / Drying / Fermenting / food / Freezing / great / meat / methods / Pickling / Sealing / Smoking / store / ten / the / type / world

THE 10 GREAT SMALLEST BIRD SPECIES IN THE WORLD (ranked by the Height of the Bird)

by Sree DivyaJune 13, 2021June 13, 2021UncategorizedLeave a Comment

Bird is a warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrate animal distinguished by the possession of feathers, wings, a beak, and typically by being able to fly. Most Birds can fly, using powerful muscles to flap their wings. But few bird species do not have strong enough wings to fly , so these birds are flightless. Birds are a group of feathered theropod dinosaurs and constitute the only living dinosaurs. There are about ten thousand living species, more than half of which are passerine, or “perching” birds. Birds have wings whose development varies according to species. Many social species pass on knowledge across generations, which is considered a form of culture. Birds are social, communicating with visual signals, calls, and songs, and participating in such behaviours as cooperative breeding and hunting, flocking, and mobbing of predators. Songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. Recreational bird watching is an important part of the ecotourism industry. Many species of birds are economically important as food for human consumption and raw material in manufacturing, with domesticated and undomesticated birds being important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. Here are the 10 Smallest Bird Species the world ranked by Height of the Bird.

1.Bee Humming Bird(Mellisuga helenae)

The Bee Humming Bird is the smallest living bird and also the world’s lightest bird at under 2 grams. It has the smallest nest in the world. The Bee Humming Bird, zunzuncito or Helena Humming Bird is a species of Humming Bird. They are also known as “the flying jewels” because they are able to change the color of their feathers when they fly, this is the unique character. It is native to Cuba. The Average length of Bee Hummingbird is 5 – 6 centimeters and weight is 1.7 grams. The male has a green pileum and bright red throat, iridescent gorget with elongated lateral plumes, bluish upper parts, and the rest of the under parts mostly grayish white. Female bee hummingbirds are bluish green with a pale gray underside. The tips of their tail feathers have white spots. Hummingbirds are named after the humming sound which is produced by their wings during flight. Hummingbirds are very intelligent animals. They have larger brain size than other birds. Their brain weights 4.2% of the hummingbird total body weight. They do not have the sense of smell.

Hummingbirds can see and hear better than humans. They can even detect ultraviolet light. They can move their wings 70 times in a single second, so it requires a lot of energy. Hummingbirds use carbohydrates (sugars) as the main source of energy for flight. Nectar from flowers is the best source of sugar. It also eats insects, which provide them with enough proteins. Female usually lays 2 eggs, which are very small about just ½ inches long. Eggs represent 10 percent of the mother’s weight. Baby cannot fly and it spends first three weeks of life in the nest. Most hummingbirds die in the first year of their life. Those that survive, have an average lifespan of 5 years in the wild and more than 10 years in captivity.

2.Costa’s Humming Bird(Calypte Costae)

The Costa’s Hummingbirds (Calypte costae) are small North American desert birds that occur in the western United States and Mexico, but are known to wander eastward and as far north as Alaska and Canada. Average length of Costa’s Humming Bird is only 8 centimeters long and average weight is 3 grams. It’s native to the southwestern USA. The desert might seem like a bad place for a creature that feeds at flowers, but it is the favored habitat for Costa’s Hummingbird. The Costa’s hummingbird can usually be found in the arid deserts and gardens of its range. The male Costa’s hummingbird has a green and black back and flanks and a small black tail with patches of white below its tail. The male Costa’s hummingbird sports a vibrant purple cap and has throat feathers that flare out behind its head. The female Costa’s hummingbird, not as distinct as the male, is gray-green above and white on its underparts.

Jules Bourcier, a French naturalist and hummingbird expert named the Costa’s Hummingbird after his friend Louis Marie Pantaleon Costa de Beauregar. Costa was a Sardinian patriot, statesman, military commander, historian, and amateur archaeologist who was also fond of collecting hummingbirds. Compact and short-tailed with a slightly drooping bill. Researchers calculated that a Costa’s Hummingbird needs to visit 1,840 flowers to meet its energy requirements for one day. Even though they are traditionally migratory birds, an increasing number of them choose to remain throughout the year in areas with temperate climates, where food supplies are ample. It feeds on nectar and insects. They are typically found near plants such as the Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia) and cholla cactus (Opuntia acanthocarpa). They use their long, extendible, straw-like tongues to retrieve the nectar while hovering with their tails cocked upward as they are licking at the nectar up to 13 times per second. Sometimes they may be seen hanging on the flower while feeding.

3.WeeBill(Smicrornis Brevirostris)

Average length of WeeBill is just 8 centimeters and weight is 6 grams. Wingspan is approximately 15 cm (5.9 in). The Weebill was described by John Gould in 1838 as Psilopus brevirostris. The Weebill’s common name comes from the short, stubby, pale beak. The eye is pale cream, and there is a pale line above the eye. The Weebill is native to Australia’s jungles, forests and it is Australia’s smallest bird. Inhabits dry, open woodlands, especially Eucalypt forests. Eucalyptus-rich areas, they have a diet that’s based on larvae and small insects. It is very vocal as it forages in trees, where it feeds primarily on insects, sometimes in mixed flocks with thorn bills and pardalotes.

The Weebill (Smicrornis brevirostris) is a species of bird in the family Acanthizidae, it is an insectivorous passerine. The Weebill’s plumage is nondescript, with olive-grey upperparts and paler, more yellowish under parts. It grades from more brownish plumage in the Southern regions of Australia to more yellow in tropical areas. Other names of it include tree-tit, short billed tree-tit, scrub-tit, or short-billed scrub-tit. The voice of the Weebill is a loud, clear, musical “pee-pee p’wee”, “wee bit” or “wee willy weetee”, often heard from a considerable distance. They display a preference for foraging in the canopy foliage of healthy Eucalyptus trees, where they are more likely to retrieve insects. The Weebill is widespread in all climates.

4.Goldcrest(Regulus Regulus)

Goldcrest is the smallest bird in Europe. Average length of Goldcrest(Regulus Regulus) is 9 centimeters, weight is 5.7 grams and wingspan is 14 cm. Goldcrest includes many countries in the Middle East, East and Central Asia, India and many parts of Europe. It is a very small passerine bird in the kinglet family. Birds on the Canary Islands are now separated into two subspecies of the goldcrest, but were formerly considered to be a subspecies of the firecrest or a separate species, Regulus teneriffae. It is small bird with finely shaped bill and a short tail. Crown stripe yellow in female, orange in male. Since bird is often viewed from below, the crown stripe is often not visible. The dark eye with the large, pale grey eye-ring is a better character. Their thin beak is ideally suited for picking insects out from between pine needles.

It’s colourful golden crest feathers, as well as being called the “king of the birds” in European folklore, gives rise to its English and scientific names. The scientific name, R. regulus, means king or knight. The Goldcrest breeds in coniferous woodland and gardens. It builds three-layered nest on a tree branch. It is the fact that Goldcrests can incubate as many as 12 eggs at one time in their nest. Eggs are incubated by the female alone, and the chicks are fed by both parents. Contact call a very high pitched “zit zit zit”, only similar to Firecrest and treecreepers. Goldcrests eat tiny morsels like spiders, moth eggs and other small insect food. Birds from the North and East of its breeding range migrate to winter further South.

5.Simple FireCrest(Regulus Ignicapilla)

Averagelength of Simple FireCrest(Regulus Ignicapilla) is 9.3 centimeters and weight is 5.5 grams. FireCrest is a very small passerine bird in the kinglet family. The Firecrest is as small as the Goldcrest and is clearly very closely related to it, but the two species can coexist because of their subtly different ecological requirements. It is possible that this species was the original “king of the birds” in European folklore. It breeds in most of temperate Europe and northwestern Africa, and is partially migratory, with birds from central Europe wintering to the south and west of their breeding range. This kinglet is constantly on the move and frequently hovers as it searches for insects to eat, and in winter it is often found with flocks of tits.

Firecrests in the Balearic Islands and north Africa are widely recognized as a separate subspecies, but the population on Madeira, previously also treated as a subspecies, is now treated as a distinct species, the Madeira firecrest, Regulus madeirensis. The common Firecrest breeds in broadleaved or coniferous woodland and gardens. Seven to twelve eggs are incubated by the female alone. Both parents feed the chicks, which fledge 22–24 days after hatching. It may be hunted and killed by birds of prey, and can carry parasites. Simple firecrests tend to be seen more frequently during autumn and winter.

6.Pardalote(Pardalotidae)

Average length of Pardalote(Pardalotidae) is 9.5 centimeters and weight is 6 grams. The Pardalote is a particularly attractive Australian bird and native to Australia. Pardalotes are a family, Pardalotidae, of very small and brightly coloured birds. This family is composed of four species in one genus, Pardalotus, and several subspecies. Within the family two species, the forty-spotted pardalote and the red-browed pardalote, are fairly invariant species, but the remaining two species are highly variable. Spotted Pardalote also called as HeadacheBird. All four species nest in deep horizontal tunnels drilled into banks of earth. Externally about the size of a mouse-hole, they can be very deep, at a metre or more.

Some species also nest in tree hollows. Eventhough they weigh just 6 g. Their small size lets them get into small holes of eucalyptus trees to hunt for lerps and other native larvae. The name derives from a Greek word meaning “spotted”. They are seasonal breeders in temperate areas of Australia, but may breed year round in warmer areas. Pardalotes spend most of their time high in the outer foliage of trees, feeding on insects, spiders, and above all lerps. Their role in controlling lerp infestations in the Eucalyptus forests of Australia may be significant. Pardalote has short tail, strong legs, and stubby blunt beak. They are monogamous breeders, and both partners share nest construction, incubation and chick-rearing duties. Voice is a very clear and repetitive double “ding”.

7.Brown Gerygone(Gerygonemouki)

Average length of Brown Gerygone(Gerygonemouki) is 10 centimeters and weight is 6 grams. It is a Small plain bird with thin bill. It’s Upperparts brown, under parts whitish, with gray face, red eye, and distinctive patch of white in under tail. Juveniles lack red eye and have yellow gape (base of bill). Inhabits rainforest, wet forest, and surrounding habitats of Eastern Australia. The Brown Gerygone is similar to both the Large-billed, G. magnirostris, and Mangrove,G. levigaster, Gerygones. The Brown Gerygone is one a group of species of small birds which were formerly known as warblers, due to their loud, melodious song. However, as they are not related to the ‘true warblers’ that occur in Europe, Africa, the Americas and Asia, their name was changed. Their new name, ‘gerygone’, which is pronounced ‘jer-ig-on-nee’, comes from Greek, meaning ‘the children of song’. It is also known as the Brown Warbler.

The tail feathers are dark and may be white-tipped. It feeds on insects. The brown Gerygone call is a soft what-is-it. In Victoria there has been a westward expansion of this species, with confirmed sightings in the Dandenong Ranges, East of Melbourne. It has been seen in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. The Brown Gerygone builds a rounded dome nest with a tapering ‘tail’ from roots, plant fibres, spider web, moss and lichens, which is suspended from a low branch or vine. Both parents feed their young ones.

8.Verdin(Ariparusflaviceps)

Average length of Verdin(Ariparusflaviceps) is 10 centimeters and weight is 7 grams. The Verdin (Auriparus flaviceps) is a species of penduline tit. Verdins are insectivorous, continuously foraging among the desert trees and scrubs. These restless birds comb the foliage of trees for insects and spiders, sometimes hanging upside down to investigate hard-to-reach places. They supplement their insect diet with fruits and even nectar, which they may sip from hummingbird feeders. Verdin rivals the American bushtit as one of the smallest passerines in North America. It is gray overall, and adults have a bright yellow head and rufous shoulder patch (the lesser coverts). Unlike the tits, it has a sharply pointed bill.

Juveniles have a light gray body without the rufous shoulder patch and yellow head. The base of the short bill is thick by the head, and draws to a sharp point at the tip. Their nests are best described as spherical masses of bulky twigs and branches that are then lined with grasses, feathers, and hair. Verdins nest in shrubs and thorny thickets with few trees. Both males and females build nests for roosting and nesting, and both incubate the eggs and tend to young. Clutch sizes vary from 3-6 eggs, which are light green with irregular dark red-brown spots, concentrated at the bottom end of the egg.

9.GoldenHeaded Cisticola(Cisticola Exiles)

Average length of GoldenHeaded Cisticola(Cisticola Exiles) is 10 centimeters and weight 8 grams. It is tiny, sandy-colored bird with short tail and dark-streaked back. Breeding adult males have orange-gold crown. Inhabits grasslands of northern and eastern Australia, where perches prominently. Very similar Zitting Cisticola always has a streaked crown and a very different “tick-tick-tick” song but otherwise almost identical. The Golden-headed cisticola (Cisticola exilis), also known as the bright-capped cisticola. It is a species of warbler in the family Cisticolidae. It is also known as the “finest tailor of all birds”. It constructs nests out of plants and spider threads.

This species has been known by several English names in addition to the golden-headed cisticola, including bright-capped cisticola, bright-headed cisticola, bright-crowned cisticola, gold-capped cisticola, yellow-headed cisticola, exile warbler and fan-tail warbler. Males slightly heavier than females. The Golden-headed cisticola is omnivorous, primarily eating invertebrates such as insects and small slugs, but also eating grass seeds. It usually inhabits a single place throughout its life, but habitat changes sometimes cause it to move to a different location. It produces a variety of sounds distinct from other birds, which, according to the Sunshine Coast Council, range from a “teewip” to a “wheezz, whit-whit”. It mates in the rainy season. Three to four eggs are laid at a time, which are incubated by the female, taking 11 days. After hatching, the female feeds the chicks and the male defends the nest, chasing away animals that come near it. Young remain in the nest for 11–13 days.

10.Lesser GoldFinch(Spinus Psaltria)

Average length of Lesser GoldFinch(Spinus Psaltria) is 10 centimeters and weight is 10 grams. The Lesser Goldfinch is known by its scientific name Spinus psaltria, is a small perching bird that’s common to the Southwestern United States. It is native to North America, the Bahamas, and the Turks and Caicos Islands. Though similar in looks to the common sparrow, these birds, unlike the sparrow, hail from the finch family. Lesser Goldfinches are beautiful songbirds whose scientific name is derived from the ancient Greek word for female harpists, psalteria. Lesser Goldfinch birds were first formally described by the American zoologist, Thomas Say. While American Goldfinches lose all the yellow color from their plumage in winter, the Lesser Goldfinch retains a yellow tone. Though, both Lesser Goldfinches and American Goldfinches have a grayish-toned bill in winter plumage.

It feeds in small groups moving through low weeds, shrubs and trees to take mainly small seeds, as well as buds, flowers, or fruits, often visits feeders. It’s a very common bird that’s found in multiple habitats at different elevations and has been observed to be a predominantly monogamous bird. It is particularly sexually dimorphic, with significant coloration differences between males and females. Nests generally were placed toward tips of long branches in the middle of ponderosa pines. Most nests were well concealed in needle clusters in trees near forest edges and openings. This petite species is not only the smallest North American SpinusFinch, it may be the smallest true Finch in the world. Males are easily recognized by their bright yellow under parts and big white patches in the tail (outer rectrices) and on the wings. Female is similar to American Goldfinch. Like other goldfinches, it has an undulating flight in which it frequently gives a call: in this case, a harsh chig chig chig.

Tagged : 10 / Bee Humming Bird(Mellisuga helenae) / bird / Brown Gerygone(Gerygonemouki) / by / Costa’s Humming Bird(Calypte Costae) / Goldcrest(Regulus Regulus) / GoldenHeaded Cisticola(Cisticola Exiles) / great / in / length / lengths / Lesser GoldFinch(Spinus Psaltria) / of / Pardalote(Pardalotidae) / rank / ranks / Simple FireCrest(Regulus Ignicapilla) / small / smallest / species / ten / the / to / type / types / Verdin(Ariparusflaviceps) / WeeBill(Smicrornis Brevirostris) / world

THE 10 GREAT LONGEST BRIDGES IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaJune 7, 2021June 12, 2021UncategorizedLeave a Comment

A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle, such as a body of water, valley, or road, without closing the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, usually something that is otherwise difficult or impossible to cross. There are many different designs that each serve a particular purpose and apply to different situations. Ancient people would also have used log bridges; that is a timber bridge that fall naturally or are intentionally felled or placed across streams. Some of the first man-made bridges with significant span were probably intentionally felled trees. Among the oldest timber bridges is the Holzbrucke Rapperswil-Hurden crossing upper Lake Zurich in Switzerland; the prehistoric timber piles discovered to the west of the Seedamm date back to 1523 BC. On April 6, 2001, the reconstructed wooden footbridge was opened, being the longest wooden bridge in Switzerland.

The Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs. Some stand today. An example is the Alcantara Bridge, built over the river Tagus, in Spain. In India, the Arthashastra treatise by Kautilya mentions the construction of dams and bridges. A Mauryan bridge near Girnar was surveyed by James Princep. The use of stronger bridges using plaited bamboo and iron chain was visible in India by about the 4th century. Rope Bridges a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 16th century. A major breakthrough in bridge technology came with the erection of the Iron Bridge in Shropshire, England in 1779. It used cast iron for the first time as arches to cross the river Severn. Humans have built some astonishing bridges around the world. Longest Bridges are more than 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) in length sorted by their full length above land and water. The main span is the longest span without any ground support. Here is a list of the world’s longest 10 bridges in the world.

1.Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge(China)

Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge is a 164.8-kilometre-long (102.4 mi) viaduct on the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway and it was completed its construction in 2010. As of June 2011, Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge in China held the Guinness World Record for being the world’s longest bridge. This bridge can bear the direct impact from naval vessels weighing 300,000 tons or less. It is the world’s longest bridge. Being a mega dream project, it was expected to bring a boom in China’s communication infrastructure. China gave a boost to its industrial capabilities from early 2000 by planning to construct several long bridges. With the construction of Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge, China easily overcame its massive public and industrial transportation system. This bridge plays a pivotal role to connect the country’s prominent industrial hubs. Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge connects China with the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway. The railway that the bridge connects spans 818 mi (1317 km), and is an engineering feat of its own.

The Construction of the Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge lasted four years and resources costing $8.5 billion. Linking popular metropolitan cities of China, namely Shanghai and Nanjing in the Jiangsu Province, this overpass bridge is the lifeline of the nation. In operation since June, 2011, Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge runs parallel to China’s renowned Yangtze River for approximately 8 to 80 kilometers in the southern side of the river. This bridge touches many populated areas, namely Danyang, Changzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou, and Kunshan, among others. A robust team of 10,000 men, including core laborers, engineers and rest professionals, worked dedicatedly to ensure that its construction of the longest bridge in Asia could complete in the stipulated time frame. This bridge has been constructed in a way that it is capable to bear natural disasters like typhoons and at least 8 magnitude earthquakes this bridge from the ground is 100 feet. The capital city of China’s Jiangsu Province, Nanjing is a popular urban area that remains connected to Shanghai on the other side through the world’s largest bridge Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge. This East Chinese city is located on the famous Yangtze River Delta region, Nanjing. This area is known for rich traditions and cultural vibrancy.

2.Changhua–Kaohsiung Viaduct Bridge(Taiwan)

Changhua-Kaohsiung Viaduct is the world’s second longest bridge. This bridge is 157.317 km (516,132 ft) or 97.8 miles in length and it was completed in 2007. The railway is built across a vast series of viaducts, as they were designed to be earthquake resistant to allow for trains to stop safely during a seismic event and for repairable damage following a maximum design earthquake. Bridges built over known fault lines were designed to survive fault movements without catastrophic damage. The bridge goes from Baguashan in Changhua County to Zuoying in Kaohsiung. THSR Changhua, Yunlin, Chiayi, Tainan stations are built along this viaduct. Changhua–Kaohsiung Viaduct Bridge Completed its construction in 2007. Over 200 million passengers had been carried over it by December 2012. The bridge acts as a viaduct for part of the railway line of the Taiwan High Speed Rail network.

3.Tianjin Grand Bridge(China)

Tianjin Grand Bridge is one of the longest bridges in the world with a total length of about 113.700km, or 70.6 miles. It is one of the high-speed trains that dart from Beijing to Shanghai is like taking a trip through the thousand faces of China. The route also includes the entrance to a tunnel over 6 km (3.7 miles) long that connects two artificial islands. A few kilometers from Tianjin’s skyscrapers, European-style buildings and the upscale residential area of Wudadao (the city’s Five Great Boulevards), a viaduct soars over the city for 113 kilometres (70 miles). Tianjin Grand Bridge is very complex project. This city of 15 million inhabitants is known for the vitality of its port. Tianjin home to an incredible infrastructure. Its massive span races the high-speed railway line between Beijing and Shanghai, one of the busiest and most profitable sustainable mobility routes in the country.

Much of the viaduct runs through the densely populated urban area surrounding the metropolis. The idea of running the high-speed train along an elevated viaduct was a smart solution: every kilometre of railway built on the ground would have required 28.4 hectares (70 acres) of earthworks, and therefore would have had a devastating environmental impact on the urban area. The viaduct was designed in 32 sections, each weighing 860 tons. Work on the project began in 2006 and was completed in 2010, with the inauguration on June 30, 2011. In order to achieve all this, the government made the huge investment of around $20 billion, made possible by China’s development policies. The latitude of Tianjin Grand Bridge, Hebei, Tianjin, China is 39.056084, and the longitude is 117.054947.

4.Cangde Grand Bridge(China)

Cangde Grand Bridge is the world’s fourth longest bridge. It was finished in 2010. The length of Cangde Grand Bridge is 105.810 km. The bridge is a part of the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway and is the third longest bridge on the railway in 2010. The bridge has been designed with a view to withstanding earthquakes. The total length of the Cangde super-large bridge is 105.81 km (65.75 mi) and it has a total of 3092 piers. Like the Beijing Grand Bridge, this one also carries a high-speed railway connecting Beijing and Shanghai. Its length is 380,210 feet. This bridge is to provide with the structural stability it needs to stay intact despite any tectonic shifting and destructive forces. The Cangde Grand Bridge also crosses the Wei River and several other, smaller rivers.

5.Weinan Weihe Grand Bridge(China)

The Weinan Weihe Grand Bridge is a part of the Zhengzhou–Xian High-Speed Railway which connects Zhengzhou and Xi’an, in China. This bridge series is also in China and is also a viaduct for high speed rail. The length of this bridge is 79.732-kilometer (49.543 mi). Weinan Weihe Grand Bridge crosses the Wei River twice, as well as many other rivers, such as the Ling river, Luofu river, Xi river, Shi Di river and many more, highways and railways. Upon its completion, it was the longest bridge in the world, but surpassed by two new bridges on Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway that completed in 2010.

During construction of the Weinan Weihe Grand Bridge, there were at least 10,000 workers 2,300,000 cubic meters of concrete and 45,000 tons of steel. The bridge was completed in 2008. It seems like these days although this is not a bridge with a highway it is still a bridge and the 5th longest in the world currently with a length of approximately 80 kilometers. This bridge was once the longest bridge in the world but not for long, as the other two new bridges on Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway that completed in 2010.

The Bang Na Expressway (Thailand)

Bang Na Expressway in Bangkok, Thailand, is not only the longest bridge in the world, but also represents the largest precasting operation ever carried out. This is a wonderful bridge construction, one of the longest bridges in the world. The construction of the main road started in 1995 and lasted for five years. Officially, the bridge was opened in February 2000. The bridge length is 54 kilometers, and the width is 27.2 meters. There are three lanes in each direction. The Bang Na Expressway was designed by the late Louis Berger. The impressive sum, more than 1 billion US dollars was invested in the construction of this wonderful bridge. It took 1,800,000 cubic meters of concrete to build the bridge. The bridge was completed in January 2000. Traffic congestion has been one of Bangkok’s main problems for several years. To solve this problem, Bang Na Magistrate was built. Although traffic on the bridge is chargeable, Bang Na remains very demanding for the drivers since opening.

The variant on the bridge instead of the strenuous traffic jam, also attracts the numerous tourists. From the main road, the wonderful panoramas open onto the city. The bridge was built over the busy 34 motorway, which is considered one of the city’s traffic-congested and difficult streets. The leading engineers and architects from Thailand and the USA, whose number was also Gin M.Mullers, have participated in the development of the bridge project. The bridge construction has demanded more than 1.8 million cubic meters of concrete, which ensures the high reliability and resilience of the bridge. It provides an important link in the transportation system around Bangkok and is expected to play a major role in the commercial development of Southeast Thailand. The world’s longest car bridge, the Bang Na Expressway, held the title of the world’s longest bridge from 2000 until 2008. The title of ”world’s longest bridge” is an honorific that has been proudly held by several structures throughout history.

Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway(Kuwait)

The Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Al Sabah causeway project includes two causeway paths over the Kuwait Bay. The Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway is a mega bridge project with an estimated construction value of approximately US$3 billion. Kuwait Ministry of Public Works (MPW) involved the construction of a 36km road to Subiyah and a 13km connection to Doha. Construction commenced in November 2013 and the causeway was officially inaugurated in May 2019. The causeway project reduces the distance between Kuwait City and Subiyah in the northern part of Kuwait, as well as decreases the travelling time from 90 minutes to less than 30 minutes. The main causeway or the Subiyah connection is 36km-long, 27km of which is a marine bridge connection. A signature element of the causeway is a main cable-stayed bridge featuring a 200m span and an arc pylon.

Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway also includes an elevated road and 5km of access roads connecting to the Subiyah area. A free-flowing interchange at the port links to Kuwait City’s road network. The project also included the construction of two 30ha artificial islands, which feature traffic and emergency service buildings, maintenance facilities, a gas station and a boat dock. The islands include a 23m-high navigation causeway and a 120m navigation opening for passing ships. It is one of the largest and most challenging transport infrastructure projects in Kuwait, as well as the entire Middle East region. The government is also developing a new residential area, named as the Silk City, in Subiyah for 500,000 inhabitants. The city is being developed to renew the ancient Silk Road trade route between China and Kuwait.

Beijing Grand Bridge(China)

Beijing Grand Bridge is a 48.153 kilometres long railway viaduct on the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway, located in Beijing. Longest span of this Beijing Grand Bridge is 44 m (144 ft). It was completed in 2010 and opened in 30 Juna, 2011. It is one of the longest bridges in the world. The Beijing Grand Bridge links the two cities to provide arguably the most valuable transit connection in China in just around five hours. The bullet train that utilizes the Beijing Grand Bridge travels at speeds between 155mph and 185mph and offers different options for passengers. The Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway is also known as the Jinghu high-speed railway. More than $8.5 billion US dollars was invested in the construction of this wonderful bridge.

Lake Pontchartrain Causeway(United States)

The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, sometimes only the causeway, is a fixed link composed of two parallel bridges crossing Lake Pontchartrain in southern Louisiana, United States. The longer of the two bridges is 38.35 km (23.83 miles) long. The southern terminus of the causeway is in Metairie, Louisiana, a suburb of New Orleans. The northern terminus is at Mandeville, Louisiana. Lake Pontchartrain Causeway became the longest bridge over water (continuous) while Jiaozhou Bay Bridge the longest bridge over water (aggregate). The bridges are supported by 9,500 concrete pilings. The two bridges span the navigation channel 8 miles (13 km) south of the north shore. In 1969, Louisiana’s lake Pontchartrain Causeway was officially recognized by Guinness World Records as the longest bridge over water in the world.

Heading east or west around the lake was a time-consuming process, so plans were made to create a direct connection across the center of the lake to its northern shore. In 1955, the Louisiana Bridge Company was created to undertake the construction project. It took just 14 months to build the first two-lane span of the causeway, which opened in 1956. The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway was officially recognized as the longest bridge over water in the world, a record it held unchallenged until 2011.The second bridge was opened in 1969, separated from the original by about 84 feet. The second span was only about 50 feet longer than the original, but it was enough to finally catch the attention of the Guinness Book of World Records.

Line 1 of Wuhan Metro Bridge(China)

The first metro line in Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province of China, became operational in September 2004. Wuhan is located at the meeting point of two rivers, Han and Yangtze, and the main purpose of constructing the metro is to ease traffic congestion on the bridges across the Yangtze River. Operational since December 2012, line 2 of the metro is partly underground, whereas line 1 is completely elevated. The high-speed light rail project is managed by Wuhan Metro Group, and aims to provide a fast, safe, energy-saving and dependable mode of transport. Wuhan Metro will have eight lines in total.

Line 1 is 29km-long and covers 25 stations, carrying more than 220,000 passengers on 33 trains. The first phase of the line was opened in 2004, while phase II entered commercial service in July 2010. The phase III expansion, extending the north-east terminus to Hankou North Station, entered commercial service in May 2014. The first phase of Wuhan Metro line 2 is 27.73km-long with 21 stations, linking the Hankou and Wuchang Districts. The dual-track, fully electrified line carries up to 800,000 passengers. The Line 1 of Wuhan Metro is the longest continuous metro viaduct in the world. Line 1 opened on 28 July 2004, making Wuhan the fifth city in mainland China to have a metro system after Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Guangzhou. This is the first Metro line in China incorrectly referred to as a light rail line in Chinese terminology. Length of this bridge is 37.788 km.

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THE 10 GREAT LARGEST BIRD SPECIES IN THE WORLD BY BODY WEIGHT OF SPECIES

by Sree DivyaJune 4, 2021June 4, 2021UncategorizedLeave a Comment

Bird is a warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrate animal distinguished by the possession of feathers, wings, a beak, and typically by being able to fly. Birds are from one of six basic animal groups, with the others being amphibians, fish, invertebrates, mammals, and reptiles. Most Birds can fly, using powerful muscles to flap their wings, but few bird species do not have strong enough wings to fly, so these birds are flightless. The fossil record indicates that birds are the last surviving group of dinosaurs. Birds have wings whose development varies according to species. Birds are social, communicating with visual signals, calls, and songs, and participating in such behaviours as cooperative breeding and hunting, flocking, and mobbing of predators. Birds range in size and weight from the 5 cm (2 in) and 1.6-2 grams bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) and 104-156 kg ostrich. They are endothermic vertebrates, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Most of the largest birds in the world are flightless which allows them to have denser bones and heavier bodies. Many species of birds are economically important as food for human consumption and raw material in manufacturing, with domesticated and undomesticated birds being important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. Recreational bird watching is an important part of the ecotourism industry. Here are the top 10 largest bird species in the world (by body weight).

1.Ostrich

Ostrich is so unique and different to any other animal including members of their own family that is Ratitae Family. The flightless ostrich is the world’s largest bird. Ostriches have an average mass of 104 kg and average length of 210 cm. Male Ostrich has black feathers and the female has grey feathers. It is also thought that Ostrich has the largest eyes of any land vertebrate at 50 mm in diameter. The size of their eyes helps them to easily see predators like lions from a long distance. They have brilliant eye-sight which means they can see an object as far away as 3,5km during the day time. Ostrich is the fast runner of any bird or other two-legged animal and can sprint at over 70 km/hr, covering up to 5m in a single stride. All of the herd’s hens place their eggs in the dominant hen’s 3m-wide nest, though her own are given the prominent centre place; each female can determine her own eggs amongst others. The giant eggs are the largest of any living bird at 15cm long and weighing as much as two dozen chicken eggs, though they are actually the smallest eggs relative to the size of the adult bird.

Eggs hatch after 35–45 days incubation, and the male usually defends the chicks and teaches them to feed, although mums and dads cooperate in rearing the young. When threatened ostriches run although their powerful, long legs can be formidable weapons, capable of killing a human or a potential predator like a lion with a forward kick. Ostriches have inspired cultures and civilizations for 5,000 years in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Ostrich has three stomachs. Ostriches are native to Africa but are farmed all over the world, particularly for their feathers, skin which is used in leather products, and meat. Lacking teeth, ostriches swallow pebbles to grind their food. An adult ostrich carries about 1kg of stones at any one time. One Ostrich Egg can take up to 1, 5 hours to boil. Ostriches can go without drinking for several days, using metabolic water and moisture in ingested roots, seeds and insects, but they enjoy liquid water and frequently take baths where it is available. The ostrich brain weighs about 40 grams. Natural life span is 50 – 60 years. Territorial fights between males for a harem of two to seven females usually last just minutes, but they can easily cause death through slamming their heads into opponents.

2.Cassowary

Cassowary is the largest native vertebrate in Australian rainforests. It is the second heaviest bird in the world to the ostrich. It is the third tallest bird in the world. Cassowary looks like an odd combination of ostriches and turkeys. It has large body covered in black feathers, bluish skin of the head and reddish neck. Upper parts of the legs are blue while lower parts are grey in color. Cassowary has a helmet like crest on the head. It is usually 6 inches long and reaches 6.7 inches in height. Cassowary reaches between 55 and 129 pounds in weight. Females are larger than males. The cassowary egg is the third largest of all birds at about 584g. Cassowary is an omnivore (eats both plants and animals). It usually eats different types of fruit, seeds, shoots, fungi, small invertebrates and insects. There is no chewing in the eating process. Cassowary has excellent eyesight and sense of hearing. They can easily detect low-pitched sounds. Males build nests where females lay between 3 and 8 eggs. Eggs are greenish-blue in color. Female can use several different nests to deposit her eggs. Females are not responsible for the survival of eggs or young birds. Males are in charge for the incubation of the eggs that lasts 50 days. Young cassowaries are brown and covered in stripes. Also, males take care of the chicks until they reach the age of one year. Cassowaries are also excellent swimmers that can swim long distances.

Cassowary is look like a ‘giant prehistoric turkey’, but they are in fact descendants of dinosaurs. Cassowary is referred as the ‘most dangerous bird on Earth’. They will not attack for no reason. Like the emu and the ostrich, the cassowary is another flightless bird. Although they cannot fly, they can surely put up a fight, jumping as high as two metres from the ground, and they can run at a speed of up to 50 kilometres per hour. They use their casque and claw in self-defence. They attack up to 200 people every year. Of these 200, 70% of attacks occur due to people trying to get up close to the cassowary, wanting to feed them, causing the cassowary to feel threatened. The southern cassowary, also known as the double – wattled cassowary, Australian cassowary or two-wattled cassowary have an average weight of 45 kg and are around 155 cm long. Southern cassowaries are found in north-eastern Australia, Indonesia and New Guinea. Northern cassowaries also known as the single – wattled cassowary or golden-necked cassowary, are slightly smaller with an average weight of 44 kg and average length of 149 cm. They are endemic to northern New Guinea. As the Cassowary roams the rainforest they disperse the seeds into a new area of the rainforest in their own special fertilizer formula. Cassowary can survive 12-19 years in the wild and between 40 and 50 in captivity.

3.Emu

The emu belongs to a group of flightless running birds known as ratites, the most primitive of the modern bird families. Emus are endemic to Australia, where they are the largest native bird. It lives throughout most of the continent, ranging from coastal regions to high in the Snowy Mountains. It is the second tallest living birds in the world that can reach up to 190 cm tall. Emus are omnivores. They eat seeds, fruit, bark, nuts and stems. They also eat insects, small reptiles, amphibians and other small animals that they can handle. They require a large amount of water, drinking 9-18 litres daily. Emus are soft-feathered birds with long necks and legs. They weigh an average of 33 kg. Female emus are usually slightly larger than the males and have significantly wider rumps. Emus Have Big Bodies and Tiny Wings. They Are the Only Birds with Calf Muscles. They’re Fast Runners, High Jumpers, and Strong Swimmers. On top of the sheer size of their legs, a few special features help boost their strength.

Emus also have an impressive vertical leap, which can quickly carry the large birds up to 6.8 feet off the ground all without the help of wings. They only have 3 toes and a reduced number of bones. The female lays a clutch of eggs in the male’s nest over several days. Males Incubate the Eggs for 56 days and raise the Chicks. They store lots of fat when food is plentiful, providing fuel for leaner times, and also seem to have a sixth sense for finding water, sometimes trekking hundreds of miles to get it. Emu migrations are based on rainfall, according to the SCBI, which notes they mainly rely on the sight of rain-bearing clouds, but may also use other clues like the sound of thunder or the scent of wet ground. Emus are not very social. They have vestigial wings, which they flap when they run to stabilize themselves. They Can Be Helpful to Farmers. The lifespan is 10 to 20 years in the wild and up to 35 years in captivity.

Penguin

Penguins are amazing birds. Most penguins live in the Southern Hemisphere. Large penguin populations can be found in countries such as New Zealand, Australia, Chile, Argentina and South Africa. Emperor penguins are endemic to Antarctica and are the tallest and heaviest of all living penguins weighing an average of 31.5 kg and measuring 114 cm in height. King Penguins are the second largest penguin species. King penguins weigh 13.6 kg on average and are 92 cm in length. Little Blue Penguins are the smallest type of penguin, averaging around 33 cm (13 in) in height. The fastest species is the Gentoo Penguin, which can reach swimming speeds up to 22 mph. There are 17–20 species of penguins alive today. Penguins live in many locations and habitats. Penguin feet are adapted to walk long distances. According to some animal experts, the penguin is one of the most streamlined animals in the world. Penguins spend around half their time in water and the other half on land. Most birds have hollow, air-filled bones to help them stay light for flight. Penguins adapted with solid bones instead. Penguins have adapted flippers to help them swim in the water. Penguins eat a range of fish and other sea life that they catch underwater.

Penguins ingest a lot of seawater while hunting for fish, but a special gland behind their eyes, the supraorbital gland filters out the saltwater from their blood stream. Like other birds, penguins don’t have teeth. Instead, they have backward-facing fleshy spines that line the inside of their mouths. These help them guide their fishy meals down their throat. Penguins have excellent hearing skills. Many male penguins gift female penguins with rocks in order to woo them. Penguin parents both male and female care for their young for several months until the chicks are strong enough to hunt for food on their own. Penguins are very social animals. Like all penguins, Emperor penguins are flightless but they have adapted to the harsh conditions of their environment which is the coldest for any breeding bird. Feathers provide up to 90% of their insulation and they are able to thermo regulate their core body temperature without altering their metabolisms. A group of penguins in the water is called a raft but on land they’re called a waddle.

5.Rhea

Greater rheas are flightless birds native to South America. Rhea can be found in open grasslands, pampas and woodlands of Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay, Chile, Peru and Brazil. There are two species of rheas: Greater or American Rhea and Darwin’s Rhea. The greater rhea is the largest of all South American birds and is related to ostriches and emus. Greater rheas have an average mass of 23 kg and an average length of 134 cm. A small population of greater rheas has established itself in Germany. Lesser rheas, also known as Darwin’s rhea, are found in South America. It weighs on average 13.5 kg and has an average length of 96 cm. Body of rhea is covered with grey-brown plumage with dark patches on the neck and back. Abdomen and thighs are covered with white feathers. Rhea has strong legs with three toes that are designed for running. Although it is unable to fly, rhea can run very fast and reach the speed of up to 40 miles per hour. Wings provide stability during running.

Rhea is an Omnivore, it consumes both meat and plants. Different kind of seeds, fruits, roots, plants, lizards, insects, reptiles and rodents are normal part of rhea’s diet. Rheas also like to consume agricultural crops. These flightless birds use their long, powerful legs to outrun trouble. Females lay their eggs one every other day for a week or ten days in a ground nest of the male’s design. The male rhea incubates the eggs of all its mates for six weeks and cares for the newly hatched young. They aggressively guard their young during this period. Unlike other animals, males are fully responsible for building of the nest and care of the eggs and chicks after hatching. Rheas live in big flocks except during the breeding season. Sometimes they live with deer and other animals. Farmers often considered them as pests. Rhea eggs are collected for food and many people eat their meat. Their skins are used in the manufacture of leather. Maximum lifespan of the rhea in the wild is 15 years.

6.Turkey

The wild turkey is the largest species of bird that is able to fly. They weigh on average 13.5 kg and have an average length of 124 cm. Turkeys are quiet agile fliers staying close to the ground and flying for no more than 400 m at a time. Domestic turkeys are unable to fly as they are too fat. Individual turkeys have unique voices, this is how turkeys recognize each other. Turkeys are intelligent and sensitive animals that are highly social. They create lasting social bonds with each other and are very affectionate; rather similar to dogs. Turkeys have the ability to learn the precise details of an area over 1,000 acres in size. Like peacocks, male turkeys puff up their bodies and spread their elaborate feathers to attract a mate. The male is substantially larger than the female, and his feathers have areas of red, purple, green, copper, bronze, and gold iridescence. Female feathers are duller overall, in shades of brown and grey. The long fleshy object over a male’s beak is called a snood. Turkeys have 5000 to 6000 feathers. A turkey’s gender can be determined from its droppings, males produce spiral-shaped poop and females’ poop is shaped like the letter J. It can run at speeds of up to 25 miles per hour and fly as fast as 55 miles per hour.

There are six subspecies of wild turkey, all native to North America. Male turkeys are called “gobblers,” after the “gobble” call they make to announce themselves to females (which are called “hens”) and compete with other males. Wild turkeys are the same species as the domesticated turkey. They are native to North America but got their name from the domestic turkey which was misidentified as an unrelated species imported into Europe by Turkish merchants. The turkey is believed to have been sacred in ancient Mexican cultures. The Mayans, Aztecs and Toltecs referred to the turkey as the ‘Great Xolotl’, viewing them as ‘jewelled birds’. They can change the colors. Wild turkeys sleep in trees. A Female Turkey lays about 10 to 12 eggs, one egg per day, over a period of about two weeks. The eggs will incubate for about 28 days before hatching. Baby turkeys, called poults, eat berries, seeds and insects, while adults have a more varied diet that can include acorns and even small reptiles. There is one other species of turkey, the ocellated turkey, which can be found on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. The meat from domesticated turkeys is widely eaten by people across the world.

7.Swan

This majestic and beautiful animal is well-known for being graceful and quite peaceful to look at. Swans are birds of the family Anatidae within the genus Cygnus. Often seen gliding across lakes, the swan has long represented elegance and refinement. A swan will mate for life. There are six to seven species of swan called the Black-necked Swan, Black Swan, Mute Swan, Trumpeter Swan, Tundra swan which includes the Bewick’s Swan and Whistling Swan, and the Whooper Swan. Mute swans (Cygnus olor) are the heaviest of all waterfowl weighing an average of 11.87 kg. They average 100-130 cm in length. Trumpeter swans weigh slightly less at 11.6 kg but are longer at 138-165 cm. Swans live in the flooded grassland, lakes and ponds, rivers and streams and wetlands habitats. The swans are generally found in temperate environments, rarely occurring in the tropics. Black swans are native to Australia. The black swans of Australia and New Zealand, which have been introduced to North America and Europe. Swans can fly as fast as 60 miles per hour. They are found in Australia, New Zealand, and South America. The swans are close relatives with geese and ducks. Swans are herbivores. Swans feed primarily on aquatic vegetation, with their long necks allowing them to feed on plants growing on river beds. They also eat small fish, frogs and worms. A Polish mute swan cob (Cygnus immutabilis), a morph of the mute swan, and a pure white version with pink legs instead of the usual black colour, has been verified as the largest bird to take flight weighing in at 23 kg. Swans have elongated, curved necks.

Swans have streamlined bodies, and their feet are webbed. Swans have beaks with saw like edges that appear like they have teeth. They have very strong wings with a wingspan of 3 meters or 10 feet. The swan has about 25,000 feathers in its body. Their calls consist of a loud, deep, sonorous, trumpet-like honking sounds, as well as peeps, hisses and gurgles. Swans build their nests on land out of twigs and leaves, and the female swan lays between 3 and 9 eggs. Swan eggs take between 35 and 42 days to hatch. The baby swans hatch out of their eggs after an incubation of just over a month. Swans couple will guard their baby swans furiously from predators. The swan’s main predator is the human, who hunts the swan for it’s meat and it’s feathers. A baby swan is called a cygnet. A male swan is called a cob, and a female swan is called a pen. A group of swans is called a bevy or a wedge in flight. The swan song is a metaphorical phrase for a final gesture, effort, or performance given just before death or retirement. The phrase refers to an ancient belief that swans sing a beautiful song in the moment just before death, having been silent during most of their lifetime. Several species are migratory. Some migratory swans travel to Iceland, Greenland, Scandinavia, Russia, Central Asia, China, and Japan. Swans live for approximately 20 to 30 years. It can live for up to 40 years in the wild.

8.Bustard

Great bustards (Otis tarda) weigh on average 10.6 kg and are 115 cm in length. Bustard gives an ostrich like appearance. These large creatures are rather shy, behavior varies from bird to bird. They breed in open grassland in Southern and Central Europe and Asia with 60% of the population resident in Spain and Portugal. The Arabian bustard, which lives across Southwestern Arabia and the Sahel region of Africa. They weigh between 4.5 and 11 kg and are therefore quite large, yet smaller than the kori. Kori bustard is large terrestrial bird that belongs to the family of bustards. The Kori bustard (Ardeotis kori) is Africa’s largest flying bird and a contender for the heaviest flying living bird weighing an average of 11.4 kg and measuring 150 cm in length. Kori Male Bustards are two times bigger than female Kori Bustards. The kori makes barking sounds to intimidate their potential attackers. The Kori bustard has a very impressive wingspan. The male bird has a wingspan of 230 to 275 cm. The female, considerably smaller, spans 80 cm across its wings on average. Kori bustards are omnivores. Their diet is mostly based on insects, snakes, lizards and small mammals. They occasionally consume berries and seeds. Kori bustards are covered with white, black, grey and brown feathers.

Kori bustards have black crest on the top of a head. Kori bustards have long necks and short bills. Their legs and feet are elongated and end with three fingers. Kori bustards are able to fly, but they spend most of the time on the ground. Kori bustards often walk near the zebras, antelopes and other animals that are gathered in herds to find food. Kori bustards are not migratory birds. They will leave their home ground only when water and food sources become scarce. Kori bustards can survive up to 30 years in the captivity. Kori bustards similarly help other animals. Carmine bee-eaters ride on their back and take full advantage of how the kori bustards stride through the grass. Insects get dislodged from their grassy perches and are quickly picked up by these opportunistic birds. People hunt kori bustards because of their meat. The great Indian bustard is a large ground bird with a height of about one metre, you can find them in India and Pakistan. The Australian bustard, as suggested by its name, you can encounter this bird all across Australia and southern New Guinea. Female lays 1 – 2 eggs in a shallow depression in the ground. Females take care of the eggs and young chicks. Incubation lasts 23 to 24 days. Five weeks after hatching, young birds are ready for independent life.

9.Albatross

Albatrosses are large seabirds which belong to the biological family Diomedeidae. They live in the region of the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean. Albatross of the biological family Diomedeidae has 22 species. Out of 22 albatross species, 19 are officially endangered. There are four main species of albatross: Great Albatrosses, North Pacific Albatrosses, Mollymawks and Sooty Albatrosses. Great Albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds. Albatrosses are very large and spend much of their life in the air. Albatross can fly as fast as 60 mph. However, because of their long wings do not have strong muscles, they cannot flap while they fly. Wandering albatrosses spend most of their life in flight and can remain in the air without flapping for several hours at a time. Albatrosses have some of the longest ranges of all birds and some individual wandering albatrosses have been known to circumnavigate the Southern Ocean three times in one year. The wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) is also known as the snowy albatross, the white-winged albatross and the goonie. It weighs an average 11.9 kg and is up to 135 cm in length. It has the longest wingspan of any living bird ranging from 2.5 m to 3.5 m and unverified reports put the largest wingspans at 4.22 m and 5.3 m. They can coast for several miles in just a single flap. Albatross sleep in flight. The albatrosses ate and found their food at the surface of the sea. The bill is large, strong and sharp. This bill is made of horny plates. Along the sides are the two “tubes”. They are actually long nostrils.

The tubes of all albatrosses are on the sides of the bill. They help the albatrosses develop their sense of smell a lot. The feet have no last toe and the three other toes are all webbed. Their legs are quite strong, and they can walk well on land. All birds have a large gland at the top part of their bill, above their eyes. Albatrosses use them to help take out saltwater, it makes a liquid that makes the saltwater drip out of their nose. The adult albatrosses usually have a dark upper-wing and back, and white undersides when they are getting ready to take flight. They eat squid, fish and krill. Sometimes, they may also eat carrion and or other kinds of zooplankton. Albatrosses come ashore to make their nests, mostly on islands, and usually near the nests of other birds. They have the longest incubation period of any bird. Albatross lay just one single egg every 2 years. The male and female take turns feeding and guarding their chicks until it is large enough to care for itself. Albatross are known to live well into their sixties, even reaching up to seventy years old. Scientists were baffled to discover a 63 year old bird that was still laying eggs and raising chicks. They can live to be over 60 years old. They spend 80% of their lives at sea.

10.Pelican

Pelican is an amazing bird that can be found in all continents except on the Antarctica. The Pelican family is at least 30 million years old. There are eight species of pelicans. The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is the largest member of the pelican family and perhaps the largest freshwater bird in the world in length and weight by swans. Dalmatian pelicans are found in lakes, rivers and estuaries in south east Europe, Russia, India and China. They weigh on average 11.5 kg and are 183 cm in length. It has a wingspan similar in size to the great albatrosses and is one of only 4 species of birds having verified wingspans of over 350 cm, the others being the wandering albatross, the southern royal albatross and the great white pelican. The American White Pelican grows a temporary “Horn”. Pelican has the largest bill of all birds. It can reach 18 inches in length. Pelicans technically have nasal openings. However, in all eight species, the nostrils are sealed off, buried under the beak’s horny sheath. Pelicans predominantly breathe through their mouths. Underneath the bill, pelicans have throat pouch that can hold 3 gallons of water.

Pouch is mainly used for feeding. They don’t store food in the Pouch on their Bills. Some males have colorful feathers while others have ability to change the color of the pouch, neck and bill into bright colors during courtship. Pelican is easily recognized by its large body, short legs with webbed feet. Webbed feet are used for swimming and diving. They can fly to the height of 10 000 feet using the warm wind currents. It can eat 4 pounds of fish per day. Main food of Pelicans is fish, they can also eat turtles, crustaceans and tadpoles. Very hungry pelicans will even attack and eat seagulls. While diving for fish, pelicans can end up in fishing nets. Brown Pelicans are on the list of endangered species. Both males and females are in charge of the building of the nests that are usually located on the trees near the water. Nests are built using the feathers, leaves and sticks. Female lays 1 to 3 eggs. Incubation period lasts between 28 and 36 days. Young pelicans eat by scooping the food from the bills of their parents. Pelicans can survive between 10 and 30 years in the wild. Pelicans are very social birds. They live in large colonies composed of several hundreds of birds.

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THE 10 GREAT BEAUTIFUL BIRDS IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaMay 30, 2021May 30, 2021UncategorizedLeave a Comment

Bird is a warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrate animal distinguished by the possession of feathers, wings, a beak, and typically by being able to fly. Most Birds can fly, using powerful muscles to flap their wings. But few bird species do not have strong enough wings to fly , so these birds are flightless. Birds are a group of feathered theropod dinosaurs and constitute the only living dinosaurs. There are about ten thousand living species, more than half of which are passerine, or “perching” birds. Birds have wings whose development varies according to species. Many social species pass on knowledge across generations, which is considered a form of culture. Birds are social, communicating with visual signals, calls, and songs, and participating in such behavior as cooperative breeding and hunting, flocking, and mobbing of predators. Songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. Recreational bird watching is an important part of the ecotourism industry. Many species of birds are economically important as food for human consumption and raw material in manufacturing, with domesticated and undomesticated birds being important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. Here is the list of 10 Beautiful Birds in the World.

1.Golden Pheasant

One of the most beautiful birds in the world, the highly intelligent golden pheasant sometimes referred to as the Chinese pheasant, is popular. Golden pheasants are famous for their brilliant colored plumage. Golden pheasants live in the dense forests and woodlands across Western and Central China. These exist in many countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, United States, Mexico. They are also established in numerous European and South American countries. They are primarily ground-dwelling foragers during the day but roost in tall trees at night. They have a beautiful golden-yellow crest tipped with red. Their under fpart is bright red and face. Sides and throat are rusty tan. The wattle of golden pheasant is yellow and its upper back is green. They also have dark, red shoulder feathers and a long pale brown tail. The male golden pheasants are more colorful and longer than females.

An adult male normally has a length up to 42 inches. A golden pheasant weight is About 630 grams. These are clumsy fliers and can only manage short, fast bursts of flight. Golden pheasant chicks emerge from their shells covered in reddish-brown and buff-colored down. Golden pheasant eggs are similar to duck eggs and cab be eaten. Golden pheasants are most prized for their beauty, and, besides, it would be an expensive meal. Breeding pairs often sell for over $200. Currently, the golden pheasant is evaluated as “Least Concern.” Their sound is often described as “chack chack. Interestingly, the tail account for two-third of its total body length. Golden pheasants are poor fliers and spend most of their time on the ground. They mainly feed on seeds, berries, grain and other vegetation including shoots of rhododendron and bamboo, as well as grubs, spiders, and insects. Golden pheasants are foragers and move slowly while pecking around the forest floor for food.

2.Scarlet Macaw

One of 17 species of macaws, the scarlet macaw is one of the most beautiful members of the parrot family and one of the largest Neotropical parrots. The Scarlet Macaw, with a wingspan of over 3 feet (1 meter) is the largest parrot in the world. Scarlet macaw is very popular as a house pet because of its intelligence and ability to quickly learn to speak, perform tricks and distinguish colors and shapes. Some of these birds can even perform simple math problems and most macaws have limited ability to mimic. They inhabit in humid evergreen forests across Central and South America. Scarlet macaws prefer life in the rainforest. Scarlet macaw is active during the day. They have bright red plumage with blue back. Their upper wings are yellow and edged with green color. With wide strong wings and hollow bones that aid flight, they can reach speeds of 56 kilometers (35 miles) per hour. The scarlet macaw has a strong, curved beak to crack hard nuts and seeds, and a tongue that can hold onto the kernel to pull it from the shell.

Males and females both look the same. Scarlet macaw has flexible feet that are used for manipulation of food, branches and other items used as tools. Left foot is used for feeding and handling of different items, while right foot ensures stability of the body. It mostly consumes nuts, seed, fruit, flowers and leaves. Scarlet macaw produces different types of screams and low-pitched noise for communication and to inform other birds about the nearby predators. Scarlet Macaws are very loud birds that make a variety of low-pitched sounds including squawks, screeches and screams that can carry for up to a couple of miles (kilometers). Female lays 2 to 4 eggs that hatch after 24 to 25 days. Chicks are naked and blind at birth. They fledge 3 months after hatching. Both parents take care of their offspring until they reach the age of 15 months and become ready for the independent life. Scarlet macaw can survive 40 to 50 years in the wild and up to 80 years in the captivity. Their Weight is about 1.5 kilogram.

3.Flamingo

These birds live in shallow lakes, mangrove swamps and sandy islands of Africa, Asia, America and Europe. There are 6 species of flamingos. The word Flamingo comes from the Spanish and Latin word ‘flamenco’ which mean fire, it refers to the bright colors of the bird’s feathers. Flamingo chicks are born grey when hatched. Baby flamingos will hatch in the nest made of mud. Both mother and father keep the egg warm before it hatches. Few days after hatching both parents will start feeding their chick with milk-like substance rich in fats and proteins. Each Flamingos’ shade of pink varies by species, with the Caribbean species a vivid pink and the Greater species a pale pink. The Greater Flamingo is the most widespread and largest member of the flamingo family. Fully grown flamingo male birds can grow in excess of 180cm tall – that’s the same as supermodel height of 5’11. Their neck is long and lean and has a distinctive downward, bend beak.

The long leg and specially adapted beak let them to catch small fishes, larvae and planktons from the mud. Their diet mainly consists of brine shrimp, plankton, and blue-green algae. Flamingo also spends hours on oil up their plumage from the special glands using their plumage. It helps them to keep their plumage always in good condition. Flamingos spend 15-30% of the day in cleaning their feathers: oil produced in a special gland will be spread over feathers with a help of their beak. Flamingos hold their breath while feeding. Flamingos are powerful fliers, when flying in a flock, the top speed of a flamingo can be as high as 35 miles per hour. During migration, they travel at a distance of over 300 miles to reach their new habitat. The average lifespan of a flamingo bird in the wild is 30 to 40 years. The typical lifespan in captivity, according to Basel Zoo, is over 60 years. Flamingos (like penguins) are monogamous birds. The females lay only a single egg each year.

4.Peacock

Peacock it one of the largest flying birds in the world. The colorful tail feather display of peacocks is probably the most beautiful courtship display among bird family. The males are “peacocks” and the females are “peahens”, and their babies are called peachicks. One day old baby peafowl can walk, eat and drink without assistance. There are three types of peafowls in the world – Indian, Congo and green peafowl. The Indian peafowls are the most common type of peafowls found around the world. Peacocks can grow up to 6 to 7 feet in length. They can weigh between 8-13 pounds. A peacock’s head is crested with feathers creating a crown-like appearance. They have an inch-long beak adapted for preying on small creatures like insects. In fact, the long tail of a peacock makes 60% of its total length. The feathers can be gathered and sold without the birds coming to any harm. Their bodies are covered with brown feathers and an elongated tail with impressive blue and greenish feathers are found on males.

The tail has eye-like spots with red, gold, and green feathers surrounding the eyespots. Peacocks can show off 200 feathers on their tails at any one time. Family of peafowl is called “bevy”. Group of peafowl is called “party”. Peacocks have a loud and disruptive call. Peahens lay three to six eggs in a clutch. She will solely incubate them for about 29 days. Peacocks in the wild can live for up to 20 years. Peacocks can fly limited distances, especially with their heavy tail. They prefer to stay on the ground. Unlike ducks and other birds, peacocks cannot enter the waters and swim. Peacocks are ground-dwelling birds, eating insects, plants, fruit, seeds, ants, flies, snakes and amphibians. They live in forests, farmland, bush land and other warm regions with easy access to low trees. Peacocks are widely seen in many Asian countries, they are dominant in India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Peacocks are polygamous (mate with more than one female) and usually form a harem that consists of 2-5 females. The female peafowl or peahen also chooses a peacock with lengthy tail and more eye spots.

5.Keel billed Toucan

The keel-billed toucan is a large bird with mostly black plumage and a very large multi-colored bill. It has red and white coverts under and on top of its tail, green skin around the eyes and lore a yellow face and throat, and blue legs. These species has a very large range and can be found in Belize, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Venezuela. The keel-billed toucan is the national bird of Belize. Bill is usually 4.7 to 5.9 inches long. Due to their colorful bill, keel-billed toucan is also known as rainbow-billed toucan. Bill doesn’t affect stability of the bird. The toucan’s beak appears quite heavy, but is actually light, it is made of light-weight protein called keratin and its internal structure is spongy. Keel-billed toucan is not very good flyer. It moves mostly via hopping. It is approximately 59 cm size and it’s weight is up to 400 grams.

Keel-billed toucan is very social and playful bird. It travels through the jungle in groups of 6 to 15 birds. Keel-billed toucans use loud, frog-like calls for communication. Female lays 1 to 4 eggs in the cavities of trees. Incubation period is 16 to 20 days. Hatchlings are naked and blind at birth. Both parents provide food for their chicks until they become ready to leave the nest at the age of 8 to 9 weeks. Keel-billed toucan lives in the tree holes together with 5 to 6 other birds. They all sleep with bills tucked under the body to make room for other birds in the group. Keel-billed toucan is an omnivore. Its diet is based mostly on the fruit and berries, eggs, insects, lizards and frogs. People in some parts of Central and South America avoid keel-billed toucans due to widespread belief that these birds are associated with demons and evil spirits. Keel-billed toucan can survive 15 to 20 years in the wild.

6.Atlantic Puffin

The Atlantic puffin has become Iceland‘s most precious bird and a tourist attraction. Atlantic Puffin is from the auk family that breeds in and around Iceland. It has been nicknamed ‘Sea Parrot’, ‘Penguin of the North’ and even ‘Clown of the Sea’ and is also known as the Common Puffin. Atlantic puffin is a bird that looks like a close relative of penguins even though they are not genetically related. These birds can be found in the eastern parts of Canada, northern parts of United States, western parts of Europe and northern Russia. 60% of the world’s puffins breed in Iceland. A puffin’s beak or bill changes color during the year, it is pale during the winter and more colorful during the spring, when mating season starts. Atlantic puffin is also very fast flyer. It can reach the speed of 55 miles per hour by flapping its wings 400 times per minute.

Atlantic puffin is a small bird. It weighs 17.5 ounces. Males are slightly bigger than females. Female lays one egg. Incubation period lasts 42 days. Both parents take care of the chick. The Atlantic puffin has black and white feathers and a large and colorful beak. Puffins spend most of their lives out at sea. They come to the coast only once per year to reproduce. Atlantic puffin is an excellent swimmer. Its webbed feet and strong wings allow fast and precise movement through the water. It can dive 200 feet deep and remain submerged for up to one minute. They only measure about 30 cm from the tip of their beak to the end of their tail and stand at about 20 cm. Puffins are carnivores and live off small fish such as herring, hake and sand eels. Atlantic Puffins can load between 10 to 30 fishes in their huge beaks. Puffins dig their holes or burrows using their beaks and feet. They prefer to make their burrows in earth. Their lifespan is 20 years in the wild.

7.Blue Jay

Blue jays are very intelligent as well as beautiful birds. Blue jays communicate via loud screams and high-pitched calls. They are able to imitate sound of hawks, cats and humans. It could mimic human speech and voice of other pets. They found across forests of Eastern, Central North America and South Canada. Blue Jays live in wooded urban and suburban areas. These areas include parks, backyards, and forest edge habitat. Blue Jays are often found near their preferred food sources, which are Oak trees and bird feeders. Blue jay is a songbird that belongs to the family of crows. Blue jay is mostly blue-colored. Face, throat and belly are white. Wings and tail are covered with white, black and blue plumage. Blue feathers actually contain brown pigment. Blue jay can reach 9 to 12 inches in length and 2.5 to 3.5 ounces of weight. Male Blue Jay is slightly larger than female Blue Jay.

Blue jay has crest on top of the head. Erect crest is a sign of aggression, while brush-like crest symbolizes fear. Flattened crest can be seen in relaxed birds. Blue jay is an omnivore. It eats seed, nuts, acorns, fruits, insects, eggs and young birds. They may steal nestlings and eggs of other birds. Blue jay has a wingspan of 13 to 17 inches and it flies at speed of 20 to 25 miles per hour. Blue jay is active during the day. Blue jays live in pairs or small family groups. They gather in large flocks during the migratory season. They are very cooperative with their species, and a group of jays will often drive off other birds that are using “their” feeders. Female builds cup-shaped nest in the trees. 2 to 7 bluish or brown eggs hatch after incubation period of 16 to 18 days. Hatchlings are naked, blind and helpless at birth. Father provides food for the mother while she takes care of the chicks. Young birds are ready to leave their nest at the age of 17 to 21 days, but they stay with their parents for at least one or two months. It can survive around 7 years in the wild and up to 26 years in the captivity

8.Bohemian Waxming

Bohemian Waxming is part of the waxwing family. These inhabit in boreal forests across North America, Eurasia, Canada and Alaska. The Bohemian waxwing, also known by its scientific name of “Bombycilla garrulus”. There are 3 different types of waxwings in the genus Bombycilla; Bohemian waxwing, Japanese waxwing, Cedar waxwing. The cedar waxwing is a bit smaller than the Bohemian waxwing and has a yellow belly. The Japanese waxwing has red at the end of its tail and a larger black mask. It also doesn’t have a yellow stripe on its wings. Bohemian waxwings are medium-sized birds and can grow anywhere between 19 and 23 centimeters (7.5 and 9.1 inches) in length and have a wingspan of between 32 and 35.5 centimeters (12.6 and 14.0 inches). The average weight of this type of bird is about 55 grams. Bohemian waxwings are short-tailed stocky songbirds with soft dense plumage. They are mainly buff-grey in color, have black face markings, and a pointed crest. Their wings are patterned with white and bright yellow, and some feather tips have the red waxy appearance.

Females are similar to males, although young birds are less well-marked and have few or no waxy wingtips. Bohemian waxwings are social birds. Bohemian waxwings are herbivores and carnivores. These birds are primarily fruit eaters and rowan berries are their favorite food. They also consume insects during the breeding season; mosquitoes and midges are the most common prey, but many other insects and some spiders are also eaten. Some birds can easily eat hundreds of berries a day. One of the most amazing facts about Bohemian waxwings is that one bird was recorded eating between 600 and 1,000 cotoneaster berries in six hours, an incredible amount for such a relatively small bird. Both the male and females build the nest, which consists of twigs and is built in a tree, preferably a pine tree. The female incubates the 3 to 7 eggs she lays in the nest for about 2 weeks. The chicks are completely naked and have bright red beaks. They are fed by both the parents and their initial diet usually consists of insects.

9.Wood Duck

Wood Ducks are medium sized ducks with some extraordinary colors and patterns. They can be found throughout most of the eastern half of the United States. They are also known as a Carolina Ducks. Wood Duck is probably the most stunning colorful waterfowl in the world. The male bird has a metallic, purplish green head and crest. Their belly is white and chest is dark red. Their wings are patterned blue and black. Females are not colorful as males. They have grey brown head, white belly and white speckled beast. They perch and nest in trees. Wood Ducks have particular nesting requirements. They will commonly use abandoned woodpecker holes or those from other animals to nest and lay their eggs.

Typically very close to water or even hanging over water. However sometimes they will nest as far as a mile from water, never too far though. A female wood duck lays anywhere from 6 to 15 eggs. Baby Wood Ducks are Precocial. Precocial means when the babies hatch they can immediately swim and find food on their own. Their feet have sharp claws. After the mother has left in just 8 short weeks, baby wood ducks are ready to fly. Females with young sleep out of water, preferably on the bank or on logs and away from danger. Most wood ducks roost and sleep on the water. Wood ducks are able to reduce their oxygen consumption and remain underwater for a minute or some times longer. Wood Ducks feed by dabbling or walking on land.

10.Hyacinth Macaw

It is one of the most popular types of the macaw parrots. They are largest type of parrots. There are more than 350 parrot species in the world, with the macaws being the largest of them all. With an impressive length of 100 cm, hyacinth macaw is the largest of all flying species of parrots in the world. The hyacinth macaw flourish in the wild, where they are mostly found in grassland areas and dry forests such as the ones in Paraguay, Brazil, and Bolivia. They can live up to 80 years. Hyacinth macaw’s lifespan is extremely long. They inhabit in semi-open areas and savanna grasslands of Northern Brazil. Their population have been declined in past few years.

Today, less than 5000 Hyacinth Macaws left in the world. Hyacinth Macaw is famous for their striking cobalt blue plumage with bright yellow rings around the eyes. They also have a beautiful long tail and strong and curved black bill. With proper training, Hyacinth Macaws could be an excellent pet. To make them comfortable, You should also give them a lot of space. They are very playful and not so good at imitating words like some other members of Macaw family. The hyacinth macaw diet consists mainly of green vegetation, fruits, insects, and nuts. Nuts are the main type of diet in the wild, specifically palm nuts. They have fast flight speeds about 56 Kph. They are social birds and they live and travel in flocks.

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THE 10 GREAT EXPENSIVE HOTELS IN THE WORLD IN THE YEAR 2021

by Sree DivyaMay 25, 2021May 25, 2021UncategorizedLeave a Comment

A Hotel is an establishment providing accommodation, meals, and other services for travelers and tourists. Hotel operations vary in size, function, complexity, and cost. The word hotel is derived from the French hotel, which refers to a French version of the townhouse. Facilities provided inside a hotel room may range from a modest-quality mattress in a small room to large suites with bigger, higher-quality beds, a dresser, a refrigerator and other kitchen facilities, upholstered chairs, a flat screen television, and en-suite bathrooms. higher-priced hotels may provide additional guest facilities such as a swimming pool, business center (with computers, printers, and other office equipment), childcare, conference and event facilities, tennis or basketball courts, gymnasium, restaurants, day spa, and social function services. Some hotels are like heaven on earth with ‘out of this world’ facilities, situated at great locations. Here are the 10 most expensive Hotels in the world.

1.Lover’s Deep Luxury Submarine, St. Lucia

Lover’s Deep Luxury Submarine is the most expensive Hotel in the world officially. It is a fact that everyone adores the deep blue seas and endless blue skies, and there is more to enjoy when you are viewing them on a luxurious and deluxe yacht. A luxury submarine is offering a new romantic subaquatic escape, providing couples with a once-in-a-lifetime experience. The luxurious submarine is exclusively designed for the ultimate romantic experience, deep under the water. Submarine will take you deep under the Caribbean Sea and help the couple to escape from all the worries and stress of the world and spend the most precious moments with each other. This luxurious submarine the underwater hotel is concerned, the only cost you have to bear is $292,000 (€258,000) per couple for a night.

The quarter is entirely soundproof so that people could have quality time without being interrupted by the noise coming from the outside or going out of the area. Water animals pass through the windows that can be seen easily through the glass fronts. Schools of fish, pods of dolphin and landscapes of coral can be seen from various Caribbean hotspots from the undersea windows aboard Lover’s Deep. It also has an extremely comfortable living room, an en-suite bathroom, and everything can be enjoyed with an imaginary underwater view of the Caribbean Sea and life underwater. It is located in the ocean at considerable depth.

2.Hotel President Wilson Royal Penthouse Suite

Hotel President Wilson Royal Penthouse Suite is in Geneva, Switzerland, at the Hotel President Wilson. Geneva, Switzerland is named after the 28th President of the US, located close to the United Nations building in Lake Geneva. Our iconic hotel is one of the most contemporary addresses in Geneva, set against the breathtaking backdrop of the Mont-Blanc. With elegant furnishings and stylish amenities, our 204 guest rooms and 22 suites are beautifully appointed and equipped with the highest quality Bang & Olufsen LCD screens, while floor-to-ceiling windows boast distinctive city or Lake Geneva views. The first installation of its kind in Europe, a 103-inch Bang & Olufsen LCD flat screen TV the brand’s largest commands attention. Three 55-inch TVs are located in additional living areas.

Musical and recreational entertainment options are provided by a Steinway grand piano and a Brunschwig billiards table. A private fitness room is equipped here. Orange and bold wood create the ideal background for rich textiles, plush velvet, and satin. Art Deco vases, paintings, and Persian carpets complement such elegant furniture as richly upholstered sofas, chairs, and lacquered wooden tables. Two dining rooms offer exquisite settings for hosting memorable receptions. These two kitchenettes are equipped with a refrigerator, a microwave, and a Nespresso coffee machine. A personal assistant, a chef, and a butler are available to address the needs and special requests of every guest. Each bedroom is accompanied by its own private bathroom featuring Hermes bath amenities, bathrobes, slippers and a hairdryer, separate walk-in rainforest shower. Penthouse suite is 1800 square Meters with bullet-proof windows. Lifts take you straight to your apartment, amongst other luxuries.

3.Four Seasons Hotel Ty Warner, New York

The building was started in 1989 and took seven years and $50m to construct. It’s among the priciest hotels in America. Poised atop the tallest all hotel buildings in New York and at the most prestigious address in the city, the Ty Warner Penthouse giving guests unequaled panoramic views of the Manhattan skyline and the city’s architectural landmarks. The rooms are exotic, having 360-degree ceiling views, gold, and platinum weave fabrics, amongst other features. It costs $50,000 per evening. The Ty Warner Penthouse is a seven-year collaboration between I.M. Pei, Peter Marino and visionary hotel owner, Ty Warner.

The architectural and artistic masterpiece soars 52 storeys into the sky. 4,300 square foot penthouse is filled with original art, four cantilevered glass balconies and a large library with a 26-foot cathedral ceiling and a Bosendorfer Baby Grand Piano. Private Spa, fitness equipment and massage tables, Zen Room with a soothing waterfall wall cascading from the ceiling to the floor are available here. “New York runs on a north-south, east-west grid, and it could be seen on a diagonal, the skyline would completely change”. The entire 52nd floor of Four Seasons Hotel New York was demolished to obtain maximum openness and unfettered cross views. Even concrete columns were removed to create the ultimate castle in the clouds.

4.Raj Palace Hotel, Jaipur, India

The costliest hotel in Asia at a daily rate of more than $43,000. The Raj Palace is an extremely convenient place to stay during your visit to Jaipur. It is situated on the main Jaipur-Delhi Road. Museum suites have been created giving the Raj Palace the honor of being the first palace hotel with such accommodations in India. Selecting floral arrangements, creating atmosphere through music, preparing a celebratory meal symbolizing abundance and most importantly, choosing the perfect venue. The Restaurant has been richly decorated with real gold leaf work, a majestic rare crystal chandelier, rich palace furniture and a crockery museum housing centuries old collections. bar be Que restaurant serving the most authentic Mughalai cuisine dashed with rich Indian spices is a food lovers delight, The Royal Lounge is a privileged place, it offers a variety of international and Indian cuisines. Guests can relax in Raj Palace’s swimming pool or schedule a massage treatment at the spa. On-site entertainment includes a theater and marionette show.

The oldest mansion in Jaipur, originally called ‘The Chaumoo Haveli’, it was built in 1727. This luxury hotel affords you some larger than life, unique and memorable experiences that you would be hard pressed to find elsewhere, making your stay an experience worth having. You will be warmly welcomed with the marigold garlands, a soulful piped music and a very refreshing welcome drink on our exquisite Swinging seating in the courtyard. The hotel houses 50 luxurious rooms, and suites. The Maharajah’s Pavilion, the Durbar Mahal, the Swarna Mahal and the Historical Room all have bits and pieces of history attached to them as private in-room museums. Imagine being surrounded by handicrafts that once tickled the fancy of the Maharajas living in these quarters.

5.Laucala Island Resort Hilltop Estate, Fiji

3,500 exclusive acres very luxurious villa located on its island in the Archipelago of Fiji. Fiji has long been known as paradise on earth and Laucala, a private tropical island in the South Pacific is no exception. The island offers scenery like no other with natural forests, coconut plantations, traditional-style farms, mangroves, beaches, coral reefs, and even volcanic mountains. Slip into a world of unparalleled beauty and nature surrounded by pristine water and stretches of cotton-like sand beaches. Aprivate island resort, Laucala Island is set amidst coconut plantations, sandy beaches, turquoise lagoons, rich green mountains andbreathtaking natural beauty, often drawing comparisons as a veritableGarden of Eden. Facilities are available like Diving in a unique underwater world, rain forest tours, horseback riding, surfing, golfing on the 18-hole championship course, or meeting native artists. The island’s Water Sports Center is home to a fleet of 14 boats, including the Riviera Open Flybridge for game fishing as well as Dragon sailboats and traditional Fijian outriggers, ideal for sunset cruises. Kite surfing, kayaking, and jet-skis are also available. The island’s Water Sports Center is home to a fleet of 14 boats, including the Riviera Open Flybridge for game fishing as well as Dragon sailboats and traditional Fijian outriggers, ideal for sunset cruises.

Kite surfing, kayaking, and jet-skis are also available. True luxury is appreciated in the privacy of the resort’s 25 villas as well as the freedom to experience a variety of activities, ranging from golf to water sports to beachside horseback riding and more. True luxury is appreciated in the privacy of the resort’s villas widely spread on the northern tip of the island. 1.200 square metres of living space, 11.000 square metres for of bedroom space and other private quarters, an unusually designed main residence with its own panoramic pool landscape, two spacious guest residences and special services such as a private cook, a chauffeur and a private nanny are available here. A collection of five restaurants and bars offers everything from beach side barbecues to fine dining. Laucala’s diversions range from relaxing to adventurous. This island resort was built with no expenses spared, however, sustainability and eco-friendliness was the first priority. You can visit the cultural village which is one of few traditional Fijian villages still in existence. Four treatment villas are there, each with an outdoor tub, relaxation room and two wet rooms with Vichy showers and steam facilities sit amid water features and tall palm trees, complemented by a beauty salon, pedicure and manicure rooms and the Spa Garden. It costs 40,000 per night.

6.Grand Resort Lagonissi Royal Villa in Athens, Greece

The Grand Resort Lagonissi is a 72-acre peninsula and sea front paradise south of the Greek capital. The latest hot spot that we are sure will capture the hearts of the luxury lovers is none other than Greece. Greece is now home to the world’s most expensive hotel room. This hotel located on the Athenian Rivera, it has ten restaurants, 197 rooms, and 76 suites. It offers concierge facilities like helicopter lifts, yacht hire, chauffeur-driven limousines for its distinguished guests. It offers in spring views and the natural beauty of the Mediterranean. The twenty exclusive sandy beach coves are uniquely positioned to take full advantage of the classic Aegean vistas. This 410 sq villa offers the ultimate pampering experience for the wealthy few. The royal villa also features the spectacular villa and it is stunning in terms of contemporary design, artwork objects, decoration features and services.

Comprising of three bedrooms, the Royal Villa boasts of two pools one on the inside and the other on the outside, which is heated. Privileged guests are welcome to sunbathe on the spacious outdoor terrace, dive in the crystalline waters of the pool. There is also a fully equipped kitchenette and grill as well as BBQ. A wooden walk-in closet, marble bathrooms, private massage area with massage-table, remote-controlled mattresses and curtains, heated floors and private parking area, a steam room, a private beach, butler, chef, fireplace, and piano with a pianist are just some of the many amenities that this villa offers its guests. And there is also a 640 sq garden. For those who wish to mix business with pleasure, the villa also has a business center with wired and wireless high-speed Internet access, laptop, fax machine, printer, scanner and a video phone. Hospitality is an art at this resort. At more than $40,000 every evening spent, it is the definition of Greek opulence. For set of luxury-loving people, money is definitely no constraint when it comes to the ultimate pampering experience.

7.Grand Hyatt Cannes Hotel Martinez in Cannes, France

Hotel Martinez is located on the Croisette at Cannes, 500 meters from the palais des Festivals, facing the Mediterranean Sea, the Bay of Cannes and the Lerins Islands. You can enjoy the scenic view of the southern French city from the hotel. Emmanuel Michele Martinez was Director of the Cannes Luxury Hotel Association he decided to build his own Hotel Palace, at la Côte d’Azur, in the French Riviera, using the connections his family had with nobility, Mr. Martinez bought the “Villa Marie-Therese on September 22, 1927, from “His Royal Highness Alphonse de Bourbon. It was opened on 20 February 1929. Karan Singh the crown prince of Jammu and Kashmir, and later a high ranking minister in the Government of India, was born here. In 1981, the Hotel Martinez was sold to the Concorde Hotels & Resorts Group. In 2005, four iconic hotels including Hotel Martinez were sold to Starwood Capital Group. The hotel was sold in 2012 and joined the Hyatt Group on April 9, 2013 and was renamed the Grand Hyatt Cannes Hotel Martinez. Inspired by the Art Deco style of the landmark and the colors of the Cote d’Azur, interior designer Pierre-Yves Rochon breathes new life into this Green Globe-certified luxury hotel in Cannes. Featuring white lacquer furnishings with subtle touches of blue sky or light yellow, every detail creates the warm and relaxed atmosphere of a “Mediterranean dream”. 409 rooms and suites are an ode to the iconic Riviera style with individually decorated guestrooms, featuring mini bars and LCD televisions. Smart televisions with satellite programming provide entertainment, while complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected. Bathrooms have designer toiletries and hair dryers.

Conveniences include phones, as well as safes and desks. Relax on the private beach or enjoy other recreational amenities such as a fitness center. This Art Deco hotel also features complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, a hair salon, and a piano bar. The reception infrastructure is one of the hotel’s major assets, and can host conventions, seminars, and other social and professional events in all seasons. Guests seeking a fine dining experience are invited to dine at the 2 Michelin star La Palme d’Or restaurant, which specialises in cuisine inspired by cinema and offers a view of the Croisette. The restaurant Le Jardin du Martinez offers seating on a terrace in the shade of palm and cypress trees, and in fine weather guests can enjoy the 1930’s themed garden parties hosted at the restaurant. Located on the beach, the La Plage du Martinez restaurant serves Mediterranean cuisine with local produce and fresh seafood. Spa services such as massages, body treatments and facials are available and guests can exercise in the fitness center. Hotel Martinez in the Unbound Collection by Hyatt offers direct access onto the beach and is within walking distance of the shopping area.

8.Palms Casino Resort, Las Vegas, Nevada

Palms Casino Resort was a hotel and casino located near the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, United States. The Palms project was first developed by the Maloof family in July 1999. The Palms opened on November 15, 2001. In 2002, it was the Resort billed at $10,000 per night. On October 27, 2005, the second tower, named the “Fantasy Tower”, opened at a cost of $600 million. The Fantasy Tower includes a two-story, 10,000 sq ft (930 m2) suite that includes the only basketball court in a hotel suite. The Fantasy Tower is also home to several nightlife venues including Moon Nightclub and The View. The tower holds what are known as the Sky Villas and Fantasy Suites, which are some of the most expensive hotel suites in the world. The hotel is renowned for its great nightlife activities. It has 703 rooms and suites and contains 94,840 sq ft (8,811 m2) casino, recording studio, Michelin starred restaurant and 2,500-seat concert theatre. Rooms Make yourself at home in one of the 703 air-conditioned rooms featuring mini bars and flat-screen televisions. Your room comes with a pillow top bed.

Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming is available for your entertainment. Bathrooms have designer toiletries and hair dryers. Amenities pamper yourself with a visit to the spa, which offers massages, body treatments, and facials. Before a night out at the casino, the 3 outdoor swimming pools are a perfect way to relax and recharge. Additional amenities at this resort include complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and gift shops/newsstands. Guests can get to nearby shops on the complimentary shuttle. Dining Grab a bite to eat at one of the resort’s 5 restaurants and 4 coffee shops/cafés, or stay in and take advantage of 24-hour room service. Sky Villa resort on the 6th floor covers over 800 square meters, and costs $35,450. Its design style is a tasteful blend of modern and retro. Its world-class facilities like poker tables, racy artwork, and indoor pools make it the preferred choice of the rich.

9.Hotel Plaza Athenèe, France

The Hotel Plaza Athenee is a Brunei-owned historic luxury hotel in Paris, France. Plaza Ethenee is located at 25 Avenue Montaigne in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, near the Champs-Élysées and the Palais de Tokyo. In 2012, the Hotel Plaza Athénée was awarded the “Palace” distinction, the highest achievement for luxury hotels in France. This is opened on Avenue Montaigne on 20 April 1913. On the 5th floor is the biggest suite of the French hospitality industry. Guests have a private kitchen and a steam room to themselves and enjoy French Regency fabrics and furniture. A night here will cost you $27,000. On the prestigious Avenue Montaigne in Paris, Hôtel Plaza Athénée is a luxury palace with a Dior Institute spa, 5 restaurants, a cocktail bar and a seasonal ice-skating rink. It offers elegant accommodation with marble bathrooms, a 5-minute walk from Avenue Champs Elysées. WiFi access is complimentary and access to the spa is free of charge.

A plasma screen TV with over 200 on demand movies features in all of the rooms and suites at Hôtel Plaza Athénée Paris. Guests can choose 5 pillow types for a good night’s sleep. All guests have free access to the spa. Some rooms feature views of the Eiffel Tower. Cuisine at Hôtel Plaza Athénée includes an American breakfast, gastronomic French dishes, Japanese specialties and a summer menu. The hotel’s restaurants’ are supervised by the Michelin Star chef Alain Ducasse. A shoe shine service and twice-a-day housekeeping are just some of the facilities on offer at Hôtel Plaza Athénée. Alma Marceau Metro Station is 300 m away and the Eiffel Tower is a 15-minute walk from the hotel. This is our guests’ favourite part of Paris, according to independent reviews. The renovation integrated additional buildings, created six new guest rooms, eight suites, a ballroom and two event spaces.

10.Burj Al Arab in Dubai, UAE

The Burj Al Arab is a luxury hotel located in the city of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It sits on Man made island, Guests access it via a bridge road that is 340m long. It took five years to build. Construction began on the iconic landmark in 1994. It took two years to create the island, and then three years to build the hotel itself. Managed by Jumeirah hotel group, it is one of the tallest hotels in the world. 39% of space of the Hotel is un occupied by the Hotel. The shape of the building is reminiscent of a ship’s sail. Tom Wright designs the hotel. More than 24,000sqm of Statuario marble is used throughout the hotel. The hotel features more than 30 different types of Statuario marble, in the walls and flooring. It created the world’s largest tin of caviar in 2016. The hotel’s dramatic helipad has given a platform to a number of incredible stunts. It is managed by Jumeirah hotel group. It also claims to be a 7-star hotel.

The terrace offers two swimming pools, 32 luxury cabanas, a restaurant and a bar. Featuring floor to ceiling windows with panoramic view of the Arabian Gulf, each suite includes an iPad, complimentary WiFi, a 21-inch iMac, and widescreen interactive HD TV. Bose iPhone docking station and media hub is also available. Al Muntaha is the Burj Al Arab’s signature fine dining restaurant serving contemporary European cuisine. Located directly on the beach, Villa Beach restaurant is open daily for lunch and dinner. Talise Spa has both ladies and gentlemen’s relaxation areas feature an aqua retreat. In 2008 Burj Al Arab also broke the Guinness World Record for the most expensive cocktail, valued at 27,321 AED. This hotel has a designated turtle hospital.

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THE GREAT 10 SMALLEST HOMES IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaMay 20, 2021May 20, 2021UncategorizedLeave a Comment

A Home is the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household. A home is the social unit formed by a family living together. From energy expenditure to building materials, living in a smaller house is one of the best ways to reduce your ecological footprint. Giving up the luxury of space and living more minimally isn’t always easy, but it does come with a few perks: fewer possessions, bigger skies, and open spaces. A smaller house makes it easier to cozy up to your loved ones. A building is a relatively permanent enclosed construction over a plot of land, having a roof and usually windows and often more than one level, used for any of a wide variety of activities, as living, entertaining, or manufacturing. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, land prices, ground conditions, specific uses, and aesthetic reasons. Here is the list of 10 Smallest Homes in the world.

1.Micro Compact Home

Micro Compact Homes are now in use and available throughout Europe, combines techniques for high quality compact ‘living’ spaces deployed in aircraft, yachts, cars, and micro apartments. The measurement of Micro Compact Home is only 2.6 meters by 2.6 meters. The project was initiated by Prof. Richard Horden with his team of students and assistants in 2001. It includes room for two double beds, a bathroom, lobby, dining space for 4 to 5 people, a kitchen and top-notch entertainment technology. Cube living spaces, inspired by the scale and order of Japanese teahouses, were designed with short-term guests and cash-strapped students in mind. The Micro compact home is a high quality compact dwelling house.

It is measurements of 2.66 m cube adapt it to a variety of sites and circumstances, and it’s functioning spaces of cooking, dining, sleeping and hygiene make it suitable for everyday use. The team of researchers and designers based in London and at the Technical University in Munich developed the Micro Compact Home (m-ch) as an answer to an increasing demand for short stay living accommodation for students, business people, sports and leisure use and for weekenders. Quality of design, touch and use are the key objectives for the micro compact home team for ‘short stay smart living’. Its design has been informed by the classic scale and order of a Japanese teahouse, combined with advanced concepts and technologies.

2.Toronto’s Little House

Toronto’s Little House Built in 1912 by contractor Arthur Weeden. Toronto’s Little House, as it’s known, is only about 7′ wide, 47′ deep, with a total of less than 300 square feet of living space inside. Toronto’s tiniest home, referred to as The Little House, located near Dufferin and Rogers Road, buckle up. It has a living room, kitchen, bedroom with Murphy bed, and bath. The kitchen comes with a table and chairs that fold up when you’re not using them. Weeden Born in England and migrated to Canada in 1902. 10 years before he built the little house. He worked as the superintendent of the old Lighthouse Mission and later became known as one of the pioneer builders in this area of Toronto.

He finished building the house, that was originally intended to serve as a small thruway for cars between these two existing houses, Weeden lived in it for 20 years with his wife in the first half of the 20th century. Toronto’s Little House was sold for $135,000 at the beginning of 2007 to a couple. In 2007, the most recent owners renovated the entire space in an attempt to make it as useful and enjoyable as possible. Weeden went on to build several other projects in this area of Toronto and was known as one of the pioneer builders in that neighbourhood. The Little House is just that, a little house is the smallest house in all of Toronto areas. The average Canadian lives in 1,792 square feet.

Tumbleweed Houses

The year was 1999 when our first tiny home was mounted to a trailer. The little home was named Tumbleweed because it had roots and was mobile all at the same time. They help people reach their dreams of downsizing their homes and upsizing their quality of life. Tumbleweed provides training materials, workshops, full plans and support for thousands of people looking to downsize into a Tumbleweed. Many people want their tiny house on wheels to as light-weight as possible, so they are safer and easier to tow. They also want their Tumbleweed Tiny House to have a modern interior including flat walls, but sheet rock will stress and crack with windy and shaky road conditions.

Tumbleweed Tiny House Company is a company in Sonoma, California. The houses on wheels are available to be purchased ready made and shipped to consumers. In 2002 Tumbleweed’s owner, Jay Shafer, co-founded the Small House Society in Iowa City, Iowa. Jay Shafer crafted beautifully and every inch well used. Gregory Paul Johnson was commissioned in 2003. This company designs and builds small houses between 65 and 887 square feet (6 and 80 m2), Many are timber-framed homes permanently attached to trailers for mobility. The company also offers construction plans for their mobile houses and larger designs also such as cottages etc. The company reported selling only one house per year in 2008. In 2009, this had increased five-fold. In 2011, the company reported that building only few houses can be given annually.

Rollit Homes

RollIt, a cool experimental house, resulted from the collaboration among different institutes within the University of Karlsruhe. Students from the University of Karlsruhe in Germany have been experimenting with a very unique new type of modular housing unit. This cyclindrical design is a modular prototype that provides flexible space within a minimum housing unit. Three different sections are dedicated to different functional needs: there’s a bed and table in section, toilet with shower, an exercise cylinder, and a kitchen with a sink. Rollit Home includes everything you’d need in a home for one. Owner of the home can change the structure of the house by walking in the center to rotate it.

The unit is built from four support rings over a rigid inner shell, while a translucent membrane wraps the cylinder and can be printed with advertisements. Thin wooden slats circle the unit to provide a smooth running surface to roll it and openings on the side and slated windows let light into the interior. Mattresses and cushions are held on with velcro or put away inside cabinets when not in use. The interior is covered with 15 mm thick OSB panels. Rollit, which won a design competition in collaboration with the Institute for Industrial Design and construction output (IFIB), was carefully designed and configured to incorporate multiple uses inside a small living space. Make sure that you’re on flat ground with a break otherwise things could get way out of hand if you started to roll down a hill.

Smallest House in Great Britain

Smallest House is also known as the Quay House. It is reported to be smallest house in the United Kingdom. A former fisherman’s hut deemed too small for habitation is now a delightful tourist draw and actually looks quite cozy. It can be found nestled amongst a terrace of houses. Smallest House in Britain is a tourist attraction in Conwy, Wales. The Measurement of this house is only 10 feet by 6 feet, Until 1900, the measurement of 6 foot, 3 inch was occupied by fisherman, Robert Jones. As this is enough for stove, water tap, bedroom cabinet and a bed. Now it costs $1.30 to visit and take a peek inside. While it’s more suited to one occupant, back in the 19th century, it was known to have been occupied by couples.

The Smallest House in Great Britain, measuring 72 inches across, 122 inches high and 120 inches deep and is listed in the Guinness Book of Records. The house has a floor area of 3.05 by 1.8 metres (10.0 by 5.9 ft) and is painted red. It stands near the Conwy Castle walls. The ground floor is devoted to the living area with room for coal and an open fire, and a water tap tucked behind the stairs. The upstairs holds the cramped bedroom, which also comes with a small niche for storage. Visitors are welcome to briefly explore the little home, and are usually welcomed by a woman in traditional Welsh garb. Entry costs £1.50 for Adults & £1 for Children under 16. They can explore the first floor, but the second floor has become too unstable, although guests can still peek their heads into the still-furnished bedroom.

Tiny Texas Houses

Tiny Homes is an Award Winning, International Company with hundreds and hundreds of design clients and plan customers in 9 Nations so far; including those in 48 US States. The houses Brad Kittel builds may be tiny, but they’re the product of big vision, pure salvage, and a fair amount of space magic. Texas Tiny Homes is not only tiny and small home builders. It is a design company, as well as residential land developers in North Texas. They have multiple tiny home plans, small home plans, mid-size home plans, lake home plans and mountain home plans that range in price from $15 to $999.99. Tiny Texas Houses still builds organic sustainable cottages and House Art at Salvage for people, who get to live in Paradise. Even if you’ve never driven through Luling, you’ve probably encountered a Tiny Texas House somewhere else. Chances are, among all of the tiny house media you’ve admired, you’ve almost certainly seen a house designed and built by Brad Kittel and his Tiny Texas Houses. Tiny Texas Houses are distinguished by the special materials used in their construction, and the ingenuity in their achievement of space where little space is otherwise available. Brad could build tiny houses more economically, and more environmentally friendly than other pioneers in the movement were doing at the time.

Brad’s vision was to make what was old new again, collecting materials that had already been created but discarded, and reusing them to build unique homes with distinct personality. Each house Brad designs is different, utilizing special materials in creatively functional ways. He generally does not choose a theme for a house. Wonderful, old, and very functional materials are finding their salvation. The wood Brad uses is predominately old-growth long leaf pine and loblolly pine, which there is very little of left standing, and which is a better building material for his purposes than any freshly cut lumber due to its superior strength. We all learned that counting the rings on a tree stump will tell you its age. But for the strength of the lumber, what’s important is how close together those rings are. The dark part of the ring is what gives it strength, so the more tightly spaced they are, the stronger the wood will be. 20,000 square feet, comprised of material warehouses as well as wood shops and fabrication areas are there in Luling. Additionally 80,000 square feet of space stacked to the brim with more planks, windows, doors, glass, sinks, bathtubs, and other tiny-house-building necessities.

Eco Bike Trailer

The number of different options for personal electric mobility is growing rapidly, with new electric skateboards, scooters, bikes, motorcycles, and more hitting the market every week, but one solution hasn’t gotten nearly the amount of traction that the others have. However, for those who love to bike, and who don’t want to convert their bike to electric, but would like a little something extra for those days when hauling cargo, an electric bike trailer might be just the ticket. Paul Elkins originally designed this bike trailer to get around the Burning Man Festival. There’s only space for one, and if you need to use the restroom you’ll have to resort to the great outdoors, but it is fully powered by a wind turbine and comes equipped with a solar-powered oven and heating system. Ebikes generally start with a motor with power output of about 250w. Electric bikes are ideal for towing a trailer and will make it even easier to ride up hills and longer distances while hauling some extra weight. Whatever you plan to tow with your electric bike, with the right size electric motor, an ebike can give you a boost when you need it or just keep the ride easier while towing a trailer to the destination. With an electric bike you’ll be able to tow more weight, with less effort.

Some common bike trailers weigh up to 40 lbs before cargo, kids, or pets are added, but in many cases with an ebike you can comfortably pull any of these loads. Most bike trailers attach to the rear triangle, to the seat post, or through a special quick release skewer on the rear wheel. Make sure that the bike trailer you’re considering is compatible with your electric bike. The main sources for compatibility issues is with disc brakes, the axle or drive train. Here are some typical types of trailers you could find behind an electric bike. 1.Kid trailers (Kid trailers come in one seater or two seater varieties, there are lots of options available. These can also include a trailer bike which are like the back half of a bicycle attached to the seat post, allowing kids to pedal along) 2.Cargo trailers (Cargo trailers come in all shapes and sizes and allow you take heavy gear longer distances. They come in two wheel or one wheel varieties) 3.Pet Trailers (Pet trailers are similar to cargo trailers above, but with usually have enclosed sides to keep pets in the trailer and a more rigid bottom for a more stable place for paws or claws to rest. Pet trailers can be used as cargo trailers, but not all cargo trailers could easily be used for pets)

Twelve Cubed Mini Home

Twelve cubed Mini Home makes a 12′ by 12′ cube house for customers. At such a small size we would be surprised as to what fits inside. Cube house creates opportunities for people while helping the environment. James Started doing with his Twelve3 prefab tiny house company. The company is based in Vancouver Island, British Columbia. According to Twelve Cubed designers, these tiny homes feature a dishwasher, microwave and modern oven combo, bathroom, closet, and plenty of natural light. The mission behind the homes is to allow more people to live more sustainably, but the cute design is a temptation in and of itself. James from Canada designed and lived in Tiny Home. He lived in Europe for a lot of his life and used his ideas for compact efficient home. He decided to see how small it would be possible to make a home that was still comfortable to live in and at the same time use building materials as efficient as possible.

The choice to pick 12 foot dimensions for his primary unit. Most micro designs have the bedroom at the top of a steep flight of stairs or you have to use a ladder. It took 8 months to get a building permit. Ten foot sized unit needs no permission to be built. They designed using grey-water systems and a solar version. So no outside power is required. Very little energy is required to run. Customers truly enjoy the benefits of living simply. An average 1 bedroom apartment produces 5 tons of CO2 annually, but a cube produces only 0.8 tons annually. It has enough space inside to sleep 3 persons comfortably. It will be comfortable and quiet. Price of Cube starts from CDN $24,500. The beauty of this unit is that they can pre build the Cube, and then load them on a flat deck, and ship them to the customer’s site for a very reasonable cost.

Nano House

Housing is a basic necessity of human beings across the globe. In Nano Housing, Dr Suresh Haware brings out a detailed study and offers solutions for the housing needs of people. Dr Suresh Haware is a motivational business leader acclaimed for his organizational and administrative skills. Nano housing is the outcome of an in-depth practical research which has the potential to fulfill the dream of the common man with an affordable house at an affordable price. The Nano designs ranging in size from single story, one bedroom plans in the 400 square foot range, to two story, two bedroom plans that push 800 square feet. Nano house is created to help solve the world’s global housing crisis, these 25 square meter homes are designed to house a family of four. Nano Living System homes are also equipped with state of the art insulation and passive solar heating for energy savings. The rooms are convertible to make the most of the tiny space. The company also helps connect businesses and government agencies when it comes to constructing sustainable and cost efficient materials and designs.

This suggests an optimistic and environmental solution for the global housing issue of very small living spaces at extremely high prices. This is made possible by the incorporation of the “suspending technology”, which nearly doubles the size of the living area within this space by transforming what is common living space by day into two separate bedrooms by night. The “suspending technology” can be used in new construction and can also be adapted to be used in existing structures, such as hotels, studios, dormitories and very small housing. The Nano Living System is a Swiss made “green” pre-engineered concept for residential use that presents an innovative and sustainable architectural proposition. This suggests an optimistic and environmental solution for the global housing issue of very small living spaces at extremely high prices. The Nano embodies Unity’s intelligent design, high performance and efficient production in a compact package.

Single Hauz

Poland based, Front Architects, describe the compact house Single Hauz as a kind of manifest, proposal of a house for a Western Worlder. It is especially predisposed for sites of an interesting landscaping. It is intended to a single person or couple to live in. Single Hauz is for instance forests, seas, lakes, mountains, next to the main city street. These cutting-edge home designs, inspired by the look of roadside billboards, can be built into almost any space. Living lightly takes on new meaning with the Single Hauz from Poland-based front architects.

The Single Hauz is just 27 square meters (290 square feet) with bathroom, kitchen and living space filling the elevated first floor and opening to a deck with the vista of your choice. The second floor provides a sleeping loft and access to the roof. They can even be built as raised homes over a body of water. According to Polish creators Front Architects, the house is perfect for the contemporary, single, independent and modern Western man, who we also assume ought to be an environmentalist. The house can then be installed above a variety of ground conditions, from the middle of a meadow to an urban core.

Tagged : 10 / Eco Bike Trailer / great / home / homes / house / houses / in / lil / little / Micro Compact Home / most / mostly / nano house / Rollit Homes / shelter / shelters / single hauz / small / smaller / smallest / Smallest House in Great Britain / ten / the / Tiny Texas Houses / top / Toronto's Little House / Tumbleweed Houses / Twelve Cubed Mini Home / used / world

THE 10 GREAT TALLEST BUILDINGS IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaMay 16, 2021May 16, 2021UncategorizedLeave a Comment

Building is a relatively permanent enclosed construction over a plot of land, having a roof and usually windows and often more than one level, used for any of a wide variety of activities, as living, entertaining, or manufacturing. This is an art or business of assembling materials into a structure. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, land prices, ground conditions, specific uses, and aesthetic reasons. Tall building is anything that ‘breaks the existing skyline and/or is significantly taller than the surrounding built form’. Here is the list of Tallest 10 Buildings in the world

1.Burj Khalifa

Burj Khalifa is the Tallest building in the world. Dubai is recognised as a home to Burj Khalifa and other megastructures. The Burj Khalifa has broken so many world records standing at 828m (2,716.5 ft.) above ground. It has the highest number of stories in the world (over 163), which includes the world’s highest outdoor observation deck and the highest occupied floor in the world. The elevators operating in the tower are the tallest service elevators in the world running at the longest travel distance. It is the highest outdoor observation deck in the world, has the elevator with longest travel distance in the world. The Burj Khalifa is crowned as one of the most elite and highly coveted residential places in the world. It is the tallest free standing structure in the world. It is the highest occupied floor in the world. It is the second highest swimming pool in the world (76th floor). Totally 54 working elevators traveling 40 miles per hour. The cost of the Burj Khalifa is USD $1.5 billion.

Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith and the architecture firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in collaboration with Samsung C&T Corporation. It is also a top tourist attraction in Dubai. Burj Khalifa is one of the best spots to watch sunsets in Dubai. This towering skyscraper lies in the heart of Downtown, a district commonly referred to as the ‘Centre of Now‘. People flock here from around the globe to witness the exciting celebrations, fountain shows and fireworks. The concept behind the development by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum was to build on Dubai’s ever-growing status as a popular tourist destination, with this skyscraper adding to that vision. It’s three times as tall as the Eiffel Tower and nearly twice as tall as the Empire State Building. Burj Khalifa and Downtown Dubai itself are developed by Emaar Properties. Excavation beginning on 6th January 2004, the tower was completed and opened to the public on 4th January 2010. It was inspired by the spider lily flower. As a first precaution, the tower was built in a Y-shape to make it more stable.

2.Shanghai Tower

Shanghai Tower is located in Shanghai, China. It surpassed the second tallest building in the world. 632-metre high Shanghai Tower, designed by Gensler. The Shanghai Tower is a masterful piece of civil and environmental engineering. It is one of the world’s most impressive architectural marvels. The project started in November 2008 and Opened to the public in 2016. It’s cost is around £1.5 billion. The Chinese government has described this building as ‘a symbol of a nation. We were given rare access to this new addition to the building just before completion in the company of Gensler’s managing principal, Daniel Winey and Xia Jun, Shanghai Tower’s design leader and a star in the Chinese architectural firmament. Shanghai Tower is designed to embrace and stimulate the life of the city. Yet, instead of parks spread horizontally across the city, the tower provides gathering spaces stacked vertically. Within 127 stories, Shanghai Tower houses Class A office space, entertainment venues, retail, a conference center, a luxury hotel, and cultural amenity spaces. By emphasizing public space and locating shops, restaurants and urban amenities at the atrium levels, Shanghai Tower provides a new experience for living and working in super tall towers. It has the tallest and fastest lifts travelling at 40mph to almost the full height of the tower: that’s 580 metres in 32 seconds.

The ground floor becomes an ‘open market’ linked to the subway network. The glass has been designed to minimize reflected light, so that people inside can see out over Shanghai. With car parking below ground, the first five stories above ground comprise the commercial retail podium. The building is separated into nine zones, each separated by public sky lobbies. These 12 or 15 storey-height voids are formed within the twisting space between the external glazing and the structural core. The floors of these lobbies extend out to the curtain wall and therefore close each volume off from the one above and below. Each sky lobby is landscaped with a mixture of semi mature trees and local varieties of shrubs in planters. With these sky gardens acting like Trombe walls, there is no requirement for heating or mechanical ventilation in these airy spaces. The building is designed to withstand an earthquake of up to 7.5 on the Richter scale with the help of the world’s largest tuned mass damper. Other energy-saving devices are there in this LEED Gold building range from geothermal heat sources to gas-fired co-generation. While most of the tower’s energy will be provided by conventional generating systems, a bank of 270 wind turbines at the top of the tower should create around 350,000 kWh per year. It is sited adjacent to the neighboring Jin Mao Tower.

3.Makkah Royal Clock Tower

Makkah Royal Clock Tower is located near Masjid al Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel is a 120-storey structure is a mixed residential and hotel complex. It is both the tallest hotel and the tallest clock tower in the world. It is also the fifth-tallest freestanding structure in the world. Royal clock is one of the ten tallest skyscrapers in the world. The measurement of 43m*43m clock tower is the world’s largest clock face. The building complex is metres away from the world’s largest mosque and Islam’s most sacred site, the Great Mosque of Mecca. It was developed as part of the King Abdulaziz Endowment Project, which aimed to modernize the city to offer world-class accommodations for the increasing number of visitors and residents of the Holy City of Makkah. Makkah Royal Clock Tower project was developed by Saudi Binladin Group. Construction of the complex was started in 2004 and finished in 2012. This structure spreads over seven towers erected above podiums. The tallest tower adorned with the Makkah Royal Clock stands 601m-high above ground. The Makkah Royal Clock Tower site is spread over 23ha south of the Masjid al Haram. It has a built-up area of 2.8 million square metres (21.5 million square feet).

The seven towers of the building rest on a 15-storey and 115m-high podium, which houses a grand retail area. The tower housing the Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel is located in the middle of the building structure. Six towers Hajar, ZamZam, Maqam, Qibla and Marwah are situated to the sides of the clock tower. The Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel is a 120-storey structure. A 23m-high crescent made of fibreglass-backed mosaic gold is mounted at the top of the tower. It has Islamic Museum, a Lunar Observation Centre and a large prayer room with a capacity for more than 10,000 people. Makkah Royal Clock Tower complex houses residential towers for permanent residents, a five-star hotels and Resorts for accommodating the Hajj pilgrims, and the Abraj Al Bait shopping mall. The podium has 79 elevators and 111 extra heavy-duty Transvario escalators. The tower features 94 elevators and 16 extra heavy-duty Transvario escalators. The adjacent towers have 12 elevators including two helipad elevators and six extra heavy-duty Transvario escalators. It offers parking space for more than 1,000 vehicles. Makkah Royal Clock Tower complex, also known as the Abraj Al-Bait Towers. The total cost of construction is US$15 billion.

4.Ping An Finance Center

Ping An Finance Center is 599meters supertall skyscraper in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. Ping An Finance Centre is now Shenzhen’s tallest building, also securing status as the second tallest in China and the fourth tallest in the world. It also broke the record of having the highest observation deck in a building at 562 m (1,844 ft). Ping An literally means Safe and Well. Ping An Insurance Company of China, which is one of the world’s biggest investment companies. The building is owned by Ping An Insurance and the group occupies a large amount of space in the building. Most office floors are used for the offices of Ping An Insurance company. Some office floors are leased out to tenants. 20 floors are occupied by hotels. From 116th to 118th floors, an observatory is occupied. The gross floor area of the tower is 378,600 square meters. The architectural design of Ping An Finance Center was completed by New York based architectural firm Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates.

The structural engineering for the tower was done by Thornton Tomasetti, which is another firm based in New York City, Thornton Tomasetti has provided structural design for numerous skyscrapers throughout the world. The shape of the tower is that of a taught steel cable, outstretched by the sky and the ground at once. The form is emphasized by eight composite super-columns that extrude beyond the building envelope. This design is not only visually appealing, but also practical. The streamlined shape of the tower improves both structural and wind performance. The tower is adorned by total of 1,700 tons of 316L stainless steel. The city prominently within the Pearl River Delta’s high-speed rail corridor that increases access to the region’s rapidly densifying cities. The construction of Ping An Finance Center officially completed on March 28, 2017. It is estimated the construction cost $1.5 billion. It has become one of the most popular tourist attractions in the city.

5.Lotte World Tower

Lotte World Tower is a supertall skyscraper is located in Shinchon-Dong, Songpa-Ku, Seoul, South Korea. The tower is built in close proximity of the Lotte World Park and near the bank of Han River. Lotte World Tower is designed by American architecture firm Kohn Pedersen Fox. Lotte World Tower stands 555 meters tall. It is currently the tallest building in South Korea Tower doesn’t contain spire, but the uppermost part is composed of parapet. The highest occupied floor is 497 meters. Lotte World Tower ranks 5th in the world. The tower has 123 floors above ground and 6 floors below ground. Tower contains a wide variety of spaces for different functions, including retail stores, offices, a luxury hotel, observation decks and an “officetel”. Officetels is the hybrid of offices and hotels, they are commonly found in Korea, offering accommodations for people who work in the building and feature services typically only found in hotels, such as furnishings, front deck services, and gym access. Tower 10-storey shopping mall, known as Lotte World Mall.

The design of various interior program spaces of the tower is inspired by the traditional Korea arts, including Korean ceramics and calligraphy, and is integrated with modern aesthetics.
The exterior of the tower is comprised of light-toned silver glass, and accented by a filigree of white painted metal.
Lotte World Tower is designed being able to resist an earthquake of 9 on the Richter scale and winds up to 80 m/s. The construction of Lotte World Tower was contracted by Lotte Engineering & Construction, another subsidiary of Lotte Group themselves. The construction began in March 2011 and opened to public on April 3, 2017. Visitors will access the observation deck through the high speed elevators, ascending with a speed of 20 m/s, it is claimed to be the fastest elevators in the world. Other names of the tower are Lotte Jamsil Super Tower, and Lotte World Premium Tower. The top 10 floors of the tower are remained for observation decks and some other entertainment facilities like rooftop bar. Title was previously held by Ryugyong Hotel in North Korea before 2017. Annual tower visitors are 1300 million.

6.One World Trade Center

One World Trade Center is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. One World Trade Center was built in remembrance of the victims of the terrorist attack that happened on September 11, 2001. It is a reminder of the lives that were lost and hope for the future. One World Trade Center has become an architectural and emotional force. It’s the tallest building in the United States. It is also the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. One World Trade Center is the sixth-tallest in the world. The building has a cubic base and its edges form eight isosceles triangles. Near its middle, the tower forms a perfect octagon. The building’s architect is David Childs, whose firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) also designed the Burj Khalifa and the Willis Tower. The construction of below-ground utility relocations, footings, and foundations for the new building began on April 27, 2006. One World Trade Center became the tallest structure in New York City on April 30, 2012. On May 10, 2013, the final component of the skyscraper’s spire was installed, making the building, including its spire. It, stands at 1,776 feet, a direct reference to the year the Declaration of Independence was signed.

World Trade Center One contains more than 40,000 metric tons of structural steel and it has 103 floors. The tower’s observation deck was specifically constructed with the memory of the Twin Towers in mind. The deck itself begins at 1,362 feet, and a glass parapet extends to 1,368 feet – the exact height of the South and North Towers. 1WTC’s unique construction elements are its high-strength concrete, which can withstand seven times more pressure than standard concrete, and its reinforcement steel bars, which are significantly longer than normal. It generates power internally. One World Trade Center contains a total of 71 elevators. They can travel as fast as 23 miles per hour. It was built from recycled construction debris and materials. These are the tallest skyscrapers in the world. The building opened on November 3, 2014; the One World Observatory opened on May 29, 2015. The building has 94 stories, with the top floor numbered 104. One World Trade Center is also called as WTC or Freedom Tower. The new World Trade Center complex will eventually include five high-rise office buildings built along Greenwich Street, as well as the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, located just south of One World Trade Center where the original Twin Towers stood.

7.Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre

The Guangzhou Chow Tai Fook Finance Centre is a 530-metre (1,739 ft) tall mixed-use skyscraper in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, which was completed in October 2016. It is the seventh-tallest in the world, the tallest building in Guangzhou and the third-tallest in China, and It is the fastest assembled skyscraper of the supertall variety in history. There are 95 elevators. It has the world’s fastest elevators (72 kph). The Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre has a total of 111 above ground and five below ground floors and houses a shopping mall, offices, apartments, and a hotel. The development has 66 office floors, 23 serviced apartment floors, 11 hotel floors, a ballroom and meeting rooms. It has three-storey car park providing approximately 1,700 parking spaces. The skyscraper has a gross floor area of 507,681.0 m2 (5,464,633 sq ft). The complex was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox. It is also called Dongta (East Tower). The other tower is called West Tower.

The new CTF stands out as one of two supertall towers in Tianhe in downtown Guangzhou. The other tower is the Guangzhou IFC Tower that is about 200 meters away. With the Canton Tower, the three towers dominate the Tianhe area. The project adopts utility district cooling system (DCS) instead of self -generate cooling chiller plant for the heat, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system for podium retails and offices. As the project is designed to the standard of LEED certification and China Green Building Label. It is environmentally superior than the buildings without this certification incentive in terms of more energy efficient, lower water usage and better indoor comfort. It is also meant to be stronger and earthquake resistant. Guangzhou is one of China’s biggest cities, and it has become one of China’s great business and shopping cities. It is one of the most visitor highlights. The top floors contain an observation deck and hotel.

8.Tianjin CTF Finance Centre

Tianjin CTF Finance Center is a super-tall skyscraper in Tianjin, China. Tianjin CTF Finance Center is fourth tallest in Asia and third tallest in China. This tower is the second tallest building in Tianjin after Goldin Finance 117, eighth tallest building in the world. 530 meter tall skyscraper contain house offices, 300 service apartments, 350 room hotel and a five star. It consists of 97-storey towers, 5-storey podium and 4-storey basement. The detail-designed and intricate building façade is one of the most significant components contributing to the upcoming icon of the district. Construction started in 2013 and was completed in 2019. The tower will be a striking new landmark in the Tianjin Economic Technological Development Area (TEDA), existed outside Tianjin. Tianjin CTF Finance Center is designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP in collaboration with Ronald Lu & Partners. The building commonly designed as the softly curving glass skin integrates eight sloping mega-columns that follow a lyrical line connecting the centers and corners of all four elevations.

These curving mega-columns increase the structure’s response to seismic concerns and are integral to both the gravity and lateral systems. By stacking reducing floor plates, the tower tapers dramatically to minimize the surface area exposed to wind, sun, and moisture. The gently-undulating curves of the facade subtly denote the integration of the three distinct programs within a singular smooth object. Square in plan with rounded corners, the floor plate geometry enables unique interior fit-outs and customization options for occupants. In the design effect, in the daytime, the building will refract the sunlight to show various colors, and at night, the top of the inclined tower glows like a diamond. The new plan is rocket-shaped and dominated by arcs; the crown is like a cicada’s wings. The 389,980-square-meter project has been designed to LEED Gold standards.

9.CITIC Tower

CITIC Tower is a supertall skyscraper in the Central Business District of Beijing. It is the tallest skyscraper in Beijing, the fourth-highest in China and number eight worldwide. CITIC Tower is Northern China’s third tallest building in Tianjin. It is popularly known as China Zun. The groundbreaking ceremony of the building took place in Beijing on September 19, 2011. The 109-storey, 528 m (1,732 ft) building is the tallest in the city. It was completed in late 2018. The nickname China Zun comes from the zun, an ancient Chinese wine vessel which inspired the building design, according to the developers, the CITIC Group. Designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates(KPF). It is a mixed-use building, featuring 60 floors of office space, 20 floors of luxury apartments and 20 floors of hotel with 300 rooms. Rooftop garden is also there at top floor at 524 m (1,719 ft) high.

Top three floors of the building will be administered by the National Security authorities after rectification. CITIC Tower is also the headquarters of another development partner, Kerry Group. The tower was conceived as an equilateral triangular block with landscaped sky gardens at various levels. The architecture was designed by P&T Group. Its unique design is composed of equilateral triangles and circles. The interior canopy features bespoke aluminum ribbing that follows its curvature and echoes the tower’s elegant façade expression. The tower also connects to a vast underground transportation network, linking together a pedestrian passageway system, a B2-level roadway, and four subway lines. It includes 5 of the 11 tallest structures in the world, imagined for the CITIC Tower, a vase-like form, varying from 78-meter-wide at the base to 54-meter-wide at the center and finishing up with 69-meter-wide at the top. The building puts in place a square plan with rounded corners.

10.TAIPEI 101

The Taipei 101 formerly known as the Taipei World Financial Center. It is an extremely tall skyscraper designed by C.Y. Lee and C.P. Wang in Xinyi, Taipei, Taiwan. Construction of Taipei 101 began in 1999. This tower contains offices and restaurants as well as both indoor and outdoor observatories. The public observatories are on floors 88 to 91. The tower is adjoined by a multilevel shopping mall. Taipei 101 is owned by Taipei Financial Center Corporation. The skyscraper opened on 31 December 2004 to celebrate New Year’s Eve. In 1997, led by developer Harace Lin, the Taipei Financial Center Corporation, a team of several Taiwan banks and insurance companies, won the rights to lease the site for 70 years. They developed a building for the Build Operate Transfer agreement with the city government. It is the First tallest building in Taiwan, Seventh tallest in Asia and tenth tallest building in the world. Taipei reaches a height, including the spire, of 1,667 feet (508 metres).

The largest section of the building, between the base and the spire, consists of eight modules, or groupings, of eight stories each. The building also expresses its distinctively Chinese character in its resemblance to a stalk of bamboo or an elongated pagoda. 16 steel columns in the core and 8 steel “super columns” at the perimeter are filled with concrete up to floor 62. The damper is a steel weight of 660 metric tons (728 short tons), suspended between the 92nd and 87th floors at the building’s centre. Its elevators, capable of traveling 60.6 km/h (37.7 mph) and used to transport passengers from the 5th to the 89th floor in 37 seconds. In 2011 Taipei 101 received a Platinum rating under the LEED certification system to become the tallest and largest green building in the world. Taipei 101’s postmodernist architectural style evokes traditional Asian aesthetics in a modern structure employing industrial materials. Its design incorporates a number of features that enable the structure to withstand the Pacific Ring of Fire’s earthquakes and the region’s tropical storms.

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THE 10 GREAT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaMay 12, 2021May 13, 2021UncategorizedLeave a Comment

The practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products is called Agriculture. Food drives the world. Apart from clean water, access to adequate food is the primary concern for most people on earth. This makes agriculture one of the largest and most significant industries in the world. Agriculture is the primary source of employment, income, and food, and these basic needs fulfilled by agriculture all over the world. Agricultural population is 67% of the total population. Around 11% of the world’s land occupied by agriculture, and about 26% used for animal grazing. Agricultural productivity is also important for the security and health of its population. The following is the list of 10 best agriculture producing countries in the world.

1.China

China is the world’s biggest producer, importer, and consumer of food. Much of China’s land is too mountainous or too arid for farming. Only 13% of land is useful for farming. China’s land is highly employed for agriculture. There is also a long tradition involving agriculture in Chinese mythology. The supply of food grains will be ample in China, and the trend of market-based pricing of rice and wheat will be more obvious. China is the largest rice-producing country in the world. China primarily produces rice, wheat, potatoes, tomato, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, cotton, oilseed, corn and soybeans. Millet requires very little human intervention to grow. Vegetables are planted in China, on the roads, and on many building walls. The focus of China’s agriculture development shifted from increasing production to improving quality. The production and supply of ecological, high-quality and safe products are increasing significantly. 23% of rice in the world is produced by China.

China’s agricultural sector will be further opened up to the outside world. International trade in agricultural products will become increasingly active, and China will remain the world’s largest importer of agricultural products. Approximately half of the plant remains belonged to domesticated japonica species, whilst the other half were wild types of rice. Evidence of settled rice agriculture has been found at the Hemudu site of Tianluoshan, with rice becoming the backbone of the agricultural economy by the Majiabang culture in southern China. Throughout its history, various methods have been developed or imported that enabled greater farming production and efficiency. They also utilized the seed drill to help improve on row farming. For agricultural purposes the Chinese had invented the hydraulic-powered trip hammer.

2.United States

United States is the largest agricultural exporter. Modern agriculture in the U.S. ranges from hobby farms and small-scale producers to large commercial farms covering thousands of acres of cropland. The United States is known for its agriculture science and provides some advanced agriculture technology in the world. It proves a role model for many countries in the agriculture sector. United States agriculture is developing continually with increasing rates and it is a major industry. The United States produces the highest amount of timber. Approx 70% of the country’s forests officially owned with bounded logging permitted. The eastern, wetter half is a major corn and soybean producing region known as the Corn Belt, while the western, drier half is known as the Wheat Belt for its high rate of wheat production. The Central Valley of California produces fruits, vegetables, and nuts. 80% of total production is occupied by Wheat.

The American South has historically been a large producer of cotton, tobacco, and rice, but it has declined in agricultural production over the past century. Agriculture is a major industry in the United States, which is a net exporter of food. In the United States, corn was the largest crop that produced an amount of 247,882,000 metric tons. And the 2nd one is soybeans with 74,598,000 metric tons. And the 3rd one is wheat that grew an amount of 69,327,000 metric tons. The major crops in the United States are sugar cane, potatoes, coffee, sugar beets, and bananas. Production is spread across much of the country, but the largest food-producing states include California, Iowa, Texas, Nebraska, and Illinois. It produces food efficiently. United States is the second largest producer of pork and the largest producer of milk, chicken and beef. Soil Exhaustion was a huge problem in New England agriculture. European agricultural practices greatly affected the New England landscape.

3.Brazil

Brazil is historically one of the best agricultural countries. Brazilian Natives began farming some 12,000 years ago. 41% of Brazil’s land is occupied by agriculture. Brazil is also among the largest agricultural exporters. It is the second largest producer of soybeans in the world. Brazil ranks among the top 5 countries for production of milk, pork and chicken. The Brazilian economy has historically centered on agriculture, particularly sugarcane. Principal products were corn and soybean. It is the globe’s largest exporter of coffee, crop based ethanol, corn and soybean. Brazil ranks second in total beef output. The southern one-half to two-thirds of Brazil has a semi-temperate climate, higher rainfall, more fertile soil. This region produces grains, oil seeds. Brazil is also a major producer of oranges, pineapples, papaya, and coconuts.

⅓ of the earth’s oranges are produced in Brazil. It is in the ninth position to produce Rice. Main concentration of agriculture production is on sweet potatoes, maize, cassava, peanuts, tobacco etc. Brazil produces 600 million tonnes of sugar cane per year. 19% of total agriculture is occupied by Soybean production. The drought-ridden northeast region and Amazon basin lack well-distributed rainfall, good soil, adequate infrastructure and development capital. Both regions are increasingly important as exporters of forest products, cocoa and tropical fruits. Brazilian grasslands are generally suited only for grazing. This country primarily used surface irrigation, followed by overhead and then targeted irrigation. The South represented the largest irrigated area (more than 1.1 million hectares), followed by the Southeast (800 thousand hectares) and Northeast (490 thousand hectares).

4.India

India is among the 15 leading exporters of agricultural products in the world. India is the second-largest food producer in the world In terms of total calorie content. 58% of Indians are involved in agriculture practice. Totally 96mn hectare irrigated area in there in India, it is the largest in all over the world. India is the world’s largest wheat-producing country. Indian is the largest producer of most of the fruits in the world that includes bananas, guava, mango, lemon, papaya, and vegetables including chickpea. It produces spices include ginger, pepper, and chili. India ranked first in the production of milk, second in dry fruits, third in fish production, fourth in egg, and fifth in poultry production worldwide. 60% to overall India’s agriculture GDP only by animal farming horticulture. It also has high classification as producer of chicken and beef.

Total food grain production in the country is estimated at 144.52 million tonnes for 2020-21. Gross Value Added by agriculture, forestry, and fishing was estimated at Rs. 19.48 lakh crore in FY20. Agriculture and allied sectors in gross value added (GVA) of India at current prices stood at 17.8 % in FY20. Indian food and grocery market is the world’s sixth largest, with retail contributing 70% of the sales. The Indian food processing industry accounts for 32% of the country’s total food market, one of the largest industries in India in terms of production, consumption, export and expected growth. The agriculture sector in India is expected to generate better momentum in the next few years due to increased investment in agricultural infrastructure such as irrigation facilities, warehousing and cold storage.

5.Russia

Russia produces 70% of the total grain of the country. About half of the cultivated land area is covered with grain cultivation. The cereals are rye, barley, oats, and maize. It is mainly engaged in the Industrial economy, and it has a huge agriculture industry. The Russian agriculture industry provides 16% of the employment opportunities to the general population. Russia, one of the world’s leading countries for acres of land used for agricultural production, ranks among the largest producers of milk, beef and pork in the world. 20-23% of global wheat exports are done by Russia. Wheat is the most famous food crop all around Russia. Two-thirds of the world’s poor rely on agriculture for their incomes, making the sector key to economic development. Certain crops with high market value like coffee, cocoa, and others can bring especially large increases to farmers’ incomes. In Russia, 13% of agricultural lands captured for the production of sugar beet, wheat and potatoes. Over 23 million hectares of land is cultivated in Russia. In 2018, It was the world’s largest producer of sugar beet; 4th largest world producer of potato; largest world producer of barley; 2nd largest world producer of sunflower seed; world’s largest producer of oats; 2nd largest world producer of dry pea; 3rd largest world producer of wheat; 2nd largest world producer of buckwheat.

Russia experiences extreme temperatures in winter and summer, and summer precipitation is low. Many regions of Russia experience six months of snow cover each year and in these places the subsoil can often be frozen permanently. The most fertile regions are in the southern parts of the country between Kazakhstan and Ukraine called “black earth” in Russian. During 19th and 20th century, Despite having a greater population than the rest of Europe at a time, most of which lived in rural agricultural communities, Russia could not compete in terms of its industrial and economic development. Still, while its European neighbours and the Free Economic Society were dedicated to improving their farming techniques, Russia managed to become one of the largest crop exporters, especially wheat. In 21st century Russian agriculture has undergone an intensive modernisation process. This was underpinned by developing macroeconomic factors, among which increased integration into international trade, expanded technology transfer and foreign agricultural investments. With Saline agriculture, food is produced on salt affected soils and salt water is used for irrigation.

6.France

• France has the largest agricultural production in the European Union 18.1% of the total European Union production comes from France. The economy of France is highly developed and free-market-oriented. It is the world’s seventh-largest economy by 2020 nominal figures. France was the largest Foreign Direct Investment recipient in Europe, Europe’s second largest spender in Research and development in 2020. France ranked among the 10 most innovative countries in the world by the 2020. It was the most represented European country in 2020. It became the fifth largest agricultural exporter in the world. France has around 730000 farms, about 7% of the population earn from agriculture or similar sectors that are fishing or forestry. The actual income from agriculture enhanced by 4% in the past period. France is also the most visited destination in the world.

All over the European Union, France is the top producer of oilseeds, cereals, sugar beets, milk, wine, and beef. It ranks among the top 20 countries for chicken and pork production. France is the largest exporter of alcoholic drinks and beverages. An ample fish supply in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea provides an additional resource. France’s extensive land area of which more than half is arable or pastoral land and another quarter is wooded presents broad opportunities for agriculture and forestry. Rainfall is more throughout most of France. In France almost everyone is occupied in agriculture-related activities that include producing agricultural goods, etc.

7.Mexico

Both historically and politically agriculture in Mexico is crucial for the country’s economy. In Mexico 15% of land is occupied by agriculture and about 50% of occupied land is used for livestock. 50% of agriculture output of Mexico comes from crops. Sixty percent of Mexico’s agricultural exports go to the United States. Production of livestock in Mexico is done in a considerable amount that consists of poultry, eggs, beef, and milk. Mexico produced avocados, beans, tomatoes, peppers, maize, blue agave, sugar cane, sorghum and other tropical fruits etc. This country is known for its agricultural exports too. Mexico’s exports include fruits, coffee, vegetables, and sugar. It also produced squash, cotton, vanilla, cocoa etc. Domestic turkeys and Muscovy ducks were the only domesticated fowl in the pre-Hispanic period. Spanish introduced more plants and the concept of animal husbandry, principally cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, goats and sheep, and barn yard animals such as chickens and pigs.

The tradition of planting corn, beans and squash together allows the beans to replace the nitrogen that corn depletes from the soil. The three crops together are sometimes referred to as the Three Sisters. Although silver mining brought many Spaniards to Mexico and silver was the largest single export from New Spain, agriculture was extremely important. There were far more people working in agriculture, not only producing subsistence crops for individual households and small-scale producers for local markets, but also commercial agriculture on large estates to supply Spanish cities. Mexico’s agricultural history stretches back thousands of years, and today farming continues to help shape the country’s environment, economy and culture.

8.Japan

Crop production is vital to Japan despite limited arable land (13% of the total area) and the highest degree of industrialization in Asia. The economy of Japan is a highly developed free-market economy. Japan agriculture contributes only 2% of GDP and around 10% of the country’s people live on farms. It is the third-largest in the world by nominal GDP. Japan is the world’s third-largest stock exchange by market capitalisation. In 2018, Japan was the world’s fourth-largest importer and the fourth-largest exporter. Japan is the world’s third largest automobile manufacturing country, has the largest electronics goods industry. 20% of rice production is decreased in the past years. Agriculture exists in every part of Japan, but is especially important on the northern island of Hokkaido, which accounts for 10% of national production. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is the government agency responsible for the fishing industry. Agriculture, farming, and fishing form the primary sector of industry of the Japanese economy together with the Japanese mining industry, but together they account for only 1.3% of gross national product. It produces grains, fish, vegetables, mountain plants, and others. It is also among the top 20 countries in production of milk , pork and chicken. The daily food that is milk, other dairy products, and meat has risen exceptionally. 10% of the Japan’s people live on farms. Over the past decade, Japan has reduced its support to agriculture, but more recently the change in support levels has been moderate.

Land in Japan has distinctive characteristics which make it suitable for organic produce. They have instead been paying enormous sums of money to incorporate Western protein rich foods. Average area covered by farms are only 1.2 ha (3 acres). In Japan, approximately 2 lakh hectares of land is idle, and rice production decreased by 20% in the past years. In response to challenges in March 2020 such as the decrease of farming population and the implementation of new large-scale trade agreements, the plan aims to strengthen the agricultural production base regardless of farm size or its hilly and mountainous condition. By making greater financial resources available to producers and exporters of agricultural and food products, the Japanese government aims to expand agricultural exports from 922.3 billion yen (US$8.5 billion) in 2020 to 2 trillion yen (US$18.5 billion) by 2025, and 5 trillion (US$46.1 billion) by 2030. In Japan, there are two significant types of agriculture fields which are siden and tambo. The revision is expected to play a significant role in helping to promote exports given the large investments that are needed in infrastructure systems, overseas marketing and advertising, and human resources development. The Japanese consume mainly rice, fish, and eat less meat compared to citizens of the United States and the European Union.

9.Germany

In Germany, ½ of the area occupied for land cultivation. 10% of the Germans engaged in organic farming. Around 80% of the country’s land occupied by forestry and agriculture. Approximately 87% of Germany farmers farm on land of 124 acres. Agricultural food of Germany includes pork, poultry, potatoes, milk, cereals, beef, sugar beets, cabbages, corn, barley, and wheat. Germany is the third largest producer of pork and also has a high milk and beef production. Germany ranked 4th largest beer producer in the world. In Germany most of the regions agriculture includes vegetables, fruits, and wine grapes. The poorer soils of the North German Plain and of the Central German Uplands are traditionally used for growing rye, oats, potatoes, and fodder beets. In both the western and eastern sectors, chickens, eggs, pigs, and veal calves are concentrated. In Western German cities, crops such as fruits, vegetables, and flowers are grown. The warm lowlands of the southwest favour tobacco and seed corn. By the beginning of the 21st century, however, large farms represented about half of the total agricultural area in western Germany and some two-thirds in eastern Germany.

In Germany, southern and western parts of river valleys covered with vineyards. With the availability of chemical fertilizers, light soils have become more highly valued because of their suitability for machine cultivation; for example, fodder corn is now widely grown on the North German Plain, replacing potatoes. Germany’s agricultural products differ from area to area. It has relatively few domestic natural resources. In all industrialized countries, water supply is a constant problem. The filtration of water on riverbanks is one source. Germany is home to a huge manufacturing sector. It is a market with numerous opportunities for companies all around the world. Most of the people live in the urban areas like Berlin, Munich, Frankfurt and Düsseldorf. This makes Germany one of the biggest and demanding markets in the world of goods and services. Germany ranked 3rd in the world in agricultural goods export. Around ⅓ of the products exported from Germany.

Turkey

Turkey is the 1st flour exporter in the world. Turkey has 23.2 million ha agricultural land and 5.1 million ha arable land. Three million people work in the agriculture industry. There are 3,076 million agricultural enterprises in Turkey. Approximately 20% of employment is provided by agriculture. It has the fertile & arable lands and favourable climate. Wheat is the most produced grain in Turkey. Different fruits and vegetables grow in different regions of Turkey, and most of the population in the rural areas earn their income from agriculture. Turkey is one of the top 10 producers of apple, cotton, wheat, barley, almond, sunflower and tobacco. Turkey is the top producer of hazelnut, apricot, fig, dried raisin, and cherry. Turkey is one of the top 5 producers of melon, watermelon, cucumber, lentil, pistachio, quince, sour cherry, chestnut, pepper, honey, and green beans. Most of the global agri-food giants are present in Turkey. It mostly produces milk. It is the sixth-largest producer of tobacco.

Turkey has high production of chicken meat. Also, it is among the top 20 countries in beef production. Sugar beet is the second produced commodity. Turkey is the 2nd largest country in Europe and the 9th largest country in the world in terms of the agricultural economy. It has one of the highest export growth rates in the world. The second production forecast by the Turkish Statistical Institute, issued in October 2020, estimated the 2020 cereal output at 36.6 million tonnes, about 7 percent more than the average of the previous five years, including 20.5 million tonnes of wheat, 8.3 million tonnes of barley and 6 million tonnes of maize. In the 2020-21 marketing year aggregate cereal imports, mainly wheat grain for processing, are forecast at 11.5 million tonnes, about 30 percent below the level of the previous year, but 12 percent above the average. The Russian Federation is historically the leading supplier of wheat. Turkey’s agriculture-based exports have increased by 6.3% year on year in the first nine months of 2020. The agriculture industry in Turkey has always been a strong and developing industry for the country. The industries and service sectors are increasing constantly.

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