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THE GREAT 10 BEST ANIMATED TV SERIES OF ALL TIME IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE GREAT 10 BEST ANIMATED TV SERIES OF ALL TIME IN THE WORLD

Animation is the technique of photographing successive drawings or positions of puppets or models to create an illusion of movement when the film is shown as a sequence. An animated tv series is a set of animated works with a common series title, usually related to one another. Series can have either a finite number of episodes like a miniseries, a definite end, or be open-ended, without a predetermined number of episodes. Films are often directed to, or appeal most to children, but easily can be enjoyed by all. The inventor of the viewing device called a praxinoscope (1877), French scientist Charles-Emile Reynaud, became known as the First Motion Picture Cartoonist. The animation industry is uniquely situated to thrive in the remote-working times that we’re living in, and we are sure to see a rise in animated features. A film using animation techniques to photograph a sequence of drawings rather than real people or objects. Animated movies give us the unique gift of whimsical renderings of our wildest dreams. Following is the list of 10 Best Animated TV Series of All Time.

1.Avatar: The Last Airbender

Avatar is fiction film directed, written, produced, and co-edited by James Cameron. It respected its viewer and became one of the few serialized animated children’s dramas ever. Pandora, whose atmosphere is poisonous to humans, is inhabited by the Na’vi. Humans have depleted Earth’s natural resources, leading to a severe energy crisis. The film is set in the year 2154 on Pandora, a fictional Earth-like moon in a distant planetary system. Humans are engaged in mining Pandora’s reserves of a precious mineral known as unobtanium, while the Na’vi — the sapient and sentient race of humanoids indigenous to the moon — resist the colonists’ expansion, which threatens the continued existence of the Na’vi and the Pandoran ecosystem. The film’s title refers to the remotely controlled, genetically engineered human-Na’vi bodies used by the film’s human characters to interact with the indigenous population. This film made extensive use of new motion capture filming techniques, and was released for traditional viewing, 3D viewing, and for “4D” experiences in select South Korean theaters. Avatar premiered in London on December 10, 2009, and was released in the United States.

This film broke several box office records and became the highest-grossing film at the time, as well as in the United States and Canada, surpassing Cameron’s Titanic, which had held those records for twelve years. Avatar remained the highest-grossing film worldwide for nearly a decade. Avatar is the second highest-grossing movie of all time when adjusted for inflation after Gone with the Wind with a total of more than $3 billion. It also became the first film to gross more than $2 billion and the best-selling video title of 2010 in the United States. Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three, for Best Art Direction, Best Visual Effects, and Best Cinematography. The success of the film also led to electronics manufacturers releasing 3D Televisions and caused 3D films to increase in popularity. Animated Films are ones in which individual drawings, paintings, or illustrations are photographed frame by frame. Usually, each frame differs slightly from the one preceding it, giving the illusion of movement when frames are projected in rapid succession at 24 frames per second.

  1. The Simpsons

The beloved animated series focuses on the eponymous family in the town of Springfield in an unnamed U.S. state. Homer, is a family man. The family includes loving, blue-haired matriarch Marge, troublemaking son Bart, overachieving daughter Lisa and baby Maggie. The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created for the Fox Broadcasting Company. It includes their neighbor, Ned Flanders, family physician Dr. Hibbert, Moe the bartender and police chief Clancy Wiggum. It is been nearly twenty years since the reclusive, mysterious, almost mythical comedy writer John Swartzwelder left “The Simpsons,” and yet, to this day, one of the biggest compliments a “Simpsons” writer can receive is to have a joke referred to as “Swartzweldian.” Meaning: A joke that comes out of nowhere. A joke that no one else could have written. Swartzwelder has been deemed “one of the greatest comedy minds of all time.”

He is famously private and never grants interviews. Swartzwelder wrote and self-published the first of his thirteen novels, all but two of which feature one of the most wonderful creations in printed comedy: Frank Burly, incompetent private eye and occasional time traveller. The show is set of Springfield and parodies American culture and society, television, and the human condition. The sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox’s first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season. A feature-length film, The Simpsons Movie, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27, 2007, and grossed over $527 million, with a sequel in development as of 2018. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 34 Primetime Emmy Awards, 34 Annie Awards, and 2 Peabody Awards.

  1. BoJack Horseman

Set in Los Angeles in which humans and anthropomorphic animal people coexist, BoJack Horseman is an animated show about one man who peaked early and trying to figure out what to do with his life now. It is an outrageous and dark comedy with melancholy center. The series tells the story of an anthropomorphic horse named BoJack Horseman. BoJack Horseman is the washed-up star of the 1990s sitcom Horsin’ Around, which centered around a young bachelor horse trying to raise three human children who had been orphaned. He has brown fur and black mane with white snippet on his snout that begins at his upper lip and ends. The show is designed by cartoonist Lisa Hanawalt, who has been friends with Bob-Waksberg since high school and had previously worked with him on the webcomic Tip Me Over, Pour Me Out. GQ magazine hailed the show as one of the best of the decade, and IndieWire ranked BoJack Horseman as the greatest animated television series of all time.

It also received three Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including two for Outstanding Animated Program. The series received numerous accolades, including four Critics’ Choice Television Awards for Best Animated Series, three Annie Awards and two Writers Guild of America Awards. Bojack is an adult, male, grade cross horse weighing over 1200 pounds as revealed in the pilot episode by wearing colorful sweaters. By its bittersweet end, “BoJack Horseman” represented the best and most ambitious of this decade in television, taking apart timely issues and its characters’ innermost demons with the kind of consideration that remains all too rare. It told the interweaving stories of five lost souls — BoJack (Will Arnett), Diane (Alison Brie), Princess Carolyn (Amy Sedaris), Mr. Peanutbutter (Paul F. Tompkins) and Todd (Aaron Paul) and the many lives they touched.

  1. Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood

Fullmetal Alchemist is the second anime adaptation developed by Bones based on the Fullmetal Alchemist Manga. It is a Japanese series written and illustrated by Hiromu Arakawa. Set in a fictional universe in which alchemy is a widely practiced science, the series follows the journey of two alchemist brothers, Edward and Alphonse Elric. Fullmetal Alchemist has been adapted into various anime two television series and two films, all animated by Bones as well as light novels. Brotherhood is a faithful adaptation directly following the original events of the Manga. Brothers are raised by their mother Trisha Elric in the remote village of Resembool in the country of Amestris. Trisha died of a lingering illness, they were cared for by their best friend Winry Rockbell and her grandmother Pinako. When the boys returned back to home after alchemic training under Izumi Curtis they decided to try to bring their mother back to life with alchemy. They pay a terrible price for their transgression Edward loses his left leg, Alphonse his physical body. It is only by the desperate sacrifice of Edward’s right arm that he is able to affix Alphonse’s soul to a suit of armor.

Devastated and alone, it is the hope that they would both eventually return to their original bodies that gives Edward the inspiration to obtain metal limbs called “automail” and become a state alchemist, the Fullmetal Alchemist. Three years of searching later, the brothers seek the Philosopher’s Stone, a mythical relic that allows an alchemist to overcome the Law of Equivalent Exchange. Even with military allies Colonel Roy Mustang, Lieutenant Riza Hawkeye, and Lieutenant Colonel Maes Hughes on their side, the brothers find themselves caught up in a nationwide conspiracy that leads them not only to the true nature of the elusive Philosopher’s Stone, but their country’s murky history as well. In between finding a serial killer and racing against time, Edward and Alphonse must ask themselves if what they are doing will make them human again or take away their humanity. The manga has sold over 70 million volumes worldwide, making it one of the best-selling manga series. It received the 49th Shogakukan Manga Award for the shonen category in 2004, the UK’s Eagle Award for favorite manga in 2010 and 2011 and the Seiun Award for best science fiction comic in 2011.

  1. Cowboy Bebop

The anime series Cowboy Bebop is a classic in the genre and often considered one of the best ways to get people into the trend. One of the best things about Cowboy Bebop is its versatility. The show works on two narrative levels and is animated by Sunrise. Watanabe treated each episode of Cowboy Bebop as a short film. A bounty hunter crew traveling in their spaceship called the Bebop. The series often had very adult-themed content in it and may have been a huge game changer in how people saw adult-themed cartoons in general. We love everything about this show from the art style to the stories to the music, almost everything to come out of this show was iconic in its own way. In 2001, Cowboy Bebop became the first anime title to be broadcast on Adult Swim in the United States. Adult Swim has always been exceptionally popular. There’s always the stereotype that anime is just “violent cartoons for kids” the Bebop is a fishing trawler.

Ed may not actually be either a boy or girl. There are a few fans that certainly believed Edward was a boy, but many times we see them being referred to as a girl. Ed’s gender was essentially meaningless. Ed is an orphan. The show was originally sponsored by Bandai’s toy division in hopes that it would sell more spacecraft toys. Watching the episodes as intended results in a meaningful but subdued arc. Cowboy Bebop became a critical and commercial success both in Japanese and international markets (most notably in the United States), garnered several major anime and science fiction awards upon its release, and received unanimous praise for its style, characters, story, voice acting, animation, and soundtrack.

  1. South Park

South Park It is developed by Brian Graden. It is an American animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone. It remains one of the highest ratings comedy show. It revolves around four boys Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman, and Kenny McCormick. This curious, adventure-seeking, fourth grade group of 10 year old boys all join in buffoonish adventures that sometimes evolve nothing. The boys live in the fictional small town of South Park, located within the real-life South Park basin in the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado. Sometimes something that was simple at the start, turns out to get out of control. Everything is odd in the small mountain town, South Park, and the boys always find something to do with it. Settings on this show involves elementary school, neighbourhoods, shops, businesses along the streets of Colorado.

Events, ranging from the fairly typical to the supernatural and extraordinary, which frequently happen. The boys are also frequently confused by the contradictory and hypocritical behavior of their parents and other adults, and often perceive them as having distorted views on morality and society. South Park resemble recurring characters. In 1997, South Park have debuted with great success, consistently earning the highest ratings of any basic cable program. South Park has received numerous accolades, including five Primetime Emmy Awards, a Peabody Award, and numerous inclusions in various publications. South Park became a commercial and critical success, and garnered a nomination for an Academy Award.

  1. Batman

Bruce adopts the image of a bat to strike fear into the criminals and the corrupt as the icon known as “Batman”. In the name of his murdered parents, Bruce Wayne wages eternal war on the criminals of Gotham City. He is vengeance. Batman, who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. It is Created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger. Batman is the superhero protector of Gotham City, a tortured, brooding vigilante dressed as a sort of human bat who fights against evil and strikes fear into the hearts of criminals everywhere. In his public identity he is Bruce Wayne, billionaire industrialist and notorious playboy. Although he has no superhuman abilities, he is one of the world’s smartest men and greatest fighters. His physical prowess, technical ingenuity, and tactical thinking make him an incredibly dangerous opponent. He is also a founding member of the Justice League. Nolan returned to direct two further installments through the release of The Dark Knight in 2008 and The Dark Knight Rises in 2012, with Bale reprising his role in both films. Both sequels earned over $1 billion worldwide, making Batman the second film franchise to have two of its films earn more than $1 billion worldwide.

Batman has dedicated his life to an endless crusade, a war on all criminals in the name of his murdered parents, who were taken from him when he was just a child. Since that tragic night, he has trained his body and mind to near physical perfection to be a self-made Super Hero. He’s developed an arsenal of technology that would put most armies to shame. Batman has also appeared in multiple animated films, both as a starring character and as an ensemble character. Having earned an unadjusted total of U.S. $2,783,118,504, the Batman series is the fourth-highest-grossing film series in North America. While investigating the appearance of Parademons, Batman encountered Green Lantern for the first time, and the two teamed up. Believing them to be aliens, the pair sought Superman for answers, and he attacked them, thinking they were a threat, prompting Lantern to call on The Flash for help until Superman was convinced of their good intentions. Joined by Wonder Woman, Aquaman and Cyborg in fighting off the Parademons attack, the team soon learned that Darkseid of Apokolips was behind the invasion. It was Batman who convinced the heroes to work together as a team, and then secretly traveled to Apokolips in search of a kidnapped Superman, whom he then rescued from Darkseid’s torturers. Upon their return to Earth, they forced Darkseid back to his homeworld, and received praise and recognition. Batman insisted that they remain a team in order to maintain public approval.

  1. Archer

Archer created by Adam Reed and is executive produced by Reed, Matt Thompson and Casey Willis at Floyd County Productions. The series is produced by FX Productions. Archer show is an American adult animated sitcom led by Sterling Archer and seven of his colleagues. Archer works with his domineering mother Malory, who also is his boss. He also has to deal with his ex-girlfriend, Agent Lana Kane and her new boyfriend, comptroller Cyril Figgis, as well as Malory’s lovesick secretary, Cheryl. Archer follows eight secret agents and supporting staff of the International Secret Intelligence Service (ISIS), a fictional New York–based intelligence agency. The cable television network Comedy Central previously owned exclusive US broadcast syndication rights for Archer. At an international spy agency, global crises are merely opportunities for its highly trained employees to confuse, undermine, betray and royally screw each other.

At the center of it all is suave master spy Sterling Archer, whose less-than-masculine code name is “Duchess.” History is distinguished by continual reinvention, evolving from the standard setup of a workplace sitcom mocking spy film to an anthology with self-contained mythologies. Archer’s limited animation style draws visually from mid-century comic art. Archer have been broadcast on sibling network FXX. This show features an array of supporting characters, several of whom gained expanded roles in subsequent episodes. Major supporting roles in Archer include Slater, an arms dealer and agent for the CIA. Archer has received positive reviews from critics and won awards, including three Primetime Emmy Awards and four Critics Choice Awards. It has also received 15 Annie Award nominations, among others, for outstanding achievement in animation, writing, direction, and voice acting.

  1. Neon Genesis Evangelion

Neon Genesis Evangelion is a Japanese mecha anime television series animated by Tatsunoko, directed by Hideaki Anno. Neon Genesis Evangelion, commonly referred to as Evangelion, is a Japanese anime series, created by Gainax, that began in October 1995. The anime was written by Hideaki Anno, and co-produced by TV Tokyo and Nihon Ad Systems (NAS). It gained international renown and won several animation awards, and was the start of the Neon Genesis Evangelion series. Evangelion is set fifteen years after a worldwide cataclysm(violent event). The protagonist is Shinji, a teenage boy who was recruited by his father Gendo to the shadowy organization Nerv to pilot a giant bio-machine mecha named “Evangelion” into combat against beings called “Angels”. They are piloted by several of the main characters, including Shinji Ikari, Asuka Sohryu, and Rei Ayanami. While the initial episodes focus largely on religious symbols and specific references to the Bible, the later episodes tend to go deeper into the psyches of the characters, where it is learned that many of them have deep-seated emotional and mental issues.

Much of the series’s content was based on Hideaki Anno’s own clinical depression. It explores emotions of Evangelion pilots and members of Nerv as they try to prevent Angels from causing more cataclysms. The name Shin Seiki Evangerion translates directly as “New Century Evangelion” or “New Era Evangelion”. The term “Evangelion” is in relation to the ancient Greek term for “good messenger” or “good news”. The name was chosen in part for its religious symbolism, as well as for the fact that Hideaki Anno said he liked the word “Evangelion” because it “sound complicated”. Evangelion is extensively beloved and celebrated; its reputation has now preceded its streaming debut for two decades. Other products in the Evangelion franchise have achieved record sales in Japanese markets and strong sales in overseas markets, with related goods selling over ¥150 billion by 2007 and Evangelion pachinko machines selling ¥700 billion by 2015.

  1. Bob’s Burgers

Bob’s Burgers is third generation restaurant. It is an American animated sitcom created by Loren Bouchard for the Fox Broadcasting Company. It concentrates on Belcher family parents Bob and Linda and their children, Tina, Gene, and Louise who run a hamburger restaurant on Ocean Avenue in an unnamed seaside community. Bob’s burgers are really delicious and appear to be better than his rivals’ but his kids aren’t really helpful at selling them, as more customers head over to Jimmy Pesto’s restaurant. As the show has proceeded, viewers and critics alike have come to a conclusion that the unnamed town is actually in southern New Jersey. The restaurant has to compete with several other local eateries for business. His biggest rival is Jimmy Pesto, who owns an Italian restaurant called “Jimmy Pesto’s Pizzeria,” which is located directly across the street and is generally more successful, creating tension between the two owners.

Episodes will sometimes involve a single storyline involving all of the Belchers, or will have two simultaneous stories for different groups of the family. The family members interact with many recurring characters who are also residents of the town. A comic book series based on the show, published by Dynamite Entertainment. TV guide ranked Bob’s Burgers as one of the top 60 Greatest TV Cartoons of All Time. The series has been nominated for several awards, including the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program seven consecutive times.

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THE 10 GREAT MOST POWERFUL MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT MOST POWERFUL MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE WORLD

A Plant is a living organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses, typically growing in a permanent site. This plant absorbs water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizing nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll. When you plant a seed, plant, or young tree, you put it into the ground so that it will grow there. Medicinal plants have long been utilized in traditional medicine and worldwide ethnomedicine. A single plant contains widely diverse phytochemicals. the effects of using a whole plant as medicine are uncertain. Drug research makes use of ethnobotany to search for pharmacologically active substances in nature, and has in this way discovered hundreds of useful compounds. Here are the most powerful 10 medicinal plants.

1.Chamomile

Chamomile is one of the most ancient medicinal herbs known to mankind. It is a member of Asteraceae/Compositae family and represented by two common varieties viz. German Chamomile and Roman Chamomile. The hollow, bright gold cones of the flowers are packed with disc or tubular florets and are ringed with about fifteen white ray or ligulate florets. It contains various bioactive phytochemicals that could provide therapeutic effects. This herb smells slightly like an apple. Chamomile has been used as an herbal remedy since the time of Hippocrates, the father of medicine, in 500 BC. Chamomile preparations are commonly used for many human ailments such as hay fever, inflammation, muscle spasms, menstrual disorders, insomnia, ulcers, wounds, gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatic pain, and hemorrhoids. Essential oils of chamomile are used extensively in cosmetics and aromatherapy. Chamomile is mostly used in the form of herbal tea and it is consumed more than one million cups per day. Chamomile tea relaxes nerves and soothes the nervous system, therefore helping you sleep better. Chamomile tincture may also be prepared as one part chamomile flower in four parts of water having 12% grain alcohol, which is used to correct summer diarrhea in children and also used with purgatives to prevent cramping.

It is also used in toothache, earache, neuralgia and in cases of external swelling. Inhalation of the vaporized essential oils derived from chamomile flowers is recommended to relieve anxiety, general depression. It is used as antioxidant, mild astringent and healing medicine. Externally, chamomile has been used to treat diaper rash, cracked nipples, chicken pox, ear and eye infections, disorders of the eyes including blocked tear ducts, conjunctivitis, nasal inflammation and poison ivy. It is also effective in arthritis, back pain, bedsores and stomach cramps. With the use of flavonoids consumed in food may reduce the risk of death from coronary heart disease in elderly men. It stimulates immune system and provides some protection against cancer. It protects the skin from free-radical damage. It accelerates cell and tissue regeneration, helps tighten the pores and slows down the ageing process. It fights against inflammation and teething problems. It maintains sugar balance in the blood and reduce heartburn.

2.Dandelion

Dandelion is a type of herb that is native to Europe. It is also found throughout mild climates of the northern hemisphere. Dandelion are a family of flowering plants that grow in many parts of the world. From root to flower, dandelion are highly nutritious plants, loaded with vitamins, minerals and fiber. Dandelion greens can be eaten cooked or raw and serve as an excellent source of vitamins A, C and K. They also contain vitamin E, folate and small amounts of other B vitamins. It provides several minerals, including iron, calcium, magnesium and potassium. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) has been cherished for its tremendous healing properties since ancient times. Dandelion is also called blood purifier, laxative agent, liver cleanser and fatigue remover. It Contains full of Potent Antioxidants to neutralize or prevent the negative effects of body.

Dandelion may be effective in reducing inflammation caused by disease. Chicoric and chlorogenic acid are two bioactive compounds in dandelion to help reduce blood sugar. It Reduces Cholesterol and fights with cancer. It also supports for healthy bones. It helps in skincare treatment and boosts immune system. Dandelion is often consumed as a tonic under the presumption that it “cleanses” the liver. These beautiful yellow flowers are also rich in antioxidants and vitamin C, which help the body fight infections such as bacteria that cause urinary tract infection. These leaves reduce the risk of obesity and heart disease. For centuries, they’ve been used to treat a myriad of physical ailments, including cancer, acne disease and digestive disorders.

3.Achinacea

Echinacea is the name of a group of flowering plants in the daisy family. Echinacea is a type of herb that is native to areas east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States. It is also grown in western States, as well as in Canada and Europe. Echinacea plants contain caffeic acid, alkamides, phenolic acids, rosmarinic acid, polyacetylenes. Echinacea was used in traditional herbal remedies by the Great Plains Indian tribes. Echinacea, also called purple coneflower, is one of the most popular herbs worldwide. Echinacea is widely used to fight infections, especially the common cold, the flu, and other upper respiratory infections. These plant’s upper parts and roots are used in tablets, tinctures, extracts and teas. Echinacea is also used against many other infections including urinary tract infections, herpes, HIV/AIDS, human papilloma virus, bloodstream infections , tonsillitis, streptococcus infections, syphilis, typhoid, malaria, ear infection, swine flu, warts, and nose and throat infections called diphtheria.

Echinacea is best known for its beneficial effects on the immune system. Other uses include anxiety, low white blood cell count, chronic fatigue syndrome , rheumatoid arthritis, migraines, acid indigestion, pain, dizziness, rattlesnake bites, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, and improving exercise performance. Sometimes people apply echinacea to their skin to treat boils, gum disease, abscesses, skin wounds, ulcers, burns, eczema, psoriasis, sun-related skin damage, herpes simplex, yeast infections, bee stings, snake and mosquito bites, and hemorrhoids.

4.Cayenne Pepper

Cayenne pepper herb is a type of chili pepper. It gives hot taste. How hot a cayenne pepper is depends on its capsaicin content. Bright red Capsicum annuum is a member of the Solanaceae family. They were originally grown in Central and South America. It grows around the world in places such as India, East Africa, Mexico, and certain areas of the United States. Many people consider cayenne peppers to be the king of medicinal herbs. It boosts our Metabolism. These peppers boast an impressive nutrition profile, which includes a variety of antioxidants that are beneficial for your health. It reduces high blood pressure.

The capsaicin in cayenne peppers shows promise in reducing the risk of cancer. Capsaicin creams can help relieve itching and improve the appearance of psoriasis-affected areas. It may have pain-relieving properties. Capsaicin stimulates the nerves in your stomach that send signals for protection against injury. Cayenne is also sometimes used to treat muscle and joint pain. Capsaicin has long been explored as a means of treating neuropathic pain given the lack of effective pharmaceutical remedies. Cayenne peppers may reduce your hunger, helping you eat less and feel fuller for longer. It reduces acidity. It’s also used for conditions of the heart and blood vessels including to improve poor circulation, reverse excessive blood clotting, lower high cholesterol and prevent heart disease.

5.Marigold

Calendula officinalis is in the plant family known as Asteraceae or Compositae. Calendula marigolds are yellow-orange in color and form small florets of petals that are harvested and dried for their numerous properties. Marigold has long been recognised as a medicinal flower to address cuts, soars and general skin care. Marigold flowers originated in Egypt and the Romans. It usually blooms during the warmer months of the year from May through October. It contains essential oils and a high concentration of flavonoids, such as carotene. Topical treatment with a diluted marigold solution or tincture accelerates healing of wounds and rashes. It contains natural anti-inflammatory properties and supports skin healing.

Marigold helps to soothe the mucus membranes of the throat whilst easing the pain. The extract demonstrates antibacterial, anti-viral, antifungal and immuno-stimulating properties that were shown to reduce eye infections. It reduces eye infections and protects from UV and oxidative damage. It is used for sore throats, gingivitis, tonsillitis and mouth ulcers. Marigolds are highly valuable for medicinal purposes like headaches, swelling, toothache. They have been used in cooking. Purposes of Marigold are like make-up, coloring food dying fabrics & medicinal uses. Flavonoids present in marigold flowers have been found to exhibit cytotoxic and inhibitory activities against colon cancer, leukemia & melanoma cells. These flowers can be used to naturally fend off mosquitoes, pests & other insects.

6.Peppermint

Peppermint is an aromatic herb in the mint family. It can be found naturally in North America and Europe. It can be used to add peppermint flavor to foods. It kills germs, boosts blood circulation and prevents vomits. It relieves pains and eliminates mucus. Peppermint has antiviral activity against Influenza type A. It also relieves indigestion. It also fortifies the nervous system and helps to relive headaches. Peppermint essential oil can be extracted from the leaves of the peppermint plant and is used for a variety of different purposes. It’s oil used in these conditions like nausea, and other digestive issues, as well as the common cold.

A fresh, pleasing scent added to soaps and cosmetic products by using this oil. Peppermint oil can also be used as flavoring agent in foods and in products such as mouthwashes. Peppermint oil is antibacterial against some species of bacteria including Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Peppermint oil may provide safe and effective relief from chronic itching. Any kind of cramping effect or over-contraction of the muscles that gives rise to nausea is also relaxed with the use of Peppermint oil. Peppermint oil is a multitasking machine with a plethora of beauty, health and household benefits. Peppermint oil has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. Peppermint oil is very useful for your hair and scalp.

7.Sage

Sage is a staple herb in various cuisines around the world. Its other names include common sage, garden sage and Salvia officinalis. It belongs to the mint family, alongside other herbs like oregano, rosemary, basil and thyme. Sage has a strong aroma and earthy flavor. Sage packs a healthy dose of vitamins and minerals. Antioxidants are molecules that help fortify your body’s defenses, neutralizing potentially harmful free radicals that are linked to chronic diseases. Sage contains over 160 distinct polyphenols, which are plant-based chemical compounds. A sage-based mouthwash was shown to effectively kill the Streptococcus mutans bacteria, which is notorious for causing dental cavities. The leaves of common sage have been used traditionally as a remedy against diabetes.

Sage can help support your brain and memory in several ways. Sage may help lower “bad” LDL cholesterol, which can build up in your arteries and potentially cause damage. Sage extracts not only suppress the growth of cancer cells but also stimulate cell death. Sage is also used as a natural cleaning agent. Sage is used for digestive problems, including loss of appetite, gas, stomach pain (gastritis), diarrhea, bloating, and heartburn. It is also used for reducing overproduction of perspiration and saliva; and for depression, memory loss, and Alzheimer’s disease. Sage is applied directly to the skin for cold sores; gum disease; sore mouth, throat or tongue; and swollen, painful nasal passages. In manufacturing, sage is used as a fragrance component in soaps and cosmetics. People who regularly use sage as a spice seem to have a 54% lower chance of developing lung cancercompared to those who don’t use sage.

8.Lady Ferns or Athyrium

plant is native to the continental US and Alaska. Ferns have a strong appeal to gardeners. Fern There is something about their seemingly fragile nature and delicate beauty. Athyrium plants consist of more than 230 species that are largely distributed in the Sino-Himalayan region and the Western Pacific islands. It is often abundant in damp, shady woodland environments and is often grown for decoration. Its genus name is from Greek. It usually found in cool moist locations along streams and in moist meadows at the edge of a forest. The deciduous leaves are about 75 cm (30 inches) long and 25 cm (10 inches) wide and grow in circular clusters. It’s called lady fern because the spores are produced on the backside of the pinnules beneath an eyelid shaped covering (called an indusia) thought to be reminiscent of the eye of the fairer sex. The genus are curved or horseshoe-shaped spore-producing clusters (sori) that are covered by a fringed membranous protective structure.

Fern is best introduced into a garden using a containerized plant or by propagating the rhizome. Athyrium species have demonstrated antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative and anti-HIV potential. Christmas Fern used for chills, fever, pneumonia, red spots on skin, listlessness, tuberculosis, and hoarseness. Bracken Fern used for tuberculosis, infections, and chest pain. Maidenhair smoked for asthma. Ferns used for Gynecology and also for blood. It is also used for digestion. Cinnamon Fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) used externally for rheumatism and internally for joint pain. Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis) used for arthritis. Species are being used in traditional medicine worldwide to treat various ailments such as cough, rheumatic pain, scorpion stings, sores, burns and scalds, intestinal fever, pain, specifically breast pain during child birth, to increase milk flow, as an antiparasitic, anthelmintic, and carminative.

9.Tea Tree

Tea tree oil comes from the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia, a small tree native to Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. Never swallow tea tree oil. The tea tree was named by eighteenth century sailors, who made tea that smelled like nutmeg from the leaves of the tree growing on the swampy southeast Australian coast. Do not confuse the tea tree with the unrelated common tea plant that is used to make black and green teas. Tea tree oil holds great significance by balancing all Ayurvedic tridoshas – Vata, pitta, and Kapha doshas. Australians crush tea tree leaves to extract the oil, which is then inhaled to treat coughs and colds or applied directly to the skin for healing. Tea tree oil contains a number of compounds, including terpinen-4-ol, that have been shown to kill certain bacteria, viruses and fungi. Tea tree oil makes an ideal natural hand sanitizer. The antibacterial properties of tea tree oil make it an effective wound healer.

Tea tree oil can be used to treat and disinfect minor cuts and abrasions by killing S. aureus and other bacteria that can cause infection in open wounds. Tea tree oil may be useful in treating symptoms of psoriasis, such as infection and inflammation, while boosting immunity. Tea tree oil is an essential oil that has many benefits for the nails and hair. Tea tree oil can be a powerful weapon against acne. Tea tree oil makes a great all-purpose cleaner. Tree oil reduces inflamed skin due to skin sensitivity. It can also be used as a deodorant, insect repellent. Shampoo containing tea tree oil had a 40% improvement in dandruff. Antifungal medications are considered standard treatment for athlete’s foot. Tea tree oil’s antifungal compounds terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole may help reduce the growth of this mold on fruits and vegetables. Tea tree oil was more effective in suppressing allergic contact dermatitis than other treatments.

10.Thyme

Thyme is an herb from the mint family that you probably recognize from spice set. Its range of use is impressive, and it has over 400 subspecies. Thymol is one of a naturally occurring class of compounds known as biocides. Ancient Egyptians used it in their embalming practices, while ancient Greeks used it as incense. Thyme is packed with vitamin C and is also a good source of vitamin A. It’s a good source of fiber, copper, iron, and manganese. Thyme is a Mediterranean herb with dietary, medicinal, and ornamental uses. Thymol can reduce bacterial resistance to common drugs, including penicillin. Thyme is known for its antibacterial properties and it might have a future as an acne-fighting ingredient.

Oil of thyme hold many fungicidal properties. Thyme is also a popular ingredient in natural deodorants. The tiger mosquito is native to tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia. A combination of thymol, alpha-terpinene, and carvacrol was effective in killing off tiger mosquito larvae. Thyme essential oil, which is obtained from its leaves, is often used as a natural cough remedy. Thyme to help lower your heart rate. Thyme extract can repel mosquitoes. Thyme might protect people from colon cancers. Wild thyme caused cell death in breast cancer cells.

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THE 10 GREAT FAMOUS TREES IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT FAMOUS TREES IN THE WORLD

Tree is a woody plant that regularly renews its growth. Most plants classified as trees have a single self-supporting trunk containing woody tissues, and in most species the trunk produces secondary limbs, called branches. A tree is any plant with the general form of an elongated stem, or trunk, leaves or branches at some distance above the ground. Trees usually reproduce using seeds. Trees are best known for providing us with oxygen, but they’re also beautiful living organisms that can live for thousands of years. Trees play a significant role in reducing erosion and moderating the climate. They remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store large quantities of carbon in their tissues. Trees and forests provide a habitat for many species of animals and plants. They provide an inner peace.. ‘Ancient and Famous Trees’ refers to trees that are on the List of Ancient and Famous Trees under Protection for being over a hundred years old, for belonging to precious species, being distinctive, for having a rare shape or due to their special historical or cultural significance. Here are the 10 Famous Trees in the world.

1.Cedars of God

Cedars of God is the most famous cedar patch and one of the last vestiges of old-growth small forests. It is of about 400 Lebanon Cedar trees in the mountains of northern Lebanon. It is also one of the rarest sites where the Cedrus libani still grows. The forest is rigorously protected. The “Committee of the Friends of the Cedar Forest” initiated a reforestation program in 1985. It is the symbol of the country, its pride, and features prominently on the Lebanese flag. Their bark is dark gray but the wood is beautiful light tone, hard and astonishingly decay resistant. These are tall trees with large trunks and massive, irregular heads of spreading branches.

These trees remain ever green, never shed their leaves, and are always fragrant. It is said that god himself planted these cedars. Cedar trees survive five millenniums. Phoenicians used cedar wood to build their ships. The ancient Egyptians used its resin in mummification and King Solomon used the famous trees in the construction of the First Temple in Jerusalem.In the Ottoman Empire Cedar tree timber was used to construct railways. Cedar trees symbolize resilience, immortality, strength, and elevation. The mountains of Lebanon were once covered with Cedar trees.

2.Tree of Life

The Tree of Life in Bahrain is a mesquite tree which grows in the middle of Arabian desert. The meaning of the Tree of Life is “A Connection to Everything” represents you are never alone you should be connected to the world. Tree of Life explains how family grows and expands throughout many generations. Tree of Life symbolizes individuality, strong throughout their life time for unique experiences. It is also a symbol for peacefulness and relaxation. The tree is said to be 400 to 500 years old. A soil and dendrochronology analysis conducted in the 1990s concluded that the tree was an Acacia planted in 1582. Both its age and its location definitely make this tree a survivor, which is considered to be a remarkable natural wonder of the world witnessed by most who visit Bahrain.

Its long roots probably have found some underground water source, but it is still a miracle as it is the only green living organism live a vast and barren desert. Bahrain has little to no rain throughout the year. The local inhabitants believe that this was the actual location of the Garden of Eden. The tree is a local tourist attraction and is visited by approximately 65,000 people every year. The yellow resin is used to make candles, aromatics and gum; the beans are processed into jam, meal and wine.

3.General Sherman

General Sherman, named to honor United States Union Army General Williom T. Sherman, is the largest of three trillion trees on Earth. General Sherman is a Giant Sequoia located in the Giant Forest of Sequoia National Park in California since 1931. Potwisha Indians led cattleman Hale Dixon Tharp to Giant Forest in September 1858. Naturalist John Muir, who visited Tharp later, explored and named Giant Forest in 1875. Although both men neither claimed or received credit for its discovery. The famous trees of the Giant Forest are among the largest trees in the world, if measured by volume.

At 11.1 meter (36.5 ft) along the base he General Sherman tree is the largest of them all. While it is the largest tree known, the General Sherman Tree is neither the tallest known living tree on Earth , nor is it the widest, nor is it the oldest known living tree on Earth. With a height of 83.8 metres (275 ft), a diameter of 7.7 m (25 ft), an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m3 (52,513 cu ft), and an estimated age of 2,300–2,700 years, it is nevertheless among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on the planet. It is the world’s largest tree. It is old, but not that old. The General Sherman was named after the American Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman.

4.Avenue of the Baobabs

The baobab trees can live up to be 800 years old. It originally stood in a dense tropical forest in the area. The baobab trees, known locally as renala (Malagasy for “mother of the forest”), are up to 2,800 years old. The Avenue of the Baobabs itself is only around 260m(850 ft) long with no more than 25 trees standing about 30 tall. The Avenue of the Baobabs is a group of famous trees lining the dirt road between Morondava and Belon’i Tsiribihina in western Madagascar. Along a 260 m (850 ft) stretch of the road is a grove of 20–25 Adansonia grandidieri baobabs. An additional 25 or so trees of this species are found growing over nearby rice paddies and meadows within 9.9 acres (4 ha) of land. The trees, which are endemic to Madagascar, are about 30 m (98 ft) in height. Some 7 km (4.3 mi) to the northwest are the Baobab Amoureux, which are two notable Adansonia za trees that have become twisted to each other as they grew.

Despite its popularity as a tourist destination, the area has no visitor center or gate fees, and local residents receive little income from tourism. Fanamby, a Malagasy non-governmental organization, has launched an ecotourism project aimed at conservation of the area and economic improvement for the local community since 2014 and has inaugurated infrastructures to help them promote the area in 2018. More and more of the forest around Morondova has been cleared for agriculture to help the growing population in the area. One of the main reason that the once dense Baobab forest is gone is that the roots of the tree can handle the constantly waterlogged soil well as compared to few other trees in the area that soak up the rainwater. Another reason is that every year some of the Baobabs are hit by lightning and also from the cyclones that hit’s the west coast of Madagascar every year.

5.Socotra Dragon Tree

The Dragon blood tree is arguably the most famous and distinctive plant of the island of Socotra. It has a unique and strange appearance, having the shape of an upside-down umbrella. This evergreen species is named after its dark red resin, that is known as “dragon’s blood”. The huge packed crown provides sufficient shade in order to reduce evaporation. It has many branches; it grows by dichotomy, which means that each branch is divided into two until the leaves finally grow on the branches’ ends. It produces a lot of green leaves that are renewed every three or four years; they fall and other leaves grow in their place. The island of Socotra’s 34-million-year separation from mainland Arabia has given rise to a unique flora – 37% of its plant species are found nowhere else.

It grows in rocky grounds and on high locations, where it preserves water for many years; it is drought-tolerant and can adapt to arid conditions in which there is less water and soil. This resin is of great importance, as it contains an effective substance known as draco, which has multiple medical uses such as treating wounds, infections and burns; to stop blood clot ; treating stomach ulcerations etc. Wood of dragon blood tree is used for the manufacture of beehives, while leaves are used for the manufacture of ropes. Local people value it as food for livestock: feeding very small quantities of berries to cows and goats improves their health, though they cause sickness in excess.

  1. Lone Cypress

Lone Cypress has been called one of the most photographed trees in North America. The Lone Cypress Tree near Monterey is probably the most famous point along the 17-Mile Drive, a scenic road through Pacific Grove and Pebble Beach. The Monterey Cypress is a species of cypress that is endemic to the Central Coast of California. In the wild, these species are confined to two small populations, near Monterey and Carmel. Land, tree and ocean were the basis of this development, and therefore The Lone Cypress became the perfect symbol.

The tree is believed to be about 250 years old, and is its registered trademark since 1919. The Lone Cypress stands atop a granite outcropping above the ever-churning Pacific Ocean. Macrocarpa is a medium-sized evergreen tree, which often becomes irregular and flat-topped as a result of the strong winds that are typical of its native area. It grows to heights of up to 40m in perfect growing conditions, and its trunk diameter can reach 2.5m. The seed cones are globose to oblong, 20–40 mm long. It is also found in western Oregon, and New Zealand as an ornamental tree.

7.BOab Prison Tree

The Boab Prison Tree is a large hollow tree just south of Derby in Western Australia. The Boab Prison Tree, Derby is a 1,500-year-old, large hollow Adansonia gregorii tree 6 kilometres south of Derby. The tree is now a tourist attraction. It is protected under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972. This remarkable tree has a circumference of over 14 metres and has an oblong slit in the bark, through which the hollow centre is visible – this is common among older boab trees when the soft spongy trunk tissue dies off, causing the trunk to become hollow.

Evidence indicates that police on patrol from Wyndham in the 1890s noticed that holes in the upper branches indicated that the tree was hollow and so cut an opening into the tree to use it as a lockup for Aboriginal prisoners on their way to Wyndham for sentencing. It also states that it “has accommodated 30 prisoners at one time”. Anthropologist Herbert Basedow was one of the first Europeans to document the Derby Boab Tree. It is reputed to have been used in the 1890s as a lockup for Indigenous Australian prisoners on their way to Derby for sentencing. In recent years a fence was erected around the tree to protect it from vandalism.

8.Cotton Tree

The tree is widely planted in southeastern Asian countries and regions like such as in Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, southern China and Taiwan, etc. The tree grows to 240 ft (73 m) as confirmed by climbing and tape drop with reports of Kapoks up to 77 meters (252 feet). The trees produce several hundred 15 cm (6 in) pods containing seeds surrounded by a fluffy, yellowish fibre that is a mix of lignin and cellulose. According to legend, the Cotton Tree became an important symbol in 1792 when a group of former African American slaves, who had gained their freedom by fighting for the British during the American War of Independence, settled the site of modern Freetown. They landed on the shoreline and walked up to a giant tree just above the bay and held a thanksgiving service there to thank God for their deliverance to a free land.

Ceiba pentandra is a tropical tree of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae, native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, northern South America, and to West Africa. It is also known as the Java cotton, Java kapok, silk-cotton or samauma. It is widely planted in parks and on roadsides there because of its beautiful red flowers which bloom in March/April. The flowers are very attractive to local wildlife, with many birds like the Japanese white-eye, a type of fruit eating bird, which often draws a hole in an unopened Bombax ceiba flower bud. The flower-bud is eaten as a vegetable in India. At the peak of its flowering season, elderly people may often be seen gathering the fallen flowers from the ground to dry, which they later use to prepare tea or soup.

9.Arbol del Tule

Arbol del Tule, a Montezuma Cypress, is located in the town center of Santa Maria del Tule in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. It is the widest tree in the world. It is so large that it was originally thought to be multiple trees, but DNA tests have proven that it is only one tree. It has the stoutest trunk of any tree in the world although the trunk is heavily buttressed, giving a higher diameter. It is short of about only 35.4 meters in height, stout about 11.62 meters in diameter, and old about 1,500 years.

Its gnarled bark that truly inspires the imagination. In its knots and crooks, visitors have found likenesses of human faces, lions, jaguars, elephants, and a veritable bestiary of other creatures. Residents celebrate the famous Tule Tree the second Monday of October. A belief of the Ayuuk (Mixe) is that the tree is the walking stick of one of their gods that took root and grew into the famous tree. The tree is on a well. In the past this well was partially diverted, which made the existence of the tree threatened because of a shortage of water. Later on, measures were taken to assure sufficient supply of water.

  1. Major Oak

The Major Oak is a huge oak tree in the heart of Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire, England. According to local folklore, it was Robin Hood’s shelter where he and his band of outlaws slept. The famous tree is about 800 to a 1000 years old. It weighs an estimated 23 tons, has a girth of 33 feet (10 metres), a canopy of 92 feet (28 metres). It was voted “Britain’s favourite tree”. The Major Oak may be several trees that fused together as saplings, or the tree could have been pollarded.

In 1790, Major Hayman Rooke, a noted antiquarian, included the tree in his popular book about the ancient oaks of Sherwood. Nowadays, the Major Oak provides a home and shelter to hundreds of living things; beetles, bats, fungi, squirrels and spiders amongst much more. It’s been fenced off since the 1970’s, allowing our visitors to appreciate its magnificence whilst also giving it a little room to breathe and stay healthy.

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THE 10 GREAT STRONGEST METALS IN THE WORLD

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A Metal is any of a class of substances characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as by malleability, ductility, and high reflectivity of light. Approximately three-quarters of all known chemical elements are metals. The vast majority of metals are found in ores. Metals are usually crystalline solids. Metals have a relatively simple crystal structure distinguished by a close packing of atoms and a high degree of symmetry. From multi-level parking garages to skyscrapers amidst a bustling city, modern industrial processes need materials that are capable of withstanding a lot. On the hunt for strong materials, engineers turn to metals because of their strength, availability, and versatility. Strength of a metal depends on four properties like tensile strength, compressive strength, yield strength, and impact strength. In terms of tensile strength, tungsten is the strongest out of any natural metal (142,000 psi). Here are the 10 strongest metals in the world.

1.Tungsten

Tungsten W is found naturally on Earth almost exclusively as compounds with other elements. In terms of tensile strength, tungsten is the strongest out of any natural metal (142,000 psi).It has the highest melting point of all the elements discovered, melting at 3,422 °C (6,192 °F; 3,695 K). It also has the highest boiling point, at 5,555 °C (10,031 °F; 5,828 K). Tungsten is one of the toughest metals. But in terms of impact strength tungsten is weak. Its density is 19.25 grams per cubic centimeter. Pure single-crystalline tungsten is more ductile. Naturally occurring tungsten consists of four stable isotopes (182W, 183W, 184W, and 186W) and one very long-lived radioisotope, Tungsten also has 11 meta states.

Tungsten is a mostly non-reactive element with water and it is immune to attack by most acids and bases. It does not react with oxygen does not react to air at room temperature. The world’s reserves of tungsten are 3,200,000 tonnes; they are mostly located in China (1,800,000 t), Canada (290,000 t), Russia (160,000 t), Vietnam (95,000 t) and Bolivia. Tungsten is extracted from its ores in several stages. Tungsten is used in making Bullets and missiles. Tungsten is often used in electrical and military applications. Tungsten used in incandescent light bulb filaments, X-ray tubes, electrodes in gas tungsten arc welding, superalloys, and radiation shielding. Tungsten compounds are often used as industrial catalysts.

2.Steel

Iron is extracted from iron ore by removing the oxygen. While steel is technically an alloy rather than a metal, it is the strongest alloy currently available. Today, steel is one of the most common manmade materials in the world. The most important properties of steel are great formability and durability, good tensile and yield strength and good thermal conductivity. Very important stainless steel property is its resistance to corrosion. The Steel industry is often considered an indicator of economic progress. Steel is made from iron and carbon and is a highly versatile alloy. In its pure form, iron is soft and generally not useful as an engineering material. To strengthen it, converting it into steel by adding small amounts of carbon. Steel is possibly the most important engineering and construction material in the world. There are many measurement systems used to define the properties of a given steel. For example, Yield strength, ductility and stiffness are determined using tensile testing. Toughness is measured by impact testing; and hardness is determined by measuring resistance to the penetration of the surface by a hard object.

The relationship between stress and strain is a measure of the elasticity of the material, and this ratio is referred to as Young’s modulus. A high value of Young’s modulus is one of the steel’s most differentiating properties; it is in the range 190-210 GPa. The physical properties of steel are related to the physics of the material, such as density, thermal conductivity, elastic modulus, Poison’s ratio etc. It is used to fabricate everything from sewing needles to oil tankers. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances, and weapons. On average, 50 percent of a car is made of steel. Steel is used in the production of farm vehicles and machines. Most of the appliances in modern homes, such as refrigerators, televisions, sinks, ovens and so on are made of “plain” steel.

  1. Chromium

Chromium Cr is the hardest metal. Chromium is a steely-gray lustrous, brittle, hard metal. It is known to have high corrosion resistance. When polished, it gains a very shiny surface, which is used to plate other metals. Chromium is also highly valued as a metal that is able to be highly polished while resisting tarnishing. It is poisonous in excess. Chromium is mined as chromite ore. Globally this ore is available in India, South Africa, Finland, Zimbabwe, Kazakihstan and the Philippines. The name of the element Chromium is derived from the Greek word chroma, meaning color. Chromium(VI) is a strong oxidising agent in contrast to the molybdenum(VI) and tungsten(VI) oxides. Chromium is extremely the third hardest element behind carbon (diamond) and boron. Chromium has a melting point of 1907 °C (3465 °F), which is relatively low compared to the majority of transition metals.

4.Titanium

Titanium Ti is one of the strongest metals out there, with an ultimate strength of more than 430 Megapascals. It is one of the least dense metals, making it an ideal option for industrial uses that require a strong metal with a high melting point. Titanium has excellent resistance to corrosion in seawater. Titanium is stronger than steel, lighter in weight. Titanium is widely distributed and constitutes 0.44 percent of Earth’s crust. The metal is found combined in practically all rocks, sand, clay, and other soils. Titanium is not attacked by mineral acids at room temperature or by hot aqueous alkali. Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) in air, and at 610 °C (1,130 °F) in pure oxygen, forming titanium dioxide. Pure titanium is ductile, about half as dense as iron and less than twice as dense as aluminum; it can be polished to a high lustre.

A compound of titanium and oxygen was discovered (1791) by the English chemist and mineralogist William Gregor and independently rediscovered (1795) and named by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. These alloys are mainly used in aircraft, spacecraft and missiles because of their low density and ability to withstand extremes of temperature. They are also used in golf clubs, laptops, bicycles and crutches. Power plant condensers use titanium pipes because of their resistance to corrosion. Titanium metal connects well with bone, so it has found surgical applications such as in joint replacements and tooth implants. It is extensively used as a pigment in house paint, artists’ paint, plastics, enamels and paper. It is also a good reflector of infrared radiation.

5.Iron

Iron Fe is also a brittle and hard substance. Iron dissolves in dilute acids. It rusts easily. It is the most important of all metals. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Iron is rare in the Earth’s crust, limited mainly to deposition by meteorites. 90% of all metal that is refined today is iron. Iron can form magnets or be attracted to magnets. Pure iron is quite reactive. Iron reacts readily with oxygen and water to give brown to black hydrated iron oxides, commonly known as rust. The body of an adult human contains about 4 grams of iron, mostly in hemoglobin and myoglobin. Both the Earth’s inner and outer core, that account for 35% of the mass of the whole Earth, are believed to consist largely of an iron alloy, possibly with nickel.

Iron is also found combined with other elements in hundreds of minerals; of greatest importance as iron ore are hematite, magnetite, limonite , pyrite, goethite and siderite . The metal is extracted by smelting with carbon and limestone. People have been using iron for more than 5,000 years. In a very finely divided state metallic iron is pyrophoric. It is used in architecture, bearings, cutlery, surgical instruments and jewellery. Iron is Used to make bridges, electricity, pylons, bicycle chains, cutting tools and rifle barrels. Cast iron is used for pipes, valves and pumps. Iron is used in numerous sectors such as electronics, manufacturing, automotive, and construction and building.

6.Vanadium

In 1801, vanadium was discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio. It has good corrosion resistance, high strength at high temperature, and low density. Vanadium V has high resistance to alkalis, hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. It is found in different kinds of mill forms. It has high hardness when compared to most of the steels and metals. At a temperature of about 660°C, vanadium can be easily oxidized in air. It should be prevented from being exposed outside because it can react with oxygen and nitrogen gases. It is produced in China and Russia from steel smelter slag. Vanadium can be welded using TIG welding method if argon or helium is covered at front and back of a work piece.

About 80% of the vanadium produced is used as a steel additive. Vanadium-steel alloys are used for piston rods, armour plate, tools, crankshafts, axles. The vanadium redox battery for energy storage may be an important application in the future. Vanadium(V) oxide is used as a pigment for ceramics and glass, as a catalyst and in producing superconducting magnets. It is usually found in carbon containing deposits that include coal, tar sands, oil shale and crude oil. Vanadium is mainly applied in parts having low density, good low temperature ductility, high strength at high temperatures, and good corrosion resistance in bad environments. It is used in jet engines, air frames, nuclear reactors and gears etc.

7.Lutetium

Lutetium Lu is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry air, but not in moist air. The lutetium atom is the smallest among the lanthanide atoms, due to the lanthanide contraction. Lutetium has the highest density, highest melting point, and hardness of the lanthanides. It is found with almost all other rare-earth metals. Lutetium is very difficult to separate from other elements. It reacts slowly with water, but dissolves rapidly in acids. Lutetium was independently discovered in 1907 by French scientist Georges Urbain, Austrian mineralogist Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, and American chemist Charles James. Lutetium usually occurs in association with the element yttrium. It burns readily at 150 °C to form lutetium oxide. Lutetium dissolves readily in weak acids. Lutetium, derived from the Latin Lutetia. It is sometimes used in metal alloys. Lutetium has the highest Brinell hardness of any lanthanide. Lutetium has a concentration of around 0.8 to 1.7 ppm in the Earth’s crust.

It is estimated that nearly 0.03% of lutetium is present in monazite ores. It is used as catalysts in petroleum production and used in polymerization and alkylation. It is used for cracking hydrocarbons. It is used in detectors of positron emission topography that detects cellular activity of the body. It is used in cancer treatment. Lutetium aluminium garnet has been proposed for use as a lens material in high refractive index immersion lithography. It is also used in magnetic bubble memory devices and light-emitting diode light bulbs. Lutetium-177 used as a radionuclide in neuroendrocine tumor therapy and bone pain palliation. Lutetium is considered to be one of the toxic metals. Hence inhalation of this compound is very dangerous as it might lead to fatal conditions. Some skin disorders can occur if we contact with Lutetium.

  1. Zirconium

Zirconium chemical element Zr is extremely resistant to heat and corrosion. Gems that contain zirconium were known in ancient times as zircon. Zircon is a natural semi-precious gemstone found in a variety of colors. Zirconium is lighter than steel and its hardness is similar to copper. Zirconium does not dissolve in acids and alkalis.
Zirconium is a very strong, malleable, ductile, lustrous silver-gray metal. It is solid at room temperature. In powder form, zirconium is highly flammable, but the solid form is much less prone to ignition. The melting point of zirconium is 1855 °C (3371 °F), and the boiling point is 4371 °C (7900 °F).
Zirconium occurs in about 30 mineral species. More than 1.5 million tonnes of zircon are mined each year, mainly in Australia, South Africa and Sri Lanka . Most baddeleyite is mined in Brazil. In 1789, the German chemist, Martin Klaproth analysed a zircon and separated zirconium in the form of its ‘earth’ zirconia, which is the oxide ZrO2.

For the Ancient Egyptians the scarab beetle was a symbol of regeneration and creation, conveying ideas of transformation, renewal and resurrection. The Ancient Egyptians used zircon gemstones in jewellery. Zirconium does not absorb neutrons, making it an ideal material for use in nuclear power stations. Space and aeronautic industries use Zirconium to manufacture high-temperature parts like blades, combustors, and vanes in jet engines. In photographic flashbulbs and surgical instruments, to make the glass for television, in the removal of residual gases from electronic vacuum tubes, and as a hardening agent in alloys, especially steel.
It is extensively used by the chemical industry. Zirconium(IV) oxide is used in ultra-strong ceramics. Scissors and knives can be made from it. It is also used in antiperspirants, cosmetics, food packaging and to make microwave filters. With niobium, zirconium is superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconducting magnets. Baddeleyite and impure zirconium (zirconia) are used in lab crucibles.

  1. Osmium

Osmium chemical element Os is a shiny, silver metal that resists corrosion. It is the densest of all the elements and is twice as dense as lead. Of the platinum metals it has the highest melting point, so fusing and casting are difficult. Osmium is un effected by water and acids, but dissolves with molten alkalis.
Most osmium is obtained commercially from the wastes of nickel refining. Osmium is a rare element and found in the Earth’s crust. It is difficult to fabricate. In 1803AD, Osmium was discovered by Smithson Tennant when dissolving an impure sample of platinum in aqua regia, a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids.

It is also a member of the platinum group metals or PGMs (along with Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Iridium and Platinum) as well as being a transition metal. The name Osmium is derived from the Greek word Osme, which means odor. The largest known primary reserves of osmium include South Africa and Canada. It is added to platinum or indium to make them harder. It is used to produce very hard alloys for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, needles and electrical contacts. It is also used in the chemical industry as a catalyst. It is used in making high-quality pen nibs, compass needles, long-life gramophone needles and clock bearings. Osmium tetroxide, OsO4, is highly toxic. Concentrations in air as low as 10-7 g m-3 can cause lung congestion, skin damage, and severe eye damage.

10.Tantalum

Tantalum Ta appears as a shiny and silvery metal in its soft and pure form but Tantalum is in the form of hard, rare, blue-grey, lustrous metal. It is highly conductive of heat and electricity. It shows excellent resistance to all acids in normal temperature. This metal is corrosion resistant and is bound to chemical attack below 150 C. It has a high melting point of about 3017 °C and a boiling point of about 5458 °C. The chemical inertness of tantalum makes it a valuable substance for laboratory equipment, and as a substitute for platinum. Tantalum was discovered in Sweden in 1802 by Anders Ekeberg, in two mineral samples one from Sweden and the other from Finland. The name tantalum was derived from the name of the mythological Tantalus, the father of Niobe in Greek mythology. Tantalum carbide, TaC, like the more commonly used tungsten carbide, is a hard ceramic that is used in cutting tools.

Tantalum causes no immune response in mammals, so has found wide use in the making of surgical implants. It can replace bone, for example in skull plates; as foil or wire it connects torn nerves; and as woven gauze it binds abdominal muscle. Tantalum alloys can be used for turbine blades, rocket nozzles and nose caps for supersonic aircraft. It is employed in the manufacture of capacitors. Used as an alloy due to its high melting point and anti-corrosion. It is used mainly as an alloying medium as it is helpful for hardening metals. It is utilized in the chemical industries. It has a high number of medical as well as dental applications. Tantalum causes many health-related problems such as irritation of the skin and eye when inhaled, ingested or when it gets absorbed into the skin.

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THE 10 GREAT MOST IMPORTANT CROPS IN THE WORLD

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A crop is cultivated plant that is grown on a large scale commercially, especially a cereal, fruit, or vegetable. A lot of something produced during a particular cycle. Most crops are harvested as food for humans or fodder for livestock. Some crops are gathered from the wild. 10 most important crops in the world are as follows.

1.Corn

yellow corn
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Corn is the most produced grain in the world. It’s the seed of a plant in the grass family, native to Central America but grown in countless varieties worldwide. It’s a staple food for the majority of sub-Saharan Africa, and is a great source of carbohydrates, protein, iron, vitamin B, and minerals. It’s rich in antioxidants. Corn is a starchy vegetable and cereal grain that has been eaten all over the world for centuries. Corn is also known as maize. It is being used more and more for ethanol. Corn is typically yellow but comes in a variety of other colors, such as red, orange, purple, blue, white, and black. A greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain, U.S. is the world’s largest maize producer. In the United States the colourful variegated strains known as Indian corn are traditionally used in autumn harvest decorations.

It is a starchy vegetable that comes as kernels on a cob, covered by a husk. Corn is primarily composed of carbs. Popcorn and sweet corn are popular varieties. Whole-grain foods may have several health benefits, including reduced risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure. Dietary intake of antioxidants, most notably carotenoids like zeaxanthin and lutein, may boost eye health. The fiber in whole grains can support healthy digestion in various ways. Some evidence suggests that whole grains can help reduce inflammation. Some health benefits linked to fiber may help lower your risk of cancer. 1-ounce (28-gram) serving of whole grains was linked to a 5% lower risk of death. The six major types of maize are dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, and sweet corn. It’s a key ingredient in baked goods, pastas, noodles, couscous, bulgur and semolina.

  1. Wheat
agriculture arable barley blur
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Wheat covers more of the earth than any other crop. It Grown all over the world, wheat covers more of the earth’s surface than any other cereal crop. It’s a resilient crop, growing in the dry and cold climates where rice and corn cannot. Botanically, the wheat kernel is a type of fruit called a caryopsis. Wheat is grown on more land area than any other food crop. Global demand for wheat is increasing due to the unique viscoelastic and adhesive properties of gluten proteins, which facilitate the production of processed foods, whose consumption is increasing as a result of the worldwide industrialization process and the westernization of the diet. Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food. As one of the first grains to be domesticated, modern wheat developed from cultivation starting in the middle East about 9-11,000 years ago in the fertile crescent of the middle east.

Wheat is one of the oldest and most important of the cereal crops. Whole-grain wheat can be a rich source of various antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. The health effects of starch mainly depend on its digestibility, which determines its effect on blood sugar levels. Wheat is the leading source of vegetable protein for humans worldwide. Enriched wheat flour may be a good source of iron, thiamine, niacin, calcium, and vitamin B6. Wheat is an important source of carbohydrates. It has a protein content of about 13%, which is relatively high compared to other major cereals but relatively low in protein quality for supplying essential amino acids. The most important are common wheat used to make bread; durum wheat used in making pasta such as spaghetti and macaroni; and club wheat , a softer type, used for cake, crackers, cookies, pastries, and flours. Additionally, some wheat is used by industry for the production of starch, paste, malt, dextrose, gluten, alcohol, and other products.

  1. Rice
rice field during golden hour
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Rice may be even more important than corn as a food crop, since corn is used for other purposes outside consumption. Rice is the staple food of over half the world’s population. It is the predominant dietary energy source for 17 countries in Asia and the Pacific, 9 countries in North and South America and 8 countries in Africa. Thus, rice is the source of more than 1/5th of all calories consumed by humans. It may also be the thirstiest crop. According to the U.N. farmers need at least 2,000 liters of water to make one kilogram of rice. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production. Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. A detailed analysis of nutrient content of rice suggests that the nutrition value of rice varies based on a number of factors. It depends on the strain of rice, such as white, brown, red, and black (or purple) varieties having different prevalence across world regions. It also depends on nutrient quality of the soil rice is grown in, whether and how the rice is polished or processed, the manner it is enriched, and how it is prepared before consumption.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the oldest cereal grains in the world, and people have grown it for at least 5,000 years. 90% of the world’s rice comes from Asia. Brown rice contains a higher amount of dietary fiber than white rice. However, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. The rice plant can grow to 1–1.8 m (3 ft 3 in–5 ft 11 in) tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility. The leaves are long and flattened and are borne on hollow stems. The fibrous root system is often broad and spreading. The panicle, or inflorescence , is made up of spikelets bearing flowers that produce the fruit, or grain. Rice yields vary considerably, ranging from 700 to 4,000 kilograms per hectare (600 to 3,500 pounds per acre). Rice provides 20% of the world’s dietary energy supply, while wheat supplies 19% and maize (corn) 5%. Types of rice are
1.Long grains have a slender kernel over four times as long as they are wide. When cooked, long grain rice stays separate and fluffy (e.g., Jasmine and Basmati rice).
2.Medium grains have a shorter, wider kernel, yielding a tender and semi-sticky consistency when cooked (e.g., Arborio rice).
3.Short grains have a kernel only twice as long as they are wide, and yield the stickiest texture when cooked (e.g., “sushi” rice).

  1. Potatoes
photo of pile of potatoes
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Potatoes are the number one non-grain food product. Potatoes are edible tubers, available worldwide and all year long. They are relatively cheap to grow, rich in nutrients, and they can make a delicious treat. Originally grown in the Andes, the Spanish introduced Europe to the potato in the 16th century and the starchy crop hasn’t looked back since. China is now the largest potato-producer worldwide. The potato is a root vegetable native to the Americas, a starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum. Wild potato species, originating in modern-day Peru, can be found throughout the Americas, from Canada to southern Chile. potatoes were domesticated approximately 7,000–10,000 years ago. There are now over 5,000 different types of potatoes. They are now the biggest vegetable crop in the United States (U.S.), where the average person eats 55 pounds, or 25 kilograms (kg) of potatoes every year. It remains an essential crop in Europe, especially Northern and Eastern Europe, where per capita production is still the highest in the world. Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that grow about 60 cm (24 in) high, depending on variety, with the leaves dying back after flowering, fruiting and tuber formation. There are about 5,000 potato varieties worldwide.

Dozens of potato cultivars have been selectively bred specifically for their skin or, more commonly, flesh color, including gold, red, and blue varieties. A raw potato is 79% water, 17% carbohydrates (88% is starch), 2% protein, and contains negligible fat. A raw potato provides 77 kilocalories. Potatoes might help reduce inflammation and constipation. Potatoes contain important nutrients, even when cooked, that can benefit human health in various ways. The iron, phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, and zinc in potatoes all help the body to build and maintain bone structure and strength. Potassium, calcium, and magnesium are all present in the potato. These have been found to decrease blood pressure naturally. A higher intake of potassium and a lower intake of sodium to a reduced risk of all-cause mortality and heart disease. Potatoes contain folate. Folate plays a role in DNA synthesis and repair, and so it prevents many types of cancer cells from forming due to mutations in the DNA. Dietary fibers are commonly recognized as important factors in weight management and weight loss. Vitamin C works as an antioxidant to help prevent damage caused by the sun, pollution, and smoke. Vitamin C also helps collagen smooth wrinkles and improve overall skin texture.

5.Cassava

Cassava is a root vegetable widely consumed in developing countries. Cassava also called manioc, mandioca, or yuca, tuberous edible plant of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) from the American tropics. It is a perennial plant, cassava is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. It provides some important nutrients and resistant starch. In the humid and sub-humid areas of tropical Africa, it is either a primary staple food or a secondary costaple. The most commonly consumed part of cassava is the root, which is very versatile. One important note is that cassava root must be cooked before it is eaten. Cassava’s importance in Africa and South America can not be overstated. As a drought-resistant crop that does well in poor soils, cassava is a starch-heavy lifesaver for low-income areas.

Cassava eaters know that the roots and leaves must be cooked in order to lose that toxic level of cyanogenic glucosides. Boiled cassava root also contains small amounts of iron, vitamin C and niacin. Consuming high-calorie foods on a regular basis is associated with weight gain and obesity. Cassava may be dangerous if consumed raw, in large amounts or when it is prepared improperly. This is because raw cassava contains chemicals called cyanogenic glycosides, which can release cyanide in the body when consumed. Many people in these countries suffer from protein deficiencies and depend on cassava as a major source of calories. It is used for food, animal feed, and industrial purposes. It is providing a basic diet for over half a billion people. Cassava is classified as either sweet or bitter.

  1. Soybeans

Soybeans are members of the pea (legume) family of vegetables. They are an important component of Asian diets and have been consumed for thousands of years. Today, they are mainly grown in Asia and South and North America. Soybeans are a globally important crop, providing oil and protein. The soybean is native to East Asia. Soybean products, such as textured vegetable protein (TVP), are ingredients in many meat and dairy substitutes. Soybeans are among the best sources of plant-based protein. Soy beans contain significant amounts of phytic acid, dietary minerals and B vitamins. 100 grams of raw soybeans supply 446 calories and are 9% water, 30% carbohydrates, 20% total fat and 36% protein (table). The protein content of soybeans is 36–56% of the dry weight. Soybeans are a rich source of essential nutrients, providing in a 100 gram serving high contents of the Daily Value (DV) especially for protein (36% DV), dietary fiber (37%), iron (121%), manganese (120%), phosphorus (101%) and several B vitamins, including folate (94%) (table). The fat content is approximately 18% of the dry weight mainly polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, with small amounts of saturated fat.

High contents also exist for vitamin K, magnesium, zinc and potassium (table). Soybeans contain antioxidants and phytonutrients that are linked to various health benefits. Consumption of soy protein has been linked with a modest decrease in cholesterol levels. Soy offers a ‘complete’ protein profile. Soybeans also contain high levels of protease inhibitors. The Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) of soy protein is the nutritional equivalent of meat, eggs, and casein for human growth and health. Soybeans are a good source of several vitamins and minerals, including vitamin K1, folate, copper, manganese, phosphorus, and thiamine. Soybeans and soy foods may reduce the risk of a range of health problems, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), some cancers as well as improving bone health. Adults who include at least 25g soy protein daily in a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol can reduce LDL cholesterol by about 3–4%.

  1. Sweet potatoes

Sweet potatoes are sweet, starchy root vegetables that are grown worldwide. They come in a variety of sizes and colors including orange, white, and purple. Sweet potatoes are another crop native to South America that is now majorly produced by China. They are only distantly related to regular potatoes. Sweet potatoes are a great source of protein, vitamins A and C, iron, fiber and calcium. They grow very harmoniously with the earth. Sweet potatoes contain two types of fiber: soluble and insoluble. These are rich in antioxidants that protect your body from free radical damage, and chronic disease. Purple sweet potatoes have been found to slow the growth of certain types of cancer cells in test-tube studies. Antioxidants may help reduce Trusted Source the risk of various types of cancer, including prostate and lung cancer.

Sweet potatoes are incredibly rich in beta-carotene, the antioxidant responsible for the vegetable’s bright orange color. Severe vitamin A deficiency is a concern in developing countries and can lead to a special type of blindness known as xerophthalmia. Eating foods rich in beta-carotene, such as orange-fleshed sweet potatoes, may help prevent this condition. Consuming purple sweet potatoes may improve brain function. Vitamin A is critical to a healthy immune system, and low blood levels have been linked to reduce immunity. White skinned sweet potato improved insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes.

  1. Sorghum

It is drought and heat tolerant and thus an important crop in arid regions where major cereals do not produce sufficient yields. Sorghum grain contains gluten free, high in resistant starch, and more abundant and diverse phenolic compounds compared to other major cereal crops. Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide. It is also known as great millet, durra, jowar, or milo, is a grass species cultivated for its grain, which is used for food for humans, animal feed, and ethanol production. Consumption of sorghum, however, has decreased considerably in many African countries, especially in urban areas. Arid regions love sorghum. Overall consumption of sorghum has gone down in many African countries. Sorghum bicolor is the name of the edible plant. It has other, wilder relatives that are grown as foliage.

Bicolor is typically an annual, but some cultivars are perennial. It grows in clumps that may reach over 4 m high. Sweet Sorghum is primarily grown for forage and syrup production. Sorghum is cultivated in many parts of the world today. In India, where it is commonly called jowar, sorghum is one of the staple sources of nutrition in Rajasthan and the Deccan plateau states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana. An Indian bread called bhakri, jowar roti is prepared from this grain. This grain is used for making liquor, animal feed, or bio-based ethanol. White sorghum is preferred for making tortillas. The starch and protein in sorghum is more difficult for animals to digest than the starches and protein in corn. In hogs, sorghum has been shown to be a more efficient feed choice than corn when both grains were processed in the same way.

  1. Yams

Yams are closely related to lilies and grasses. Most yams are produced in West and Central Africa, with Nigeria far and away the biggest producer in the world. Yam is the common name for some plant species in the genus Dioscorea that form edible tubers. It is cultivated for the consumption of their starchy tubers in many temperate and tropical regions, especially in Africa, South America and the Caribbean, Asia, and Oceania. Yam plants can grow up to 15 m (49 ft) in length and 7.6 to 15.2 cm (3 to 6 in) high. The tuber may grow into the soil up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) deep. They can get up to almost five feet in length. The plant disperses by seed. The substance ranges in color from white or yellow to purple or pink in mature yams.

Many cultivated species of Dioscorea yams are found throughout the humid tropics. Yam supplies 118 calories per 100 grams. Yams vary in size from that of a small potato to a record 130 pounds. There are over 600 varieties of yams and 95% of these crops are grown in Africa. Yams are consumed as cooked starchy vegetables. Yam flesh ranges in colour from white to yellow, pink, or purple and varies in taste from sweet to bitter to tasteless. Yams are the first harvested crop of the year, which marks the beginning of several Yams Festivals throughout Africa.

  1. Plantains

plantains are originally from Southeast Asia. Plantains are a staple food in the tropical regions of the world, ranking as the tenth most important staple food in the world. Many cooking bananas are referred to as plantains. They may be eaten ripe or unripe and are generally starchy. Cooking bananas are banana cultivars in the genus Musa whose fruits are generally used in cooking. The term “plantain” is used only for true plantains, while other starchy cultivars used for cooking are called “cooking bananas”. Plantains contain less sugar than dessert bananas, therefore they are usually cooked or otherwise processed before being eaten. Mature, yellow plantains can be peeled like typical dessert bananas. Despite its similar look to the banana, plantains differ from bananas in structure, feel, taste and use. They are a good source of potassium and dietary fiber. Plantains are very similar in their nutrition content, containing a variety of vitamins, minerals and fiber.

Plantains are lower in sugar than bananas, and they are cooked before eating. In Africa, plantains and bananas provide more than 25 percent of the caloric requirements for over 70 million people. An average plantain provides about 920 kilojoules (220 kilocalories) of food energy and is a good source of potassium and dietary fiber. They are now grown all over the world, including in India, Egypt, Indonesia and tropical regions of the America. It contains high levels of potassium, a mineral. Adequate potassium intake may help lower blood pressure and reduce heart disease risk. Overall worldwide production of plantains have been dropping since the 1970s. They also share potential health benefits. Eating more fiber from vegetables and fruits like bananas has repeatedly been linked to lower body weight and weight loss. Potassium is a mineral that is essential for heart health especially blood pressure control. Fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of dietary antioxidants. Potassium is essential for healthy kidney function.

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THE 10 GREAT BIGGEST FOOTBALL STADIUMS IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO THE CAPACITY

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT BIGGEST FOOTBALL STADIUMS IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO THE CAPACITY

Any of several games played between two teams on a usually rectangular field having goalposts or goals at each end and whose object is to get the ball over a goal line, into a goal, or between goalposts by running, passing, or kicking. A stadium where football games are held. athletic facility available here. The buzz of attending the most memorable sporting events on the planet has as much to do with the atmosphere in the stadium as it does the competing teams. There’s an importance in showcasing the national or team culture throughout a stadium. Each stadium preserves its own unique identity. For most stadiums though, their sheer size and capacity is what sets them apart and generates a truly epic experience. Predictably, the USA have solid representation in the top 10 biggest stadiums in the world.

1.RUNGRADO 1ST OF MAY STADIUM – 150,000

The Rungrado 1st of May Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium on Rungra Island, Pyongyang, North Korea. It opened on 1 May 1989. The site occupies an area of 20.7 hectares (51 acres). Officially the world’s largest by capacity, Pyongyang, North Korea’s Rungrado 1st of May Stadium takes top spot. The name of this stadium comes from Rungrado Islet in the Taedong River, upon which it is located, and May Day, the international labour day. Its crenated roof has 16 arches which are arranged in the shape of a ring, and it resembles a magnolia blossom. It has eight storeys in all and stands at an impressive height of more than 60 metres from the ground. The 60-metre long canopy is enough to cover the section of the stands. The mayflower shaped arena was built as a national symbol of power and size and accommodates 150,000 people.

The venue holds many events, from football to athletics but is largely used for parades and shows, most notably the annual Arirang Mass Games. The stadium has 80 exits and ten lifts. The stadium has many training halls, recreation rooms, an indoor swimming pool, an ultrasonic bath, a sauna, beds and many other modern facilities, which help the players in their training needs and make them feel comfortable. It also has many dining rooms, a broadcasting room and telex booths. As the world largest stadium it hosts the largest performance in the world, the Mass Games performance which involves over 100,000 performers. And this has been confirmed by the Guinness Book of World Records. As Ahmedabad inaugurates the world’s largest cricket stadium, here’s a look at the other sporting arenas that pack in crowds in the thousands.

2.MICHIGAN STADIUM – 113,065

From the time it opened in 1927 until today, Michigan Stadium has maintained its status of being one of the largest stadiums in college football. Prior to playing at Michigan Stadium the Wolverines played at Ferry Field since 1906 and continually had to expand the stadium as interest in the team grew. With growing support, a new stadium was needed to accommodate fans. One word describes Michigan Stadium is huge. Fielding Yost, coach of the team designed a new stadium and the University of Michigan approved construction in April 1926. Built at a cost of $950,000, It was modeled after the Yale Bowl and was built of steel and concrete. When completed the stadium seated nearly 72,000 fans.

Yost designed the stadium so it could be expanded to seat up to 200,000 fans. The Michigan Wolverines played their inaugural first game at Michigan Stadium on October 1, 1927 against Ohio Wesleyan. The entire single tier grandstand circles the playing field. The official capacity when Michigan Stadium opened was 84,401, an enormous number during this time and was the largest stadium in the nation in 1927. Today, Michigan Stadium is the largest college football stadium in the nation. It is nicknamed “The Big House” because of its enormous size. For over 200 games the Wolverines have attracted more than 100,000 fans and hosted 111,238 fans in a game against Michigan State on November 20, 1999. Michigan Stadium is the site of the University of Michigan’s main graduation ceremonies; renovations in April 2008 caused that year’s ceremony to be moved to the Diag.

3.BEAVER STADIUM – 106,572

Beaver Stadium is a venue that is widely considered one of the most intimidating venues for opposing teams in US Collegiate sports. Beaver Stadium has been the home of the Nittany Lions since 1960 and is one of the largest stadiums in college football. Throughout the past century the Nittany Lions have played at several facilities including a stadium also named Beaver Stadium. The original Beaver Stadium was located on the west side of campus and seated 30,000 fans. Named for James Beaver, President of the Board of Trustees, the Nittany Lions played at the original Beaver Stadium from 1909 until 1959. The university decided to disassemble the stadium and move it to its current location after the 1959 season. The team played its first game in the rebuilt stadium on September 17, 1960 against Boston University. Beaver Stadium’s horseshoe configuration enabled it to have a seating capacity of 46,284. In 1976, the bleachers in the south end zone were expanded.

By 1978 the capacity was 76,000 after the track was removed from the stadium and the stadium was cut into sections and raised, adding new seats where the track was located. Two years later, the capacity was increased to 83,770 and lights were installed in 1984. An upper deck was added in 1991, increasing the capacity by 10,000. Continued fan support has allowed PSU to continue to improve and expand Beaver Stadium. This project included the addition of a 10,000 seat upper deck, a new video/scoreboard, 60 luxury suites, 4,000 club seats and new restrooms and concessions. The latest upgrade to Beaver Stadium was completed before the 2014 season as both video/scoreboards were upgraded. Today, Beaver Stadium is currently the largest stadium in college football with a capacity of 107,282, behind Michigan Stadium’s 108,000 seating capacity. Because of its size, Beaver Stadium has been named one of the scariest place for opposing teams to play.

4.OHIO STADIUM – 104,944

Nestled along the banks of the Olentangy River, Ohio Stadium is one of the most recognized landmarks in college sports. As you cross over the Lane Avenue Bridge and look to the right in astonishment, it’s obvious to passerby’s that you are headed to Ohio Stadium, home of the Buckeyes. In fact, Ohio Stadium, also known as “the Shoe”, was added to the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service. With a seating capacity of 102,780, it’s the fourth largest football stadium in college football. The history of the stadium dates back to 1913 when the Buckeyes played at Ohio Field and a new stadium was needed because of growing support for the team. Ohio State wanted to build a stadium large enough to accommodate fans that were interested in the sport. It is one of the best college football stadiums in the nation. The university commissioned Howard D. Smith to design a double decked horseshoe stadium in 1918. After securing the funding to build the new stadium, construction began in August 1921.

Built of steel and concrete, the stadium was constructed at a cost of $1.3 million. At Ohio Stadium on October 7, the Buckeyes played their first game, 1922 against Ohio Wesleyan. When it opened Ohio Stadium had a seating capacity of 66,210 in a unique, double decked horseshoe configuration. In 1984, a new scoreboard was added, and in 1991, 5,000 seats were added in the south end zone. This expansion included the removal of the Jesse Owens Track and lowered the field by 14 feet. Lowering the field allowed for additional rows of seating to be added. Furthermore, a 40 foot tall shell was added on the east and west sides of the stadium to allow the rim to be raised for an additional 17 rows of seats to be installed. A new video/scoreboard, 76 luxury suites and 2,500 club seats were also a part of this massive expansion project. In 2013, Ohio State announced plans to add an additional 2,500 seats in the south end zone at Ohio Stadium.

5.KYLE FIELD – 102, 733

The history of Kyle Field dates to the mid 1920s when it was constructed in two phases, 1927 and 1929, and named after Edwin J. Kyle, the athletic council President and the Dean of Agriculture who led the way in getting a new facility built for the Aggies. The university was founded as a rural military and agricultural school. Although, military training is no longer required, the university still has respect for military traditions and values. These are just a few of the many traditions that have built the university and its student body into being one of the most enthusiastic, loudest stadium’s in college football. Originally with a single tier grandstand in a horseshoe configuration around the playing field, Kyle Field has grown enormously with a seating capacity of over 32,000. The next expansion was completed before the 1980 season, when the third decks were added. The original grass field was replaced by Astroturf in 1970 but reverted back to grass before the 1996 season.

A $32.9 million expansion and renovation project was completed before the 1999 season. The original stands on the north side that formed the horseshoe were removed and a new massive three tier grandstand was built. This section, known as “The Zone” houses luxury suites, club seats, and the Texas A&M sports museum. This increased the seating capacity to 82,600. In February 2013 Texas A&M unveiled plans to expand Kyle Field, making it one of the largest stadiums in the country. The $425 million expansion enclosed Kyle Field pushing the capacity to 102,512, making it the largest stadium in the SEC and one of the largest in college football. The two phases project was completed over two years. The first phase construction of the south end zone seating structure and the largest videoboard in sports at 47 feet tall by 163 feet wide. Construction of Kyle Field Phase two was completed by the 2015 season. The home of the Aggies is now one of the most intimidating stadiums in the country.

6.NEYLAND STADIUM USA – 102, 455

Neyland Stadium was born of humble beginnings. In 1919, W.S. Shields, a University of Tennessee trustee and President of the local bank, provided the money for a new stadium for the football program. The stadium and its fans are also a powerful recruiting tool as Tennessee has produced some of the finest athletes in the NFL today and the Volunteers plan to continue this trend long into the future. Completed in 1921, the stadium was originally known as Shields-Watkins Field, after Shields and his wife Alice Watkins. The Volunteers played their inaugural first game at the stadium on September 24, 1921 against Emory and Henry. The first of 16 expansions of the stadium began in 1926, when a grandstand that could seat 3,600 was constructed. The same year, famous Vols head coach, Robert R. Neyland, began his tenure as head of the football program. Expansions to the stadium have continued over the years. Shields Watkins Stadium was renamed Neyland Stadium in 1962, after the famous Vols head coach. Seating increasing the capacity at Neyland Stadium to 91,249. In 1987, 42 luxury suites were added to the stadium and an additional 78 were added prior to the 2000 season. The Neyland Stadium was completed after bringing the capacity to 104,544.

Artificial turf was at the stadium from the 1968 season until 1993, when it was replaced with grass. In 2004, the University of Tennessee approved a $200 million master plan to expand and renovate Neyland Stadium in five phases. The first phase included renovating the east side in 2006 by adding new club seats. This decreased the seating capacity to just over 102,000. The next phase was completed on the west side before the 2009 season as skyboxes, the pressbox and club areas were renovated. The concourses were also revamped and expanded with new restrooms and concession areas. Also included in this renovation project was the installation of a 4,000 square foot HD video/scoreboard. It includes the Tennessee Terrace, a 1,800 club seat area, the Gate 21 plaza and a new brick facade. Today the capacity of Neyland Stadium is 102,455. Today, Neyland Stadium is one of the most well known stadiums in the sport. It is one of the loudest stadiums in football with two decks of seats enclosing the playing field. Expansions over the years have been worth it, as Neyland Stadium is consistently voted as one of the best college football stadiums.

7.TIGER STADIUM – 102, 321

Perhaps one of the most popular stadiums in baseball history, Tiger Stadium was the home of
the Detroit Tigers for nearly a century. Located at the corner of Michigan and Trumbull Avenues, it was a mecca for generations of Tiger fans. Baseball was first played at this location in 1896 when Detroit owner Arthur Van Der Beck bought the club. A new ballpark of steel and concrete was constructed on the same site after demolishing of wood. Homeplate was moved from right field to the location where it was until Tiger Stadium closed. On April 20, 1912 the Detroit Tigers played their first game at their new ballpark, named Navin Field after the club’s owner, Frank Navin. A press box was added on top of the roof. The 1930s expansion project gave Tiger Stadium its look that it retained for 70 years. In 1935, Navin Field was renamed Briggs Stadium after owner Walter O. Briggs. Construction was completed by April 1937 and Briggs Stadium could seat 36,000 fans. After expansion, Briggs Stadium was now enclosed and had a capacity of 54,500, making it one of baseballs largest stadiums. Dimensions were 340 ft. (left), 440 ft. (center), and 325 ft. (right).

Night baseball came to Briggs Stadium on June 15, 1948. During the same year, the press box was extended around the third deck. In 1961, Briggs Stadium was renamed Tiger Stadium when the team was bought by John Fetzer. Tiger fans became outraged in 1972. Then original green seats with new orange and blue seats, a new video/scoreboard replaced the old hand operated one in centerfield, a new press box with two luxury suites were hung. Concessions and restrooms were updated, and new blue and white siding was added to the facade of the stadium. A food court called the Tiger Plaza was completed. From the green grass to the green seats and eventually the blue and orange seats, Tiger Stadium reminded fans what baseball was like in 1914. By the early 1990s the owner of the Tigers wanted a new luxurious ballpark for team. A new ballpark for the Tigers was built in downtown Detroit, and the club moved to Comerica Park after the 1999 season. The last game at Tiger Stadium was on September 27, 1999.

8.BRYANT-DENNY STADIUM – 101, 821

Situated in the heart of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Bryant-Denny Stadium is home to the University of Alabama NCAA College football team. Nearly 100,077 fans hanging in the Bryant-Denny Stadium, home of the Alabama Crimson Tide since 1929. The recording of former coach Bear Bryant’s voice is broadcast throughout the stadium. Today Bryant Denny Stadium is one of the largest stadiums in the nation; however it took hard work and multiple expansions to finally reach this point. The University of Alabama has played football for over a century, but it took nearly four decades before they began to play at Bryant Denny Stadium. George Hutchenson Denny Stadium was built on September 28, 1929. By 1946, bleachers were at both end zones of the stadium and the capacity reached 31,000. A new press box and 12,000 seats were added. Five years later the capacity increased to 60,000. In 1975, State Legislature renamed George Hutchenson Denny Stadium, Bryant-Denny Stadium, after legendary Alabama football coach, Paul “Bear” Bryant. The seating capacity of Bryant Denny Stadium increased again in 1988 when the upper deck was added on the west side, increasing the capacity to 70,123.

In 1998, the east side upper deck was constructed, bumping the capacity to 83,000. This project included 81 new skyboxes, a scoreboard on the south end, new lights, an east side entrance tower and a brick façade for the facility. Before the 2006 season, a $50 million expansion project increased the seating capacity to over 92,000, with new seats and skyboxes. The area was named the “Walk of Champions.” In November 2008, Alabama announced plans to expand Bryant Denny Stadium to seat 101,821 fans. This $65.6 million expansion was completed by the start of the 2010 season. It includes a 8,500 seat upper deck, 34 luxury seats, 1,700 club seats, a 1,500 seat stadium club and two new corner video boards, all on the south side of the stadium. This multi-phase project was completed in phases following the 2019 season. Included in this project are replacing the existing video boards will new larger ones, a new elevator bank on the west side of the stadium, reconfiguration of the Alabama locker room, expanding the recruiting room and a 10,000-square foot social area for students. Additionally the press box will be relocated to the east side of the stadium, replaced by 10 new luxury suites. This project reduced the overall seating capacity to just above 100,000.

9.DARRELL K ROYAL-TEXAS MEMORIAL STADIUM – 100,119

The Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium at Joe Jamail Field is home to the University of Texas at Austin Longhorns football team. As The University of Texas continues at the forefront of the college football landscape, Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium at Joe Jamail Field remains a state-of-the-art facility since 1924. Stadium has delivered a great home field advantage with the team’s home record through the 2014 season being 359–105–10 (76.8%). The current official stadium seating capacity of 100,119. The South End Zone Addition will complete our Stadium bowl by replacing the existing bleachers at the south end of the Stadium. It is the ninth largest stadium in the world.

The addition will include new suites, clubs, loge boxes, sponsor amenities, new fan seating, an upgraded video scoreboard, and new coaches’ offices as well as upgrading the existing Moncrief-Neuhaus Athletic Center with the latest Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Services technologies. This expansion on the south end zone will provide enhanced game day experience for our fans and create additional revenue for Texas Athletics along with further supporting our student athlete services, recruitment, retention, and help keep football revenues at a high level. This construction made the stadium the largest in the Big 12 Conference, the eighth largest stadium in the United States.

10.MELBOURNE CRICKET GROUND (MCG) – 100,024

The Melbourne Cricket Ground is regarded as Australia’s premier sporting venue. For over one hundred years, it has played host to many of the country’s biggest cricket and Australian Rules Football matches, and many other significant sporting contests besides. It was, in fact, even the centrepiece of the Olympic Games of 1956. Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC) founded in November 1838. The Melbourne is an Australian sports stadium located in Yarra Park, Melbourne, Victoria built in 1853. It is the largest stadium in the Southern Hemisphere. It is adjacent to Melbourne Park and is part of the Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct. The total seating capacity brought to 100,024.

Prior to a series of developments in the 1980s and 1990s, it possessed a capacity of around 125,000; since that time, the extension of individual seating to virtually all of its reaches has reduced that figure to somewhere closer to 97,000. In short, it is an imposing stadium: the three-tiered Great Southern Stand bounds the perimeter of one half of the ground and holds close to 50,000 people; there are also vast banks of seating in the Ponsford Stand, Olympic Stand and Members’ Reserve. It is also replete with a Gallery of Sport, two giant electronic scoreboards, and a vast array of corporate and media facilities. The club’s first game was against a military team at the Old Mint site, at the corner of William and Latrobe Streets.

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THE 10 GREAT SMALLEST AIRLINES IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE 10 GREAT SMALLEST AIRLINES IN THE WORLD

An Airline is an organization providing a regular public service for passengers and goods of air transport on one or more routes. It is a system that provides scheduled flights for passengers or cargo. Wright brothers of India invented the Aeroplane. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply these services. An Air Transportation system includes its equipment, routes, operating personnel, and management. Not all airlines are created equal. The best international airlines not only connect travelers with some of the coolest destinations on the planet but also do it with the grace. We are looking for leadership and airlines that innovate to make a real difference to the passenger experience particularly in economy class. A full service airline typically offers passengers in flight entertainment, checked baggage, meals, beverages and comforts such as blankets and pillows in the ticket price. There are still tiny airlines out there, and some of them operate with class, quality and impeccable safety. List of the best small airlines includes one that’s been shuttling between the same two destinations for 40 years. To pick this list of ten great small airlines around the world, we scheduled Airlines that serve 20 or fewer destinations. None of these Airlines had ever had a fatal crash, looked at awards and ratings from independent sources.

1.Druk Air

Drukair crowned winner for the Best Airline Marketing award 2013. The seats are tiny, but apparently so are most people in Bhutan, the home country of little Druk Air. The national airline of Bhutan, Druk Air is also known as brug mkha’ ‘grul las ‘dzi and is headquartered in the western dzongkhag of Paro. Drukair operates a most scheduled flight network within the South Asian region from its major operating base at Paro Airport and currently consists of eight destinations in five countries. It was founded in the year 1981, the formation of the airline marked the end of the self imposed isolation which the country was practicing. The first ever flight took off on 11th February from Paro Airport and was bound for Calcutta in India utilizing Dornier Do 228 aircraft. Due to the unusual location of the airport, deep in a valley 2,235 metres above sea level, the airline then could operate only 18–20 seat STOL-capable aircraft with operating capabilities which included a high service ceiling, high rate of climb and high maneuverability.

The first Airbus A319 arrived in Bhutan on 19 October 2004. Until 23 August 2010 Drukair was the only airline flying into Bhutan. In a region where much airline service is either dangerous or officious, Druk Air’s service meets Bhutan’s unusual goal of enhancing the country’s “gross national happiness.” The airline’s short flights to seven destinations often give passengers a close view of Mount Everest while they’re eating their free, hot curries. The airline’s skilled pilots have never crashed on the daring descents into Paro Airport, one of the most perilous landings in the world. Currently Drukair operates flights from Paro to Bagdogra, Bangkok, Delhi, Dhaka, Gaya, Guwahati, Kathmandu, Kolkata, Mumbai, Thimpu and Singapore. From two destinations in 1983, today, Drukair operates seven times a week to Bangkok where five flights go via Kolkata and two flights through Gaya, thrice to Kathmandu, 3 times to Delhi and bi weekly to Singapore. Druk Air generally release its schedule 3 to 6 months beforehand.

2.FlyBaboo

FlyBaboo was founded in 2003 and it reaches parts of the Mediterranean limits. There are dozens of small regional European airlines, but Baboo, a Geneva-based airline that flies to 15 destinations within Europe. Baboo got stellar scores on review sites, because of a lot of small customer-service touches: food from a local bakery, little goodie bags for kids, and even perfumed towels for passengers. Baboo was recently purchased by Swiss regional airline Darwin; hopefully that won’t lead to a decline in service. Main destinations are London city – Athens – Bordeaux – Toulouse – Bucharest – Geneva – Nice – Rome – Florence – Venice – Valencia – St. Tropez – Biarritz – Ibiza – Larnaca Lugano.

3.Nature Air

Being “carbon neutral” is important in Costa Rica, a small country whose jungle is both a natural resource and a major tourist attraction. The airline had its origins in 1989 with the founding of Travelair, a scheduled domestic air service in Costa Rica. Nature Air was founded in 2003. The best and safest of Costa Rica’s domestic airlines, Nature Air donates money to reforestation projects to offset the exhaust its planes, like all planes, belch into the atmosphere. The airline also has its own terminal in San Jose, which is quieter and more pleasant than the international terminal, and unusually large “panoramic” windows on its small planes, so you can ogle Costa Rica’s jungle scenery on your way to one of its 17 destinations. Between 2001 and 2016, the airline grew under its new management team and brand, boosted by the increasing popularity of Costa Rica as an eco-tourism and adventure travel destination.

In 2010, Nature Air advertised 74 daily flights to 15 destinations in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama. It is claiming to be the world’s first carbon neutral airline, it was one of the first airlines to publicize its sustainability credentials during a period of rapidly-expanding interest in eco-tourism. Nature Air received a number of awards, including a Global Vision Award for Sustainability from Travel and Leisure magazine in 2011. This airline served destinations including Golfito, Barra Colorado, Liberia, Nosara Beach, Palmar, Puerto Jimenez, Punta Islita, Quepos, San Jose, Tamarindo, Tambor and Tortuguero. Along with their domestic services, Nature Air also offered two international routes to Bocas del Toro in Panama and Managua in Nicaragua.

  1. New England Airlines

New England Airlines is an airlines/aviation company based out of 56 Airport Rd, Westerly, Rhode Island, United States. One of America’s tiniest scheduled airlines, NEA has been a lifeline for the residents of Block Island, RI for more than 40 years. It was and is the only scheduled airline with its primary bases of operation in Rhode Island. NEA is aviation from an earlier time, still run by its founder, with no ambition to expand or connect to larger airlines, flying its little 12-minute runs every hour or seven days a week. All are in the heart of the USA’s congested Northeast Corridor.

It has been providing daily scheduled air service to Block Island as a certificated Commuter (a person who travels some distance to work on a regular basis) Airline since 1970. Air services, provided by New England Airlines, are offered daily from Westerly, RI. The airline is noted for its provision of cargo delivery services, including Chinese food delivered from the mainland to the Block Island airport in as little as 90 minutes. According to records, half of the business comes from charter requests for business workers in the New York area and other locations along the northeast coast.

5.OpenSkies

OpenSkies is the last of a bunch of “all-business-class” airlines that plied routes between the U.S. and Europe over the past few years. It’s owned by British Airways, but flies between New York and Paris. Its headquarters were located in Rungis, near Paris. The airline launched as a brand of BA European Limited in June 2008, but in April 2009 the name was transferred to Elysair. The airline was a full-service carrier and offered three class service cabins. Wanted to reduce its dependence on its Heathrow Airport hub. The routes that OpenSkies operated were made possible due to the EU-US Open Skies Agreement, which permits any airline based in the United States or the European Union to operate services to and from any EU or American location.

BA European Limited, trading as Openskies, launched originally with a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence. This permitted the airline to carry passengers, cargo, and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats. OpenSkies’ first flight, from New York, was on 19 June 2008, using a single Boeing 757 transferred from the BA fleet. The comfort it offers somewhere between coach and business class, with prices more like coach is a civilized way to travel, even if OpenSkies’ planes can be a little run down.

6.Porter Airlines

Porter’s hub airport is a big part of its appeal. It flies to 14 destinations with a hub at Toronto’s Billy Bishop Island Airport, which is right next to downtown and offers airline-lounge-style amenities for all travelers. Porter’s operation at the Toronto airport was launched in 2006 with some controversy. Porter opened a new, larger passenger terminal at the island airport in March 2010. In 2013, Porter made a proposal to expand Toronto Island airport to allow jets. Porter Airlines is a regional airline headquartered at Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport on the Toronto Islands in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Owned by Porter Aviation Holdings, formerly known as REGCO Holdings Inc., Porter operates regularly scheduled flights between Toronto and locations in Canada and the United States using Canadian-built Bombardier Q400 turboprop aircraft.

Porter has been acting as a backbone to the economy and has become a frontrunner in providing mini trucks for transporting goods. Porter helps all type of businesses, traders, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, wholesalers, contractors, individuals such as house shifters, luggage shifting and deliveries by facilitating efficient and reliable logistics to cater to their transport needs. Porter Airlines is Canada’s third-largest scheduled carrier. Rated top small airline in the world in Condé Nast Traveler’s 2013 Readers Choice Awards, Porter is committed to offering speed, convenience and service as part of a premium travel experience. Rated a 4-star airline, Porter charms fliers with an upbeat attitude and cute, own-branded snacks on even short flights. It’s a terrific alternative to the chilly, impersonal Air Canada experience. has been acting as a backbone to the economy here and has become a frontrunner.

7.Skywest Airlines, Australia

Having been in operation for nearly 50 years, Skywest Airlines has established a strong foundation in the corporate charter industry in the region, catering to mining companies, tourists, and business travelers. It ferries an average of 810,000 passengers per year on its Fokker 50 turboprops and Fokker 100 jet planes, and its recently acquired Airbus A320 aircraft. A regional carrier based in Perth, Skywest Airlines Pty. Ltd. flies to 24 destinations in Western Australia, Darwin, and Melbourne. It also offers charter flights to domestic destinations, as well as to Bali in Indonesia. Based at the Perth Airport, Skywest Airlines operates on a fleet of 22 aircraft with 14 more on order. Founded in 1963, Skywest initially started its air carrier service with charter flights under the name Carnarvon Air Taxis. Then based out of Carnarvon in Western Australia, it operated a fleet of small aircraft, and changed its name to Skywest Aviation in 1979 upon moving its main hub to Jandakot Airport in Perth.

By 1980, it acquired Stillwell Airlines and changed its name yet again to its present brand, Skywest Airlines. In the course of its history, It has effectively merged with TransWest Airlines, was purchased by the Perron group, then subsequently sold to TNT/News Ltd, after which it operated as an air carrier under Ansett Australia. In 2004, it became subject of a hostile takeover by CaptiveVision Capital Ltd., a Singaporean investment company. After announcing a 10-year alliance with Virgin Australia in January 2011, 10% of its shares were purchased by Virgin Australia Holdings in April 2012. It is a member of the Virgin Australia’s Velocity Rewards Frequent Flyer program, and offers in-flight meals, an in-flight bar, and extensive legroom in all its seating classes.

8.St. Barth Commuter

St Barth Commuter is an airline providing scheduled and non-scheduled services to and from the exclusive island of Saint Barthelemy. Our fleet of Cessna Caravan performs over 9000 flights each year throughout the Caribbean carrying 40000 passengers. The airline was founded in 1995 and began services to Saint Maarten with a single Britten-Norman BN2A Islander. In 2005 the fleet was increased and added new routes to San Juan, Puerto Rico and the French side of Saint Martin, Marigot.

The airline is wholly owned by Bruno Magras. St Barth Commuter is a French airline based in Saint-Barthelemy in the Caribbean. The best of the tiny airlines which crisscross the Caribbean, St. Barth Commuter is “the cream of the crop on St. Barts.” The eensy little, privately-owned airline shuttles people between the larger airports on St. Martin/St. Maarten and St. Barth’s airport, avoiding the need for ferries. Flying into St. Barts is a hoot, too: you land on a tiny airstrip between two volcanic hills, braking mere feet from sunbathers on the beach, according to Flippin.

9.V Australia

Established in 2004, Virgin Australia Holdings owned the long haul V Australia airlines. Virgin Blue announced the rebranding of V Australia and Pacific Blue Australia in 2011. These services came under a single brand name called Virgin Australia. Since 2011, it is popularly known as V Australia. Part of the Virgin empire, V Australia flies to a shifting handful of destinations, but its core route shuttles travelers between Los Angeles and Australia. V Australia has 5 airlines under its fleet. V Australia served the following destinations such as Brisbane, Melbourne, Sydney, Abu Dhabi and Los Angeles and in addition Johannesburg, Phuket and Nadi. V Australia has interline agreements with Alaska Airlines to Seattle, Delta Air Lines and Horizon Air to Portland. In addition, V Australia signed a codeshare agreement with Etihad Airlines. The airline has placed orders with Boeing for 77-300R aircraft for international routes. The first aircraft named Didgeree Blue was delivered to V Australia in Seattle in 2009.

In 2010, 2 Boeing 777 orders were placed for delivery in 2012. However, in 2012, due to unprofitability on some routes the airline ceased 777-300R services to Johannesburg and Phuket. In 2011, with a partnership with Etihad Airways services were deployed from Sydney to Abu Dhabi. We can quickly and easily find flights from V Australia Airlines to the lowest price. Safety is a major priority for Virgin Australia International Airlines. When you fly to global destination on its vast network, you are in safe hands. The journey will be memorable and you will land on time. V brings that Virgin flair to long-haul travel with great in-flight entertainment, two bars, soothing lighting, USB charging ports at every seat and the ability to send text messages when you’re over the Pacific. Like other Virgin airlines, it’s young, fun, and reasonably priced.

10.Virgin America

Flying to 15 destinations with a hub at San Francisco, Virgin’s U.S. carrier is currently the most celebrated low-cost airline in the U.S. It won Skytrax’s award for best low-cost airline in North America, and Zagat’s award for best mid-sized U.S. airline. 2018, Virgin America was a US-based airline which provides low-fare services between the East and West coasts of the United States. The airline was a subsidiary of Virgin and was based at San Francisco International Airport, California. Virgin America flew to many destinations across North America but some of its most popular included Cancun, Puerto Vallarta, Palm Springs, San Diego, Denver, Fort Lauderdale, Orlando, Kahului, Honolulu, Chicago, Boston, Las Vegas, Newark, New York City, Portland, San Jose and Orange County. At the time that it stopped flying, it flew to over 35 destinations, the majority of which were taken on by Alaska Airlines.

In April 2016, it was announced that Virgin America was to be acquired by Alaska Airlines. The integration of the two airlines was completed in 2018. The Virgin American Elevate program was merged into the Alaska Airlines Mileage Plan program, allowing all passengers to transfer their air miles and membership over to Alaska Airlines. During its time of operation, Virgin America was awarded many accolades, including ‘Best Domestic Airline’ in Conde Nast Traveller’s Reader Choice Awards. When Virgin America merged into Alaska Airlines, it flew to several destinations across Canada, Mexico and the US. This included destinations such as San Francisco, Los Angeles, Washington D.C, Honolulu, Austin, Dallas, New York City, Seattle, Toronto, Cancun and many more. Virgin America already had a reputation for making flying fun again. It paired a playful brand personality with a great customer experience, introducing perks like touch-screen entertainment, personal power outlets, and Wi-Fi on every flight.

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THE GREAT 10 SMALLEST FISHES DISCOVERED IN THE WORLD

by Sree DivyaUncategorizedLeave a Comment on THE GREAT 10 SMALLEST FISHES DISCOVERED IN THE WORLD

Fish is any of a large group of vertebrate animals that live in water, breathe with gills, and usually have fins and scales. It is cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrate animal. The world is full of amazing creatures. We have already seen vast amounts of creatures around the world. Lots of them possess different kinds of heights and weights. Sometimes we just got astonished by seeing them in such kinds of fish. In whatever way, we rarely have seen smallest creatures because those smallest creatures are mainly hiding behind deep of the sea or any arduous places that are too much confounding to reach. Some tiny creatures we can’t even see with our open eyes. You can be amazed when you will learn that there are different fishes on the ocean, which are considered as the tiniest and smallest fishes in the world. Here is the list of 10 Smallest Fishes discovered in the World.

  1. Dwarf Pygmy Goby

The Dwarf Pygmy Goby or Philippine goby or Pandaka Pygmaea is a subtropical species of fish from mangrove areas in Southeast Asia. It is known as one of the smallest fishes. It can only be found in subtropical waters in subtropical countries. It has full-grown males can reach from 0.9 cm to 1.1 cm while its female can reach highest 1.5 cm. Adults weigh around 4 milligrams. Its mainland is Philippine. Lifespan of Dwarf Pygmy Goby is 2 months. In Philippine, it’s also been known as ‘’Bia’’ and ‘’Tabios’’. Recently, Pandaka Pygmaea also is seen in Indonesia and Singapore.

The look of this fish is so crystal clear. It looks so translucent and pale. Pandaka pygmaea lives in shallow, tropical brackish water and mangrove areas where mainly found on muddy bottoms or among plants. Also known before as National Fish in the Philippines on 1994 until recently they changed it to milk fish. A colorless and nearly transparent species, the dwarf pygmy goby has a moderately elongated and robust body. Males are slender with nearly straight dorsal and ventral profiles, while the females appear stouter with the dorsal profile slightly curved.

  1. Paedocypris

Paedocypris is a smallest new genus of paedomorphic cyprinid fish from highly acidic blackwater peat swamps in Southeast Asia. Paedocypris is a class of small cyprinid fish from Southeast Asian islands like Sumatra, Bintan. Paedocypris progenetica has been claimed to be one of the smallest species of fish in the world. The most little size female Paedocypris can be grown at highest 7.9 mm. The largest individual of this species grown was 10.3 mm. It’s an almost impossible thing to see these fishes swimming around. First of all, it’s too much tiny and this species only found in swamps and streams where watercolors are literally dark and shadowy.

Their miniature transparent bodies lack the typical features characteristic of adult fish, for instance a bony skull structure around its brain, and it retains the postanal larval fin-fold along the ventral edge of the caudal peduncle, characteristic of fish larvae. Paedocypris has many ‘larval’ features typically associated with paedomorphic fish (e.g. narrow frontals that leave the brain unprotected dorsally by bone and a precaudal larval-fin-fold), but, uniquely among fishes, males also possess highly modified pelvic fins with hypertrophied muscles and a keratinized pad in front of the pelvic girdle, which, we hypothesize, function together as a clasping or holding device, thereby suggesting an unusual reproductive mode.

  1. Schindleria brevipinguis

Schindleria brevipinguis is kind of a fish which considered to be species of marine fish. It is indigenous to Australia’s Great Barrier Reef and to Osprey Reef in the Coral Sea. It is generally known as stout infant fish. Lifespan of Schindleria brevipinguis Is 2 months. Schindleria brevipinguis is one of the tiniest fish in the world along with Pandaka Pygmaea and Paedocypris. The male version of this fish can be reached at highest 7.7mm. The female version of S. Brevipinguis can be reached at highest 8.4mm. The highest length of this species usually can be reached at 10mm.

The first stout infantfish was captured in 1979 by the Australian Museum’s Jeff Leis during fieldwork in the Lizard Island / Carter Reef area of the Great Barrier Reef. It is transparent without pigmentation, except for its eyes, and lacks teeth, scales and certain characteristics typical of other fishes. Scientists note that the stout infantfish’s unusual appearance corresponds with its extremely short lifespan, which is believed to be approximately two months. Schindleria brevipinguis apparently provides an even more extreme example of paedomorphosis than its congeners.

  1. Knipowitschia

Knipowitschia is a small fish species is claimed to have initiated in Eurasia. Knipowitschia is a class of the marine group and can be found in fresh waters and brackish waters. The family of Knipowitschia is Gobiidae and subfamily is Gobiinae. It is also known as Dwarf gobies. Dwarf gobies which live in the Indian Ocean usually reach 1 cm in length. It is an animal of Animalia kingdom though. Lifespan of Knipowitschia if less than 2 years. Genus name almost certainly honours Nikolai Mikhailovich Knipovich, a biologist who led a number of expeditions to the Caspian Sea.

A short-lived species which inhabits shallow, well vegetated habitats – streams, lakes, estuaries, lagoons, lower reaches of rivers, springs and brooks. Feeds on invertebrates. southern and easternmost of the genus Knipowitschia in the Mediterranean region. byblisia sp.nov. is placed in a group of species with reduced cephalic lateral-line canals and reduced squamation. This species is characterized by the presence of axillary and caudal peduncular patches of scales, by a distinct reduced head canal system with only the postorbital section of the supraorbital canal developed and with longitudinal and transversal rows of free neuromasts in the interorbit.

  1. Jawfish

The Jawfishes are generally found in the Pacific Ocean. It can also be found in tepid parts of the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. The scientific name of Jawfish called ‘’Opistognathidae’’. Lifespan of Jawfish is more than 1 year. The species-level taxonomy is decomposable, and the family comprises several undescribed taxon. Jawfishes are physically comparable with Blennies. Jawfish species can be up to 10 cm with extended parts of the body.But, there are some different Jawfish called as ‘’Giant Jawfish’’ who possess comparatively large body parts and can grow up to 0.5 m. It usually stay in the lair; they dig up at grainy places. Jawfishes generally extends their species through oral incubation.

The pregnancy time can vary regarding different species. Their kingdom is Animalia and phylum is Chordata. Giant jawfish heads, mouths, and eyes are large in size relative to the rest of their bodies. Jawfishes possess a single, long dorsal fin with 9-12 spines and a caudal fin that can be either rounded or pointed. Jawfishes typically reside in burrows they construct in sandy substrate. They will stuff their mouths with sand and spit it out elsewhere, slowly creating a tunnel. The Yellowhead Jawfish can attain a length of 5 inches and it is a cute fish with a great personality. The Yellowhead Jawfish eats very small live foods that wander near its burrow in the wild and it can be enticed with small pieces of mussel, daphnia, brine shrimp, bloodworms, or other meaty foods.

  1. Dartfish

Dartfishes are a group of fish, formerly considered to be a subfamily, Ptereleotrinae, of goby-like fishes in the family Microdesmidae of the order Gobiiformes, Authorities now consider the species in the family Microdesmidae are within the Gobiidae, although the researchers do not define the taxonomic status of this grouping within that family. Before considering as a subfamily, they were raised to family status and now redistributed as a subfamily.

Lifespan of Dartfish is more than 5 years. They are saltwater fishes because their body parts are made from salty waters, and they can’t survive without saltwater places. The scientific name of Dartfishes is Nemateleotris magnifica. They are an animal from kingdom Animalia, and their class is Actinopterygii. They ordinarily look reddish.

7.Firefish

There is a little difference between Dartfish and Firefish. The firefish goby is a great little fish for a reef tank. LifeSpan of Firefish is 3 Years. It could be a magnificent addition to a reef tank. It doesn’t harass other fishes or corals. Firefish usually spend the whole day by flying around the tank. It can reach up to highest length 3.0’’ which makes it as one of the smallest fishes around the world. The fish possess a yellow shaded head, and its subsequent part is the reddish type look. The Firefish is one of the more popular fish in the marine hobby.

It is a magnificent fish with brilliant coloration, a unique body shape, and unparalleled personality. Also known as the Firefish Goby, Fire Goby, and Magnificent or Fire Dartfish, Nemateleotris magnifica has a yellow head, white anterior, and pinkish to orange-red posterior. The dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are highlighted in black. In addition to its striking coloration, the Firefish Goby is also heralded as a sweet-tempered fish with lots of personality. Along with algae and zooplankton growing in the aquarium, the diet of the Firefish Goby should consist of vitamin-enriched brine fish, mysis shrimp, and prepared marine foods.

  1. Ocellaris Clownfish

The ocellaris clownfish also known as the false percula clownfish or common clownfish, is a marine fish belonging to the family Pomacentridae, which includes clownfishes and damselfishes. Lifespan of Ocellaris Clownfish is nearly 3-6 years. Black Amphiprion ocellaris with white bands can be found near northern Australia, Southeast Asia, and Japan. Orange or red-brown Amphiprion ocellaris also exist with three similar white bands on the body and head. Amphiprion ocellaris can be distinguished from other Amphiprion species based on the number of pectoral rays and dorsal spines.

The life cycle of Amphiprion ocellaris varies in whether they reside at the surface or bottom of the ocean. Its body has a stocky appearance and oval shape. This species is found in the Eastern Indian Ocean and in the western Pacific Ocean. It is a marine fish and associating to the family Pomacentridae. The binomial name of Ocellaris Clownfish is ‘’Amphiprion ocellaris’’. It grows up to 11 cm which makes it another member of the smallest fish world.

9.Royal Gramma

Due to their relatively peaceful nature, diet, and small size, the royal gramma is considered an ideal inhabitant for most reef aquaria containing coral and other invertebrates. Lifespan of Royal Gramma is nearly 5 years. They are very protective of their territories and are known for chasing out other small fish. They tend to stay in one area of the tank and, when startled, will dart back into their holes. They will vigorously guard their hiding places and, when threatened, will open their mouths wide in a threatening gesture to ward off the intruders. They are, however, resistant to most diseases and make very good beginner fish. It will also accept frozen and meaty foods, such as brine shrimp and mysis shrimp in the wild. The royal gramma is very easy to feed; but rotating their foods is said to keep them from becoming picky. Captive royal gramma will also eat flake and pellet foods.

The Royal Gramma is a small fish and you should expect yours to grow to around 3 inches in size. The largest captive bred Royal Gramma was measured to be 3.1 inches. Royal Gramma is one of the smallest but one of the most beautiful, colorful, appealing fish in the world. Royal Gramma also known as ‘’fairy basslet’’. It can be found in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean. They are also very popular for aquarium cuz of their catchy looks. The Royal Gramma Basslet brings a burst of color to any saltwater aquarium. It has a bright purple to violet colored anterior contrasted by a vibrant yellow posterior. Native to the deep-water reefs of the Caribbean, this member of the Grammidae family prefers extensive rockwork caves in which to hide and somewhat subdued lighting. They are also one of the most congenial fishes around and literally does no harm to others. They are so easy to fodder and mostly eat flakes.

  1. Neon Goby

The Neon Goby is extremely hardy and a great beginner marine fish. Lifespan of Neon is nearly 12-18 months. Neon Goby, usually known as ‘’Elacatinus’’ is a class of small marine gobies. They can be found in tepid parts of West Atlantic, including the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. The Neon Blue Goby, or Neon Goby, is known for its gorgeous electric blue stripes. The head and sleek body of the Neon Blue Goby are dark blue with a striking horizontal, light-blue stripe on each side of the body. These signature stripes begin above the eyes and run the entire length of the body. The Neon Blue Goby is a very hardy fish and because of its small size, it makes a great addition to smaller nano reef aquariums.

In the home aquarium, the Neon Blue Goby needs to be fed a variety of live and frozen brine shrimp, frozen mysis shrimp, table shrimp, and frozen food preparations for carnivores. The Neon Goby should be fed once per day. Members of the cleaner goby group, you may see them nibbling around larger fish to help keep them clean and healthy. The Neon Goby can be found throughout the Caribbean, from southern Florida and Texas all the way down to Belize. Most of these fish available to the hobby are captive bred, protecting wild populations. These tiny fish make their homes among the crevices of reef structures. They have a very similar body shape to the Yellowline Goby, and have been breed together for gobies with a yellow to blue stripe.

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